Qin Shihuang was an outstanding politician in the history of China. His surname is Zheng Ming, the son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang. He was born in Handan, Kyoto, Zhao in 259 BC. In 246 BC 13 years old, he was made king of Qin, and was crowned king at the age of 22. During the period from 236 BC to 22 1 year 15 BC, the state of Qin wiped out six vassal states, namely, Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi, completely ending the history of the Warring States, and establishing the first unified, multi-ethnic and centralized feudal dynasty in China's history through blood and fire. "Many dissenting Confucian sweep Liuhe, tiger potential He Xiongzai; Swing the sword and set the clouds, and the princes will come to the West. " Qin Shihuang, the omnipotent monarch, not only left great achievements to future generations, but also left this mysterious royal cemetery.
According to historical records, the cemetery was built in the second year after Ying Zheng ascended the throne. It was completed in 208 BC and lasted for 39 years. (The other two materials: First, he was in office for 37 years and built a mausoleum for him for 36 years; Second, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor started construction from the time of his accession to the throne, which lasted for 38 years. Reese, then prime minister, was the designer of the mausoleum and was supervised by General Zhang Han. * * * has collected 720,000 manpower, and the number of people who use the mausoleum is close to 800,000 at most, almost eight times that of the people who built pyramid of khufu.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. Its scale is huge, and the funerary objects are rich, ranking first among the emperors' tombs in past dynasties, and it is the largest emperor's tomb. According to the principle of enjoying wealth after Qin Shihuang's death, the cemetery was built in a zigzag shape, modeled after the layout of Xianyang, the capital of Qin State. Around the mausoleum, there are double walls inside and outside, with an inner circumference of 3870 meters and an outer circumference of 62 10 meters. At present, the large-scale ground buildings in the mausoleum area are sleeping halls, mourning halls, garden temples and other sites. According to historical records, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is divided into two parts: the cemetery area and the burial area. The cemetery covers an area of nearly 8 square kilometers, with a dual structure of outer city and inner city, and a quadrangular conical paddock. The enclosure of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor formed three steps, with a square bottom, a bottom area of about 250,000 square meters and a height of115m. However, due to more than 2,000 years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the current paddock has a bottom area of about 120 square meters and a height of 87 meters (another information: the initial height of the cemetery is 120), and the total area of the whole cemetery is 56.25 square kilometers. Building materials are shipped from Hubei, Sichuan and other places. In order to prevent the river from washing away the mausoleum, Qin Shihuang also ordered the north-south flow to be changed to the east-west flow.
There is a mound in the south of the cemetery, which is 43 meters high. There are two rammed earth walls inside and outside. The circumference of the inner city is 3890 meters, and the circumference of the outer city is 6249 meters, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi respectively. Between the inner city and the outer city, archaeologists have discovered horse burial pits, clay figurine pits, rare birds and animals pits, as well as sacrificial pits, stables pits, torture pits and tombs of grave repairers outside the mausoleum. More than 400 graves have been found.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is 55.05 meters high and 2000 meters in circumference. According to the survey, the whole cemetery covers an area of 220,000 square meters, with large-scale palaces and pavilions. The shape of the mausoleum is divided into two cities, inner and outer. The inner city is square, with a circumference of 2525.4 meters and an outer city of 6264 meters. The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is far from comparable to that of the Egyptian pyramids.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in China. Among the nearly 100 imperial tombs in China, it is famous for its large scale and rich tombs. 1956, Shaanxi Provincial People's Government announced it as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit; 196 1 was the first batch of key cultural relics protection units announced by the people of China and the State Council; 1987, UNESCO listed the Mausoleum of the First Qin Shihuang in the World Cultural Heritage Protection List, making it a * * for all mankind. In 2002, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was rated as a national AAAA-level tourist attraction.
The pyramids in ancient Egypt are the largest above-ground tombs in the world, and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in China is the largest underground tomb in the world.
The Qin Dynasty is a glorious page in the history of China, and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor concentrated the highest achievements of Qin civilization. Qin Shihuang took all the glory of his life underground. The underground palace of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is the core part of the mausoleum building, which is located under the mound. "Historical Records" records: "Pass the three springs, drop the bronze wares, fill the palace with officials, and move the treasures. Take mercury as a hundred rivers and seas, and instill it by machine. There is astronomy above, geography below, and mermaid cream is a candle. If the degree is immortal, it will last a long time. " Archaeological findings show that the underground palace covers an area of about 6.5438+0.8 million square meters, and the depth of the center point is about 30 meters. The cemetery is centered on mounds and surrounded by many funerals with rich connotations and unprecedented scale. In addition to the well-known terracotta warriors and horses and tombs of bronze chariots and horses, more than 600 large-scale Shijiakeng, Baixi figurine pits, civilian figurine pits and tombs have been newly discovered, and 654.38+10,000 pieces of cultural relics have been unearthed in the archaeological work of the Qin tombs for decades. There are many cultural relics booths in the cemetery, showing some cultural relics unearthed from the Qin Mausoleum in the past 20 years. There is a waterway exhibition area to reproduce the scientific and thorough drainage facilities of the cemetery in that year; I believe that with the progress of archaeological work, there will be more unexpected discoveries.
Between the dignified green and the tall mausoleum, in order to let tourists feel the dignity and dignity of the king, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor staged a large-scale performance of "Reproducing the guard of honor-changing the guard of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor" and a sand table model of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, the cemetery and the underground palace integrating sound, light and electricity, which reproduced the spectacular scene of the mysterious cemetery more than 2,000 years ago and showed decades of archaeological achievements.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. It is the crystallization of the hard work and wisdom of the working people in China. It is a treasure house of history and culture, which is famous for its large scale and rich tombs among all the tombs of feudal emperors.
According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, the mausoleum has been dug to the underground spring, and the base is reinforced with copper, with a coffin on it ... The grave is full of treasures. The avenue in the tomb is equipped with a crossbow with a favorable arrow, and the grave robbers will be shot dead as soon as they approach. The tomb is also full of mercury, symbolizing rivers, lakes and seas; The top of the tomb is inlaid with a night pearl, symbolizing the sun, the moon and the stars; In the grave, fish oil is used to light the lamp, so that it will stay on forever. ...
There are 10 gates in the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, and the north and south gates are on the same central axis as the south gate of the inner wall. The north of the mound is the central part of the cemetery, and there are tombs leading to the tombs on the east, west and north sides. There are also four architectural relics juxtaposed on the east and west sides, which some experts think are part of the sleeping hall building. The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang embodies the ritual system of "death is like life", which is grand in scale, magnificent in momentum and comfortable in structure.
The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed. There are more than 400 burial pits and graves around the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The main tombs are bronze chariot pits, horse pits, rare birds and animals pits, stable pits and terracotta warriors and horses pits. Over the years, more than 50,000 important historical relics have been unearthed. A group of painted bronze chariots and horses unearthed in 1980 are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China so far, and are known as "the crown of bronze".
Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, which is located at1500m east of the Mausoleum. The spring of 1974 was discovered by local farmers who dug wells. The treasure buried underground for more than 2,000 years came out, and it is known as "the eighth wonder of the world". It has provided very precious physical materials for the study of the military, politics, economy, culture and science and technology of the Qin Dynasty, and has become a precious wealth of human culture in the world. Three terracotta warriors and horses pits have been excavated, which are arranged in a "needle" shape from west to east. There are more than 8,000 terracotta warriors and horses and more than 40,000 bronze weapons in the pit.
The pottery works in the pit are imitations of Qin Suwei's army. Nearly 10,000 ceramic guards used bows, arrows, crossbows, bronze bows, spears, halberds, or crossbows as precursors, or rode horses, forming four arms: step, crossbow, vehicle and riding. All the guards in the underground tunnel face east. According to drilling, there are three burial pits in * *, among which pit No.1 discovered in 1974 is the largest, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 62m from north to south and a depth of about 5m. The promenade and the 1 1 hole form the whole pit, in which more than 6,000 warrior figures and terracotta horses with the same size as real horses are placed. About 20 meters northeast of No.1 pit, No.2 pit was discovered in the spring of 1976, which is another spectacular formation. No.2 pit is 84 meters wide from north to south and 96 meters long from east to west, covering an area of 92 16 square meters and a building area of 170 16 square meters. The second pit has a multi-arms joint lineup, including infantry, chariots, cavalry and crossbowmen. To the west of No.2 pit is No.3 pit, and visitors are not allowed to visit it before 1 9891kloc-0/October1. The third pit is 24.5 meters wide from north to south and 28.8 meters long from east to west, covering an area of more than 500 square meters. According to experts' inference, the No.3 pit is considered as a military curtain to command the No.1 pit and No.2 pit. A chariot, 68 guardians and weapons are kept in the pit.
Since 1974, three pits for burying Terracotta Warriors and Horses have been found at 1.5km east of the cemetery. The finished products are arranged in a zigzag pattern, covering an area of more than 20,000 square meters, with 8,000 unearthed pottery figurines, 0/00 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons. Among them, the No.1 pit is the "Right Army", with about 6,000 clay figurines and life-size horses. Pit No.2 is "Zuo Jun", with 1300 terracotta figures and horses and 89 chariots. It is an arc array composed of infantry, cavalry and chariots, and it is also the essence of the pit of Qin figurines. There are 68 warrior figures, 1 chariot and 4 pottery horses in pit 3, which is the headquarters of the underground army. This military formation is the epitome of Qin Jun formation. 1980, large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. It has aroused shock and concern all over the world. These terracotta warriors and horses grouped according to the military array at that time provided vivid physical data for studying the military establishment, combat methods and cavalry equipment of the Qin Dynasty. The discovery of terracotta warriors and horses is known as "the eighth wonder of the world" and "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 20th century". As a bridge connecting the past and the future in the history of China sculpture, the realistic techniques of Qin figurines have attracted worldwide attention. At present, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum has been set up in pits 1, 2 and 3, and is open to the public.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is one of the largest, strangest and richest imperial tombs in the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum are the precious wealth of human culture in the world comparable to Egyptian pyramids and ancient Greek sculptures, and its discovery itself is the most spectacular archaeological achievement in China in the 20th century. They fully demonstrated the artistic talent of China people more than 2,000 years ago and are the pride and precious wealth of the Chinese nation. French President Jacques Chirac praised it as "the eighth wonder of the world", which made the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor known to more people. The laurel of world cultural heritage adds luster to the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor.
The history of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum
Since Qin Shihuang 13 years old ascended the throne, he began to build a mausoleum for him in Lishan. After the unification of the six countries, he recruited1000000 people from all over the country to continue the construction until he died at the age of 50, and it was built for 37 years.
According to historical records, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was dug under the spring water, and then cast and reinforced with copper juice. In the tomb, palaces and pavilions were built to welcome officials, which were filled with rare treasures. In order to guard against theft, there is a hair-trigger stab in the back in the tomb. The arch on the top of the tomb is decorated with gems and pearls, symbolizing the stars in the sky; The following is the geographical situation of Baichuan, Wuyue and Kyushu. Mercury is mechanically instilled, which symbolizes the boundless rivers and seas and the golden rooster floats on them. A "ever-burning lamp" made of whale oil was lit in the tomb. Huge terracotta warriors and horses are arranged around the mausoleum. The design of the mausoleum embodies the supreme power and majesty of the first emperor everywhere.
In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang died suddenly on the sand dune platform (now Pingxiang, Hebei). Two months after his death, his body was transported back to Xianyang for a funeral. When people were buried, Qin Ershi Hu Hai ordered that all the ladies-in-waiting of Qin Shihuang should be martyred, and all the craftsmen who built the mausoleum should also be martyred in the tomb.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is famous for its magnificent scale and unprecedented burial. Everyone who cares about the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is very concerned about whether it was stolen. Judging from the whole ancient history of China, the last years of each dynasty were the most chaotic period, with the hegemony of the pack, bandits rampant and the whole society in anarchy. This is a good time for grave robbers to dig graves, and almost all tombs of past dynasties were stolen at this time. Xiang Yu's Destruction of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum
According to He Zhu's records, Qin Shihuang's mausoleum was destroyed by Xiang Yu in 206 BC. Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty said in the Notes on Water Classics that after arriving in Xianyang, Xiang Yu, with 300,000 people, had shipped the goods for 30 days, but it had not been shipped out. Later, the Kanto thieves stole the bronze coffin. Later, another shepherd, looking for the lost sheep, rushed into the tomb with a torch, accidentally caught fire and completely burned the tomb, saying that the fire had been burning for 90 days. It is said that with the collapse of some burial pits and graves, the ground of dozens of miles in Fiona Fang Mausoleum Area has also sunk several meters. In this way, the ground buildings of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum disappeared, and the underground tombs were also damaged to some extent. These records are supported by today's archaeological discoveries. Almost all burial pits and graves found in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum were damaged by theft and fire.
After four years of Chu-Han War, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu and established the Western Han Dynasty. In order to win the hearts of the people, in BC 195, Liu Bang ordered the proper protection of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, and arranged for 20 families to live near the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang as cemetery keepers to look after the Mausoleum. Since then, successive rulers have also ordered the protection of the imperial tombs of the Qin Dynasty. In the third year of Kaibao in Song Taizu (AD 970), Lintong County was ordered to protect and repair the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. Bi Yuan, the governor of Shaanxi Province in the Qing Dynasty, also erected a monument for the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor.
However, the rich tombs of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum will inevitably arouse the covet of people from all walks of life. According to records, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Red Eyebrow Uprising Army, the rulers of Wei, Jin and Zhao, Schleswig, Shi Jilong and the Huang Chao Uprising Army all robbed the underground palace of the first emperor's tomb. The two bronze chariots and horses unearthed may not be stolen, but are located in the ear room of Xiling, the underground palace under the seal of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. According to historical records, the underground palace of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum was taken away by fire. If that's the case, the funerary objects beside the tomb should be destroyed first.
According to the drilling data, there is a 4-meter-thick palace wall around the underground palace of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, which is also made of bricks, and several tunnels leading to the underground palace have been found. There are no signs of human disturbance and destruction in the tunnels. Only two stolen caves with a diameter of 1 m and a depth of less than 9 m were found, but both caves were far away from the underground palace and had not yet entered the underground palace of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. In addition, the fact that there is a lot of mercury in the underground palace of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is strong evidence that it has not been stolen. Because once the underground palace is stolen, mercury will evaporate along the stolen hole. It can be inferred from the above reasons that the underground palace of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum may not have been stolen. With the application of the latest scientific and technological means, the truth of whether the underground palace was stolen or burned will be revealed to the world.
However, some people think that Sima Qian wrote "Historical Records", which was only more than 100 years after Qin Shihuang was buried. Sima Qian's Historical Records has a special chapter about Qin Shihuang, but it does not mention the destruction of the mausoleum, but describes in detail which Daoyuan was 600 years later. This cannot but make people suspicious.
After the founding of New China, China archaeologists excavated the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, especially after the discovery of Terracotta Warriors. Archaeologists dug more than 200 holes around the underground palace and found only two stolen holes, one in the northeast of the mausoleum and the other in the west of the mausoleum. The stolen cave is about 90 cm in diameter and 9 meters deep, but it is 250 meters away from the center of the mausoleum and has not entered the underground palace. Now, these two stolen caves have been buried in the stratum, and the surface is completely out of sight. As for the silt layer, it is basically complete except for a few trenches left by the Kuomintang army. Archaeologists also use advanced instruments to detect the existence of a large number of mercury and metals underground.
According to the fact that the sealed soil layer has not been excavated, the wall of the underground palace has no signs of damage, and the distribution law of mercury in the underground palace, it can be concluded that the underground palace is basically intact and has not been seriously damaged or excavated. What Ban Gu and Li Daoyuan said about Xiang Yu's grave digging and fire is not reliable. It is estimated that Xiang Yu may have stolen and destroyed the ancillary buildings of the cemetery. If so, the first imperial mausoleum will be an unparalleled underground palace, which can preserve the remains of Qin Shihuang. Therefore, when people dig, they can probably see the true face of this famous emperor!