At present, the "concave" gate excavated at the city site during Erligang period has only been found in Yanshi Mall, and the "retaining wall pier" in the main city wall is unprecedented. The rut of two-wheeled vehicles in the same period was found on the road of Erlitou culture period in the city, which once again proved that China did have two-wheeled vehicles in the Xia Dynasty. Various relics have been found in the city, including large and medium-sized buildings, ash pits and tombs. Some ash pits have multiple heads buried. The phenomenon of collective burial of human heads has only been found in Yin Ruins and Zhengzhou Mall before.
These discoveries are rare, and even fill the blank, which fully shows the particularity and importance of wangjinglou site in Xia-Shang period, and also provides valuable information for the study of Xia-Shang culture. Commentator: Hong Xu, a researcher at the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, rose in the great expansion wave in the early Shang Dynasty, like a nail wedged into the vast plate of Dongyi culture. Since then, with the transfer of the capital of Shang Dynasty from Luozheng area to northern Henan and southern Hebei, Shang culture has been on the defensive in many directions, such as south, west and northwest, and even contracted on a large scale. Only to the east, it has almost always maintained an enterprising momentum. Obviously, this is inseparable from Daxinzhuang, an important town that stood until the late Shang Dynasty. Such a strategic and historical position makes Daxinzhuang difficult to become the focus of academic attention. We can understand why every discovery is so touching: the settlement scale of 300,000 square meters, the first unearthed Oracle Bone Inscriptions outside Shangdu, a piece of cemetery and aristocratic tombs with bronze and jade ritual vessels. ...
As far as Daxinzhuang is concerned, the new discovery gives archaeologists more confidence to outline the historical picture of merchants' eastward spread: the bronze tripod with a height of more than 50 cm and the bronze cymbal with a height of nearly 30 cm, which makes many scholars speculate that its tomb owner should be or at least close to the highest military commander of the Eastern Expedition; Coupled with the site of a large rammed earth building with a cloister and the richer historical and geographical information displayed in bronze inscriptions, people have reason to believe that Daxinzhuang should be the ruling center of Shang Dynasty in the East. Comment expert: The cemetery of Professor Liu Xu from Peking University Institute of Archaeology and Culture from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period. The large scale, well-preserved, long time and high specification of the cemetery are rare in China, which provides important information about the burial system of the Zhou Dynasty in many ways. In order to study the burial system of Zhou Dynasty in the future, the information of Dahekou cemetery is essential.
Many bronzes have been unearthed in this cemetery, and the bronze inscriptions indicate that this is a family cemetery named "that fool". The historical materials of Babo are not included, which can make up for the lack of history.
In addition, there are many special phenomena worthy of attention in this cemetery, such as oblique holes in the four corners of the tomb, waist pits and martyrdom dogs. The three cemeteries belong to "Barber" and "Shubo" respectively, and are adjacent to each other, which is very important for discussing the feudal system and ethnic relations in the Zhou Dynasty. The rich funerary objects provide rare information for discussing all aspects of the funeral system in Zhou Dynasty. Some rare lacquer wood figurines, such as 1 meter high, were the earliest and only seen in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The bronze wares of Yan State engraved with the word "Yan" were unearthed for the first time. The long inscription describing Babo's relationship with royal minister Gong Rui and Jing Shu is unprecedented. Comments: Professor Li Peking University Institute of Archaeology and Culture Tuyugou Grottoes in Xinjiang is not only the earliest and largest Buddhist grottoes in Turpan, but also an important Buddhist site along the ancient Silk Road, and an important link between southern Xinjiang and the mainland. However, Tuyugou Grottoes are not well preserved. The buildings in front of the grottoes are in ruins, most of the grottoes collapse or are buried by sand, and the appearance and connotation of the grottoes are mostly unclear. However, the excavation of 20 10 revealed a wealth of temple cultural relics, with a huge variety and quantity of unearthed cultural relics, which is a major discovery of Buddhist archaeology in China.
These new discoveries are not only of great academic value for in-depth discussion on the founding age, original appearance, combination of caves and niches, theme layout, sculpture features, and plastic painting techniques of Tuyugou Grottoes, but also provide important physical materials for further study on the spread of ancient Buddhist art from south to north and from west to east, especially the relationship between Gaochang Grottoes Temple, Qiuci Grottoes Temple and mainland grottoes temples. In addition, they are of great historical value and practical significance for re-understanding the history and culture of Turpan and the social background of harmonious coexistence of all ethnic groups and religions. Comment Expert: Zhao Huacheng, a professor at Peking University Institute of Archaeology and Culture, has discovered many archaeological discoveries about family cemeteries in the Han Dynasty, but most of them have limited knowledge about family cemeteries in the Han Dynasty due to serious or incomplete excavation, difficult identification of tomb owners, and low level of tombs. The comprehensive excavation of the original family cemetery in Anfengqi, Xi 'an, Shaanxi, finally showed us a family cemetery of the Western Han Dynasty with high grade, testable owner, orderly planning and long duration, so as to study China culture.
The cemetery has been excavated continuously for three years, and the large main tomb, six slave burial pits and 1 1 small and medium-sized tombs that may be Zhang Anshi, the general of Fuping Hou Wei in the Western Han Dynasty, have been cleared up. Exposed a complete cemetery, high-standard ancestral temple buildings, trenches, roads, drainage ditches and other relics. A large number of cultural relics, including gold and silver vessels, bronzes, ironware, pottery, primitive porcelain, pottery figurines, jade, clay prints and other relics, have been unearthed in tombs and tombs, which have high historical, scientific and artistic value. Among them, six military figures were unearthed, not only with a large number of military figures and complete weapons, but also a considerable number of military seals were unearthed, which is of great value to the study of military history. In addition, the tomb numbered M 1 is undisturbed, well preserved and rich in funerary objects. Now it is being cleaned up, looking forward to more important discoveries. Comment Expert: Song Jian, a researcher at Shanghai Museum, has been the focus of scholars and the public for many years. Although it is recorded in ancient books and documents, many words are vague, and some are just love.
The confirmation of Mudu city site built in the late Spring and Autumn Period has found a home for the above series of discoveries. Archaeologists discovered the walls, moats, stone roads and waterways of Mudu through drilling and excavation, and a large city site was exposed. This large-scale urban site, called Du Yi, covers an area of 24 square kilometers. Relying on nature, it relies on mountains and rivers, fully demonstrating the concept of building a city in Wu people according to local conditions. Outside the city site, there are many settlements of different scales and tombs of different grades in a wider scope, which constitute a settlement group centered on Du Yi.
The discovery of Mudu Spring and Autumn Ancient City is a major breakthrough in the study of Wu culture, which provides new materials for the in-depth study of Wu culture and has extremely important academic significance. The settlement group centered on the city site will be completely preserved in southern Jiangsu, and through the field work of archaeologists, the public can explore more vivid and vivid wuyue history from archaeological remains. Comments: Professor Hangkan Tusi System of Peking University Institute of Archaeology and Culture has played an important role in maintaining regional stability and national unity. The archaeological investigation and excavation in Laosicheng, Yongshun, Hunan Province finally gave us an archaeological empirical case to study the Tusi system.
The city of Laosi was built in the late Western Zhou Dynasty under Peng's rule. The main functional areas of the city site are clearly distributed, and there are rich architectural relics such as masonry walls, roads and drainage facilities. The porcelain unearthed in the city has a clear title, which shows that many porcelain are specially made by Jingdezhen toast; A large number of animal bones unearthed also provide detailed basic data for studying the food composition and ecological environment of local residents. Among the excavated Tusi cemeteries, Peng Yina, who won the first place in Southeast China in the Anti-Japanese War, was buried together, and the overall pattern of the cemetery was clear. The investigation of three states and six caves under the rule of Tusi in the Western Zhou Dynasty shows that the importance of regional investigation has been paid more and more attention in archaeological research in historical period.
Peng ruled the Western Zhou Dynasty for more than 800 years, and the main building of Laosicheng was built in the Ming Dynasty. It can be said that the research on the relationship between Peng and the Western Zhou Tusi, Tusi and Tujia, and the relationship between local Tusi and the Central Dynasty has just started. Commentator: Li Yuqun, a researcher at the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. This is the first comprehensive and systematic archaeological excavation of large temple sites in China since the founding of New China. It is the largest temple site excavated by archaeology at present.
The underground palace of Chang Gan Temple was discovered in Taki, which was built during the period of the Northern Song Dynasty. A large number of precious Buddhist cultural relics, with the true bones at the top of the Buddha as the core and the Seven Treasures Ashoka Tower as the representative, were unearthed, which caused a sensation. Chang Gan Temple Underground Palace is the deepest vertical cave underground palace in China, with the largest unearthed stone letter, iron letter and seven treasures Asoka Tower. These great discoveries are of great significance to the study of the construction of the stupa underground palace, the storage system of relics and the spread and exchange of Chinese and Western Buddhism in the Song Dynasty. The three Ming Dynasty pillar pits around the tower base not only prove that the new tower was rebuilt on the original site of the tower base in the Ming and Song Dynasties, but also are the clues for the first time to build an "eagle frame" around the tower base in China, revealing the construction method of the Ming Dynasty pagoda, which is of great value to the study of the history of ancient architectural technology in China. Comment expert: Professor Qin Dashu from Peking University Institute of Archaeology and Culture, the Lushi family cemetery in Wulitou, Lantian, Shaanxi Province is one of the important family cemeteries of senior literati in the Northern Song Dynasty excavated in recent years. After four years' continuous excavation, not only 29 tombs of four generations were cleared, but also home temples, Shinto and Zhao Gou with functions of appreciating temples and grave temples were excavated, revealing the complete layout and structure of a cemetery, which has high academic value.
The layout of the Lu family cemetery is quite different from the popular five-tone cemetery in the Song Dynasty. According to Sima Guang's Yi Shu and other documents, the literati at that time were critical of the crazy concept of Feng Shui. The identity of most tomb owners in the Lu family cemetery is clear, and the arrangement of tombs is also clear. The practice of using soil cave tomb seems to be consistent with the literature, and similar to the tomb of Sima Guang recorded in the literature. Because the cemetery is well preserved, a large number of funerary objects were unearthed during the excavation. The types and unearthed places of these funerary objects and the concept of hiding corpses expressed in the tomb structure will greatly promote the study of funeral customs in Song Dynasty. Commentator: Sun Jian politician "Nan 'ao No.1", an associate researcher at the National Underwater Cultural Heritage Protection Center, is a shipwreck of Amin Dynasty excavated by official archaeological investigation in China's coastal areas. It provides detailed and reliable empirical materials for solving many academic problems in China's overseas trade, navigation, porcelain making and so on, and provides new materials and clues for studying China's Ming Dynasty economic research.
The Nan 'ao shipwreck is a deep-water shipwreck site in China at present, which is located at the southern end of the Taiwan Province Strait, and the ocean current is relatively fast. After the discovery, cultural relics workers intervened in time, immediately launched an effective investigation and quickly formulated and implemented effective protection and underwater archaeology. Since 2007, it has basically ensured that underwater sites are not damaged by theft and fishing. Through careful design and meticulous work, the archaeological team overcame various unfavorable factors and successfully carried out scientific underwater archaeological excavation, which is a successful attempt in the construction and practice of underwater archaeology in China from the aspects of organization, excavation and protection. This excavation is the first large-scale archaeological excavation in China under 28 meters of water. A set of operating procedures and methods for underwater cultural heritage protection are summarized, including underwater site positioning, disturbance layer cleaning, information retention, cultural relics extraction, water cultural relics protection and sorting.