(1) Abolish all debts owed by Athenian citizens as collateral, prohibit personal mortgage loans, and prohibit turning indebted civilians into slaves. The measures taken by the state to pay for the redemption of those who were sold to foreign countries as slaves because they were unable to pay their debts were called "release orders".
(2) Implementing a series of policies and measures that are beneficial to the development of industry and commerce, including restricting the export of grain and expanding the export of olive oil; Carry out currency reform to promote commercial trade; Encourage foreign craftsmen to immigrate to Athens and encourage citizens to learn handicraft techniques; Reformed weights and measures, minted new money in Athens, and formulated some laws and regulations on property inheritance, prohibition of reburial, and compensation for relatives of citizens who sacrificed their country.
(3) recognize the freedom of private property inheritance and eliminate all clan remnants in the system.
2. politically:
(1) Abolish the monopoly right of hereditary nobles, and no longer divide citizens by birth and property. According to the total income of agricultural products in one year, citizens are divided into four grades (the number of cereals and other products imported each year is divided into four grades), and the political rights of each grade depend on their financial resources. First-class and second-class citizens can hold senior state posts; The third level can be a low-level official position; Citizens at the fourth level cannot hold official positions, but they have the right to participate in citizens' meetings and people's courts.
(2) Establish a meeting of 400 people as the permanent body and the highest administrative organ of the citizens' assembly. The 400-member conference consists of four tribes 100, and all citizens can be elected except the fourth grade.
(3) Establish a jury court. As the highest judicial organ, any citizen has the right of appeal. Jurors in the jury court are selected by citizens at all levels by drawing lots. The jury court accepts and decides citizens' complaints or appeals, which expands citizens' rights.
(4) To formulate a new code to replace the harsh laws of delacour, and only keep the part about murder, so as to make the whole Athenian law more humane. Kristini reform 1. He established 10 regional tribes to replace the original four clan tribes. Athens is divided into urban area, coastal area and inland area, and each area is divided into ten parts, which is called trinity area. By drawing lots, a trinity area is drawn from each region to synthesize a regional tribe. Trinity is divided into several Demos, which constitute the basic units of Athens citizens' political, social and religious activities. Young men who have reached the age of 18 in Athens can obtain citizenship through a certain naturalization ceremony in Demos where their parents belong. Some foreigners also obtained Athenian citizenship in Demos. In this way, the principle of region replaced the principle of consanguinity and weakened the influence of clan nobles in all aspects.
2. Establish a "500-person meeting" to replace the original "400-person meeting";
(The 500-member conference shall be composed of 50 citizens from 65,438+00 tribes at all levels, each of whom shall be elected by drawing lots;
The conference composed of 500 members enjoys great power and is open to citizens of all classes;
(c) During the closing of the Congress, he was responsible for handling most city-state affairs.
3. Cristini has also strengthened the activities of citizens' congresses and people's courts. According to his suggestion, the law of banishing shells (or pottery pieces) was made to prevent the tyrant from reappearing. Perikles's reform (1) deprived the parliament of Ares Mountain of its political power and made it subordinate to the citizens' parliament, the 500-member parliament and the jury court respectively. Since then, the God of War Mountain Committee has only tried cases and affairs of a religious nature. The citizens' assembly, the jury court and the 500-member meeting got rid of the shackles of the parliament of the God of War Mountain and completely became the highest authority and executive body in Athens.
(2) Officials at all levels are open to the public. After In 457 Bc, citizens of the third rank were eligible to serve as consuls, while citizens of the fourth rank were actually allowed to hold this position. As a result, all male citizens in Athens basically obtained the rights and opportunities to hold official positions at all levels through lottery, election and rotation, and there was no property restriction.
(3) Implement an open salary system. At first, the state subsidized the daily life of jury judges, and the post-salary system was extended to most public offices, which provided a certain material guarantee for poor citizens to participate in political power management.
(4) Limit the scope of obtaining Athenian citizenship. 45 1 year stipulates that only those whose parents are citizens of Athens can obtain Athenian citizenship.
Thanks to Pericles's painstaking efforts, the slave-owner democracy in Athens became more and more complete.