According to the monitoring results of several groups of water samples in 198 1 by Sichuan Hydrological Phenomenon Station and other units, it is found that the average and extreme values of oxygen consumption and ammonia nitrogen greatly exceed the surface water standards, and even the length of the river that meets the national first-class and second-class water quality standards in the comprehensive evaluation of organic matter in rivers only accounts for 4 1.9% of the length of the river involved in the evaluation. Of the total river length evaluated, only 1.8% is of excellent water quality, and the detection rates of phenol, cyanide, arsenic, mercury and hexavalent chromium in most river sections all exceed the standard by more than 50%, and the section from Jianyang to Neijiang is seriously polluted (Class IV), indicating that the water quality in Tuojiang River Basin is seriously polluted. Tuojiang River Basin is a weak sediment-producing area in Sichuan Province, and the average sediment transport modulus of Li Jiawan Station for many years is 503 tons/km2. The average annual sediment discharge of each control station in the main stream is 5.82 million tons at Miaozhan, 8.92 million tons at Dengyingyan Hydrological Phenomenon Station in Zizhong County and 6.5438+0.65438+0.7 million tons. Tuojiang water conservancy was developed earlier, and there are many facilities for ditches and weirs. Since the Song Dynasty, it has been recorded that Mianyuan River has been used to irrigate fields. During the Ming, Qing and Republic of China, the facilities of ditches and weirs had a long-term effect. Large-scale ancient weirs preserved in the land leveling in the upper reaches and still in use after reconstruction, such as Guansong Boron Weir in Mianzhu County, Mianyuan River (collectively referred to as Guanqu Weir, Borax Weir and Songjia Weir), Shiting Jiangyan Weir in Pengxian County of Minjiang River, etc. In the hilly areas of the middle and lower reaches, in addition to water diversion projects, many small ponds have been built to store water. However, the water storage and diversion of these projects are very small, the irrigation control area is insufficient, and there are often water disputes between adjacent borders. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Tuojiang water conservancy has achieved a new all-round development. On the basis of rebuilding the original canal weir, the People's Canal (originally called Guanqu Weir) was built from 1953, citing the source of Puyang River in Neijiang waters of Dujiangyan. According to 1985, the total irrigation area of the main canal of Renmin Canal in this basin has reached1320,000 mu.
Another upstream water diversion project, Feng Chun Canal (formerly known as Dongshan Irrigation Canal), was built at 1956, and was diverted by Fuhe River in Neijiang waters of Dujiangyan, and was completed at 1980. The irrigation area of the north main canal and the east main canal is 522,000 mu. By 1985, 23 medium-sized reservoirs (including Sancha Reservoir) have been built in Tuojiang River Basin, with a total storage capacity of 828 million cubic meters and an irrigation area of13.46 million mu. According to 1980, the total storage, diversion and pumping of small and medium-sized reservoirs, various main canals and various irrigation and drainage projects in the basin reached 5.5 billion cubic meters, with a total irrigation area of/kloc-0.042 million mu. The first hydropower research and development in Tuojiang River Basin belongs to Yuhongqiao Hydropower Station in Jintang County, which was built at 1935 with an installed capacity of 40 kW and located in Yangliuyan, Qingming River. After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the factory was abandoned due to the reconstruction of the canal system.
Human ancestors have used the water resources of Tuojiang River for a long time. Since ancient times, sailing on the river, canoes and giant ships have shuttled back and forth, which has communicated the channels of material exchange, broadened the transportation and tourism, and made contributions to the social and economic development of Sichuan. In the Song Dynasty, a transshipment allowed Han Shou to completely repair the Jintang sewer for smooth navigation. Since then, all generations have had some knowledge, organized the masses, leveled the beaches, and arranged routes to make this golden waterway unimpeded.
In ancient times, people dug some channels very early to get water from Tuojiang River to irrigate fields. A series of water diversion projects, such as Xujiang weir, Julie fire weir and Mianjiang weir in the upper plain area, are the crystallization of the achievements of ancestors in water control. Even in hilly areas, this kind of diversion weir is not uncommon.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the People's Canal was built. The tap of this long water dragon is immersed in Qingxing Township, Pengxian County, sucking the water from Qingbaijiang River. It crosses the upper reaches of the Tuojiang River from west to east, sending thousands of veins along the way, sending the Mintuo River to the northeast of the plain, then passing through Longquan Mountain, entering the Fujiang River Basin, and extending the Tianfu ancient land and sea to further places.
It was after the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) that the water from the main stream of Tuojiang River was used for farmland irrigation on a large scale. Because the fields along the Tuojiang River are 60 ~ 80 meters higher than the river, for thousands of years, the objective situation of low water level in this field has made people along the river look at the ocean and sigh. Although the fields are cracked and the seedlings are withered, people still can't help looking at the surging river. In 1960s, electromechanical pumping irrigation was developed. Centrifugal pumps and hydraulic pumps were used for the first time to pump river water onto high slopes to irrigate fields. 1967, an electric irrigation station was built in Jiulongtan, Huaikou, Jintang, and five motors with 3 10 ~ 380 dry tiles were installed to drive five pumps accordingly, pumping the Tuojiang River water to a height of 34 meters. In 1970s, it was considered as a first-class station, and two second-class stations were built in higher places to pump water from the first-class channel, and then 13m was added. Give it to Takada. Soon, a station was built near the top of the mountain to pump water from the secondary channel, and the river water 1 1 m was increased for the third time. In this way, Kowloon Beach Electric Irrigation Station is divided into three grades. A * * * raised the river channel by 58 meters and solved the irrigation problem of 200,000 mu of farmland. In the 1980s, a hydropower station was built in Kowloon Beach, so there was no need to send electricity from far away.
Except Kowloon Beach Electric Irrigation Station. On the main stream of Tuojiang River, Jigong Mountain in Jianyang and Dahongchang in Ziyang were also built. Neijiang dome, Baima and other electric irrigation stations. It is worth mentioning that Longchang Shipantan Hydraulic Pump Station is not only the first riverbed hydraulic pump station on the main stream of Tuojiang River, but also the largest newly-built water lifting project in Sichuan Province. From 65438 to 0972, a 9.2-meter-high masonry barrage was built in Shipantan, Tuojiang River, and a lock was set at the left end to allow ships to come and go through this tunnel. The forebay and pump house of the hydraulic pump station are built on the lower side of the left bank, and 25 hydraulic pumps of Sichuan 100- 15 are installed. Using the tightly bound river rapids in the diversion canal, the water wheel at the bottom of the pump generates impulse, which drives the upper pump body to pump water and pump the river to a height of 73 meters. The project was completed in 1975. According to the design, it can pump 5 cubic meters per second, 90.57 million cubic meters in moderate drought years and irrigate more than 220,000 mu of farmland.
Irrigation, because it consumes a lot of electricity, energy or water, is generally not very big. Therefore, the vast farmland on both sides of the Tuojiang River in Jianyang has always been an old dry area. The Dongfeng Canal built after the founding of the People's Republic of China solved the irrigation problem in the southwest corner of the plain area by using Dujiangyan water source, but it failed to send water to the arid area in the south due to the barrier of Longquan Mountain. 1972, after two years' efforts, Jianyang people overcame the obstacle of Longquan Mountain, and opened the Longquan Mountain Tunnel with a length of more than 6 kilometers, realizing the wish of extending the Dongfeng Canal to the hilly and arid areas of the basin. Sancha Reservoir, located in Jianyang Sancha Dam, has a dam and 18 auxiliary dam. The total storage capacity is 230 million cubic meters. The dam of this reservoir is a new type of "stone slag dam", which is filled by vibration rolling method and uses the stone slag produced by quarrying and excavation of dam foundation. The rockfill dam is 35.5 meters high and 990 meters away from the valley bottom. 1975 started, and 1977 was basically completed. Now this Sancha Reservoir, after years of operation, has become an island floating on the water, densely planted with fruit trees and flowers, turning the reservoir area into a new artificial lake. The lakes and mountains attract many tourists. In the early 1980s, it was turned into a tourist area and named "Sancha Lake".
The famous reservoirs in Tuojiang River Basin and the two reservoirs in Changhu Lake are located on the tributary Weiyuan River, which were built in the mid-1970s. The upstream one is: Changsha Dam Reservoir, with a storage capacity of 45.7 million cubic meters. The dam is an early-stage masonry overflow arch dam, with a maximum dam height of 52.8m, a crest arc length of174m, and a central overflow section arc length of 62.9m.. Changsha dam arch dam was designed by Sichuan Water Conservancy Survey and Design Institute and won the Sichuan Excellent Design Award. Downstream is Hulukou Reservoir with a storage capacity of 75.8 million cubic meters. The dam is a masonry gravity dam with a maximum height of 7 1 m and a crest length of 215m. Because there is an easy-sliding muddy interlayer in the bedrock at the bottom of the dam, which is very unfavorable to the stability of the dam, the design institute has taken various measures in the design, such as covering weighting, dislocation, grouting and so on. Because of careful design and construction, it was rated as one of the top ten "double excellent" hydropower projects in China in the 1970s, and won the National Silver Award of 1983. The water from the two reservoirs in Changhu not only ensures the irrigation of farmland in Zigong and Weiyuan, but also provides a valuable water source for Zigong, a chemical city in Sichuan.
There are tributaries such as Jiangxi River and Jiuqu River on the right bank of Tuojiang River, and four large and medium-sized reservoirs such as Sancha Reservoir, Shipan Reservoir, Zhang Jiayan Reservoir and Eagle Reservoir are built in the upper reaches, with a total storage capacity of 349.5 million cubic meters.
There is a tributary Huayang River on the left bank of Tuojiang River, and a Torenji medium-sized reservoir with a total storage capacity of 654.38+007,500 cubic meters is built on the upper reaches of its secondary tributary Dongjuan River. There is a medium-sized reservoir on Huayang River-Tuzhenji Reservoir located in the upper reaches of the second-class tributary Dongjuan River, with a total storage capacity of10.75 million cubic meters. Sancha Reservoir, a large reservoir with a total storage capacity of 265.438 billion cubic meters, has been built in the upper reaches of Jiangxi mainstream. There is a medium-sized reservoir-Shipan Reservoir in the upper reaches of Chishui River, with a total storage capacity of 69.6 million cubic meters. There is a medium-sized reservoir-Zhang Jiayan Reservoir in the upper reaches of the tributary Conch River, with a total storage capacity of/kloc-0.4 million cubic meters. The total storage capacity of the three large and medium-sized reservoirs is 268 million cubic meters, and the control basin area is 26 1.27 square kilometers. They are the backbone reservoirs of Longquan Mountain diversion project in Dujiangyan Dongfeng Canal, with an irrigation area of 789,600 mu. A medium-sized reservoir, Eagle Reservoir, will be built in the upper reaches of Jiuqu River with a total storage capacity of 36.7 million cubic meters, which has the functions of irrigation and urban water supply. The theoretical reserve of hydropower in Tuojiang River Basin is 6.5438+0.53 million kilowatts, and some 260,000 dry watts can be developed. According to the latest plan, 23-level development schemes have been put forward on the main stream, with a total utilization of water head 172 meters, and the existing troops have been put into construction or completed with 8 levels. The development potential is still great.
Major projects of water resources utilization and hydropower generation. There are two basic conditions for hydropower development, one is water quantity, and the other is water head. The slope of the middle and lower reaches of the Tuojiang River is not large, which seems to lack the power generation head, but it has a tortuous ileum, which gives people an opportunity. If the diversion open channel is cut straight and combined with low dam diversion, the water head can be concentrated and new development conditions can be created. So from the 1960s, on the basis of water conservancy planning, the horn of Tuojiang hydropower development was sounded.
The earliest mainstream power station was He Miaomiao Temple. Construction of this power station started at the end of 1964, and the first 2500 kW hydro-generator set was put into operation in July of 1966. By April 1967, * * was equipped with three units with a total capacity of 7500 kW. In 198 1, a 650kw unit with a capacity of 8250kw was added. The development form of the power station is to build a low dam to stop the river, and at the same time use meandering to divert the river. The barrage is 4.5 meters high, the dam crest is 324 meters long, the diversion canal is 300 meters long, the water inlet is in the upstream of the meander, and the power station is arranged in the downstream of the meander. The design head of the power station is 6.2 meters, the diversion flow 174 cubic meters per second, and the average annual power generation is close to 50 million kwh.
The mainstream power station with similar conditions to He Miaomiao Temple is Wuerxi, which started construction in the 1960s and stopped several times until the end of 1985. The height of the dam is 13m, the length is 323m, the reference head is 7.4m, the reference flow is 1 10 m3 per second, and there are two 3200 dry tile units, with an average annual power generation. 2 million kwh.
The mainstream power stations that have been started now include Shiqiao with a total capacity of 7,500 kilowatts, Nanjin Post with a total capacity of10.08 million kilowatts, Wulidian with a total capacity of10.28 million kilowatts, and Huangweihao with a total capacity of10.28 million kilowatts. Jiulong Beach Electric Irrigation Station and Shipantan Hydraulic Pump Station have also been gradually transformed into hydropower stations.
There are three dam sections on the Tuojiang River in Ziyang: Jianyang Shiqiao Hydropower Station, Jiangyannan Jinyi Hydropower Station and Wangerxi Hydropower Station. Wooden boats and motorboats can be used in the main stream for many years, and many tributaries in the middle and lower reaches have been channelized. Tuojiang waterway can be used for 15-50 tonnage forest ships and motor boats. It used to be full navigation, but now it is intermittent navigation.
In addition to the main stream, there are tributaries of the Tuojiang River system, such as Zishui River, Mengqian River, Qiuxi River, Daqinghe River, Xiaoqing River, Fuxi River and Maan River, with a total navigation mileage of more than 700 kilometers. Generally1~ load is reduced in dry season in April, and navigation is suspended in flood season in July ~ August.