Analysis:
There were 16 emperors in the Ming Dynasty, while there were only 13 emperors in the Ming Tombs in Beijing. There are different reasons for not entering the grave. Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, founded Nanjing in his early years and was buried in the Ming Tombs in Zhongshan, Nanjing after his death. Zhu Yunwen, the grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang who succeeded to the throne, disappeared after his uncle Judy (later Ming Chengzu) launched the "Battle of Jingnan" to attack Nanjing, so there was no mausoleum. Zhu Qiyu, the seventh emperor, succeeded to the throne after his brother Ming Yingzong was captured by Vala in the civil war. Later, after the British Restoration, Zhu Qiyu was killed. Yingzong refused to recognize him as the emperor, destroyed the Shouling built by Tianshou Mountain and buried him as a prince in Jinshan, a western suburb of Beijing.
The main mausoleum of the Ming Tombs was the first mausoleum built by Judy from 1409 to 14 13. At that time, after "driving", he was called "Tianshou Mountain". 1423 died in the northern expedition to Tatar and was buried here, but after nearly 200 years of construction, the Changling project has formed a complete building complex of more than 7 kilometers.
Among these 13 mausoleums, Judy's Changling Mausoleum, Jiajing Emperor Zhu Houzong's Yongling Mausoleum and Wanli Emperor Zhu Yijun's Dingling Mausoleum were all built during their lifetime, and the scale is also the largest. The rest of the tombs were built after their death, which will take about six months to build. Because Chongzhen is the king of national subjugation, there is no official mausoleum. The present mausoleum was converted from the tomb of the late Princess Tian.
1957, Beijing * * * announced the Ming Tombs as the first batch of key ancient cultural relics protection units in Beijing. 196 1 year, the Ming Tombs were announced as national key cultural relics protection units. 1982, the State Council announced Badaling-Ming Tombs Scenic Area as one of the 44 key scenic spots in China. 199565438+February, the Ming Tombs Museum was established. On July 3, 2003, the Ming Tombs were listed on the United Nations World Heritage List.
Geomantic layout
The Ming Tombs behind the main entrance belong to Taihang Mountain, which is connected to Juyongguan in the west, huanghua town in the north and Changping in the south, thus becoming the northern barrier of the Ming Tombs and the capital. Taihang Mountain starts from Zezhou and winds northwards, crossing Wanshui in Qian Shan to Juyongguan. Gu, a adherent of the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, once pointed out: "The mountain is coming from the south, and its momentum is like a dragon. East toe in Lulong, west ridge in Taihang; Sitting on the yellow flower in the back (referring to huanghua town), facing the Shenjing; There is an old house called Kangjiazhuang. It can accommodate millions of people and suddenly open. " In the Ming dynasty, it was regarded as a treasure trove of geomantic omen, and evergreen pine and cypress trees dominated the mausoleum area.
The Ming Tombs were built on the mountain, following the model of Nanjing Xiaoling Mausoleum, that is, apart from the enjoyment of Shinto, the front of each tomb is a sacrificial area, and the back is a tomb area. Mausoleum specifications are similar, according to the mountain, tomb spacing ranging from 500 meters to 8000 meters. Except for Siling, which is located in the southwest corner, the others are fan-shaped and located around Changling. Another system is that the mausoleum imitates the Xiaoling Mausoleum, saying that there is a kind of building called "dumb courtyard", or setting a glass screen as a screen barrier.
There is a tablet pavilion at the entrance of each mausoleum, and the inscription records the achievements of the emperor before his death, which should be written by the heir emperor. However, since Emperor Injong wrote a 3,500-word inscription for his father Judy, there is no successor to the emperor to continue writing it, so now all the tombs except the Changling Monument have become wordless monuments.
Take the large Dingling Mausoleum (the tomb of Emperor Wanli) as an example. The overall layout of its ground buildings is round in front and round in back, symbolizing "the land with a round sky". The ground floor area is 6.5438+0.8 million square meters, with a wide courtyard in front and a tall and precious city behind. There are more than 300 ancillary buildings in the mausoleum, such as memorial hall, sacrificial pavilion, Dingling prison, Jingu prison and Shenma building. Followed by the outermost wall of the cemetery-Wailuocheng (the wall outside the wall).
Other flower beds
Tokyo
Xijing
Wan Guifei tomb
Zheng Guifei tomb
Prince sejong's tomb
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expense
Although the Ming Tombs belong to the royal project, the overall cost is not fully and accurately recorded, but the records of some tombs can be used for reference. Emperor Wanli Dingling started construction on 1584, which is the third mausoleum among the Ming Tombs. 1584 started construction for six years, when * * * consumed 8 million silver.
Zhaoling is the burial place of Zhu Zaihou and three empresses, which was poorly built in the early years. One year after the completion, the foundation settlement of the building appeared. 1574, Tao Jin, supervisor of Zhaoling Jingu Palace, said: "Since it rained on the second day of June, the masonry inside and outside the Lingen Gate of this mausoleum has subsided." /kloc-in the first month of 0/575, Emperor Wanli had to appoint Zuo Assistant Minister Chen of the Ministry of Industry and other magistrates to rebuild Zhaoling. For the first time to build a ground building, * * * used 390,932 taels of silver, but the cost of planting wood, Baicheng bricks and Dashiwo has not been counted. Later, the soldiers used11019 silver, totaling 50 1050 silver. Among them; The company also uses silver 204422, Yuheng Company 13 145, Dushui Company 1 18854, and Tuntian Company 164628.
The cost of the second restoration is not clearly recorded in the literature, but according to the Records of Xi in Ming Taizu, it was built twice before and after, with a value of 1.5 million yuan. This is not to mention the cost of building Gong Xuan during Jiajing period. If you count the expenses of the mausoleum camp during Jiajing period, the total cost is at least 2 million Liang. At that time, Qin Long's total fiscal revenue was only 2.3 million taels a year.
Because the construction of Zhaoling needs huge funds and food, the Ministry of Industry is extremely short of treasury. In August of the second year of Wanli, Zhuozhou Bridge was repaired, but the Ministry of Industry couldn't provide money and the Ministry of War couldn't send military craftsmen. Finally, assistant minister Zhang asked Emperor Wanli to let his mother donate money to hire someone to build it.
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Ming Di's continuous mausoleum
There were 16 emperors in the Ming Dynasty, among which 13 emperors were buried in the Ming Tombs, but Zhu Yuanzhang was buried in Nanjing. Since then, Zhu, Zhu and Zhu Chuyi have been mourned and sacrificed. Zhu Yunwen, the emperor of Wen Jian, lost his post and had no mausoleum.
Serial number mausoleum
The famous emperor's name, year number, temple number, posthumous title's lineage, and the burial place of the queen when she died.
1 group
Lingzuxuan Taizu Unknown Huxiang Jiangsu Xuyi County
Zhu's great-grandfather was a human being, but Hou Shi is unknown.
Wang doesn't know who Zhu Chu, the first emperor of Zuyu, and his great grandfather were.
2 yellow
64 th Zhen Renzu Chundi Great Grandfather Chen Southwest of Fengyang County, Anhui Province
3 filial piety
Mausoleum Zhu Yuanzhang Hongwu Taizu Gao Emperor1368-1398 71Ma Nanjing Zhongshan south foot.
4 long
Emperor Yongle of Ming Dynasty 1402- 1424 Taizu's four sons 65 Xu Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing
Five kinds of products
Mausoleum Zhu Gaochi Hongxi Renzong Zhaodi 1424- 1425 Chengzu eldest son 48 Zhang Tianshou Mountain Huangshan Temple Yiling.
Six scenes
Emperor Xuanzong Zhang of Xuande, Zhan Ji, Zhu Ling 1425- 1435 The eldest son of Renzong 37 Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Sun Shi
7 Yu
, Qizhen Zhengtong Yingzongrui 1435- 1449 The eldest son of Xuanzong 38 money Tianshoushan, Changping County, Beijing
Tianshun 1457- 1464 Zhou family
Eight scenes
emperor
Jingtai Emperor was in 1449- 1457. The second son of Xuanzong, King 30, lived in Jinshan Gorge in the western suburbs of Beijing.
9 Mao
Zhu Ling Chenghua Xianzong Chundi 1464- 1487 The eldest son of Yingzong 4 1 Wang, Ji and Shao, Tianshou Mountain in Changping County, Beijing.
10 Thai
Youtang Hongzhi Xiaozong Zundi 1487- 1505 The third son of Xianzong has 36 pictures at the foot of Bijia Mountain, Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing.
1 1 display
You Jue Xian Sejong's father, 43 Jiang's family, is under the mountain in Zhongxiang County, Hubei Province (also known as Chunde Mountain).
12 kang
Mausoleum Zhengde Diwu 1505- 152 1 Filial son 3 1 Lotus Hill, Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing.
13 Yong
Ling Jiajing Emperor Sejong Su 152 1- 1566 Xian Zongsun 60 Chen, Fang, Du, Xiayang Cuiling, Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing.
14 Zhao
Emperor Lingzhuang 1566- 1572 The Third Son of Sejong 36 Li, Chen and Li at the foot of Dayu Mountain, Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing
15 d
Wanli Emperor Wanli 1572- 1620 Third son 58 Wang, Wang's Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing, at the foot of Dayu Mountain.
16 Qing
Ling Taichang Guangzong Zhenzong 1620 39 The eldest sons, Guo, Wang and Liu, are under the second ridge of Huangshan Temple in Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing.
17 Germany
Twenty-three sons of Guangzong, the eldest son of Lingtian Tianqi Xizong 1620- 1627, are under Tanyuling, Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing.
18 Si
Tomb of Emperor Chongzhen Zhuang Liedi 1627- 1644 Guangzong Wuzi 35 Empress Zhou, Huangfeitian, Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing.
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Modern major events
A.D. 1409 (the seventh year of Yongle): On the eighth day of May, Judy visited Huang Tu, named this mountain "Tianshou Mountain", and began to build Changling.
1929: 65438+1On October 30th, the 6th1meeting of the Hebei Provincial Party Committee adopted the Measures for the Protection of the Ming Tombs in Changping County, Hebei Province. Decided to set up a police station in Changling.
1935: June, 65438+10/October, Beiping * * * sent people to inspect Changling according to the order of the state * * * to estimate the renovation funds. The repair began on March 2 1 and was completed on June 27. The engineering projects include Dahongmen, Shengde Monument Pavilion, Longfeng Gate, Long Mausoleum Gate, Monument Pavilion in Mausoleum, Fenen Gate, Fenen Hall, Inner Hong Men, Arched Gate, Ming Building, Imperial Wall and Shenbo Furnace.
1937: Siling and others were stolen by bandits from all walks of life.
1937 to 1948: The destroyed temples of Xian, Jing, Yu, Mao, Tai, Kang, Yong, Zhao, Qing and De were gradually demolished in the war, leaving only ruins. After the Siling Temple, the Monument Pavilion and the Ming Building were demolished by the * * * Army, the bricks were taken away to repair the corner building.
1949- 1950: Changping county, which is under the jurisdiction of Tongxian county, Hebei province, established a mausoleum protection committee in Jingling village.
1952: 10 In June, Hebei Provincial Department of Culture instructed to change the Mausoleum Protection Committee into the Ming Tombs Cultural Relics Protection Center.
1955: 1 In June, Beijing * * * people sent the First Construction Company of the Municipal Construction Bureau to prepare construction materials and repair the tombs of Chang, Jing and Yong according to the instructions of the former Administration Bureau on taking over the Ming Tombs, restoring ancient buildings and planting trees and gardens; In September, the Ming Tombs were handed over from Changping County, Hebei Province to Beijing Bureau of Landscape Architecture.
1957: The people of Beijing announced that the Ming Tombs were the first batch of key ancient cultural relics protection units in Beijing. In May, the underground Xuan Palace in Dingling was opened, and nearly 3,000 cultural relics were unearthed.
1958: The Cultural Relics Bureau of the Ministry of Culture approved the establishment of Dingling Museum.
1959: 10 In June, Dingling was officially opened to the outside world (under the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Culture).
196 1: the State Council announced the Ming Tombs as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
196 1 By the 1990s, restoration works were carried out and other tombs were excavated one after another.
1995: In May, the renovation and burial gift project was completed; In July, the second phase of Lu Shen project was completed; In 65438+February, the Ming Tombs Museum was established.
2003: On July 3rd, the Ming Tombs were listed in the World Heritage List after consideration by UNESCO.