Test analysis: This problem can be solved by exclusion method. From the materials, we can't see that Athenian democracy is a minority democracy, and we can rule out ④. The answer is a.
Comments: This question is a multiple-choice question based on the characteristics of material analysis. The idea of solving problems requires that the historical truth behind it should be found through reading materials, and the correct options should be found according to the direction and requirements of the questions, but the content discussed cannot be reflected in the materials, so the correct answer can be obtained through exclusion.