Virgil, not a Roman, was born in a village near mantua, which belonged to Southern Gaul in the Alps at that time. Agriculture is prosperous and culture is developed in this area, and many important literati have appeared, such as Catullus, Korneli, Wu Si and Naibos.
Virgil's predecessor was a farmer, but his family was relatively rich. When I was young, I went to cremona, Rome and southern Italy to study rhetoric and philosophy, and received a good education. Due to his infirmity, he did not perform military service during the civil war and concentrated on writing.
In 42 BC, Marcus brutus and Justa Cia Longinas who participated in the assassination of Julius Caesar were defeated by Octavian and marc anthony in the Battle of Philippi. The victorious soldiers settled in the expropriated land after disarming, and Virgil's hometown in mantua was expropriated, forcing them to leave their hometown for southern Italy. Virgil soon became a member of Gaius Mecenas's circle. Mekonas is Octavian's diplomat. He is very capable. By uniting Roman writers, he attracted them to Octavian's side and tried to oppose Anthony's nobles. From then on, Virgil belonged to Octavian's school.
In 3 1 BC, Octavian defeated Anthony in the naval battle of Akron. Four years later, after Octavian established the Roman Empire, he was named Augustus. Virgil has always been Augustus' most respected poet. Virgil also constantly praised Augustus' achievements in his poems, and linked the glory of the Roman Empire with the Yuria family. Virgil also has a famous saying: "Only the dead can enjoy peace forever." This is quite similar to Plato's words. Plato said, "Only the dead can see the victory of the war." Some short poems were once considered as Virgil's early works, but they are more likely to be drafted by later generations. Virgil's earliest important work was his Ten Pastoral Chapters, which were probably written between 42 BC and 37 BC. These pastoral songs basically imitate the pastoral form of the famous poet of Alexandria, Te Aucry Toth, but they not only fictionalize the love plots of some young shepherds, but also express his real feelings about the political and social situation at that time, so they are not completely imitating other people's works.
For example, in chapters 1 and 9, the poet describes the sadness of people who were forced to leave their hometown and his personal gratitude after the land was returned. The fourth chapter of Pastoral is the most important and controversial work in later generations. In this work, the poet solemnly declared the beginning of a new era, praising that the birth of a baby will bring a golden age in the future. Since the 4th century, many Christians believe that this refers to the birth of Jesus Christ and a prediction of the future kingdom of heaven. This absurd religious affiliation even influenced the views of modern western academic circles and caused many controversies. In fact, this newborn baby most likely refers to Marcilus, who was born in 42 BC. She is the son of Augustus' sister Octavian. She was deeply loved by Augustus and was once considered as his heir.
In 25 BC, Marcilus married Yuria, the daughter of Augustus. Unfortunately, he died in 23 BC and only lived for 20 years, so he failed to succeed to the throne. Virgil in his later epic "Aeneas", once added a special mourning for the premature death of Marcilus (Volume 6, lines 860-886). It is obviously impossible for western Christians to associate this baby with Jesus Christ. At that time, in Rome, Christianity did not have that great influence. Virgil devoted his last ten years to his most important work, the epic Aeneas (12). According to Roman myths and legends at that time, the earliest ancestor of the Romans was Aeneas, a hero from Troy. After achaean captured the city of Erion, Aeneas escaped under the protection of the gods. He moved to Italy with his father Anchises and his youngest son Julius, married a local princess, established the king's capital and started the rule of the Yuria family.
This legend became the basis of epic content. The epic volume 1 describes that Aeneas and others arrived in Carthage after experiencing a storm at sea and were received by the local queen Dido. The second volume describes his memory of the fall of million cities; Volume 3 describes how he arrived in Sicily from Illion; The fourth volume describes how Aeneas refused the love of Queen Dido, obeyed God's will, moved on, and completed the mission entrusted to him by God, so Queen Dido committed suicide. Volume 5 describes his father's funeral; The sixth volume tells that he went to the underworld to ask his father's ghost about the future fate of Rome; Volume 7 describes that his ship arrived in Italy and the local people were ready to resist; The eighth volume describes him going up the river and reaching the future capital Rome. His first night was to rest at Augustus' home later. The gods gave him a magical shield, and the picture on it predicted the future days of Rome; Volumes 9 to 12 describe the battle between Trojans and local Latin tribes, and the poem ends with the death of the leader of Latin tribe, Turnos.
Virgil died in 19 BC and only lived for 5 1 year. When he died, his epic had been basically completed, but it had not been finalized. His creative attitude is very serious, and a poem often needs to be revised many times and refuses to be published easily. It is said that he ordered the manuscript to be burned. Fortunately, Augustus attached great importance to this epic, and his friends didn't do what he wanted, so Aeneas was saved.
Virgil was recognized as the most important Roman poet before his death, and his reputation remained unchanged after his death. Since the Roman Christian Church regarded him as a prophet and saint of the future world from the 4th century, he always enjoyed special honor in the Middle Ages. He is also the most admired writer of the poet Dante. In the Divine Comedy, the latter called him a "teacher", invented him to save himself from getting lost, and invited himself to visit hell and heaven. After the Renaissance, many famous European poets who wrote in epic style, such as Tasso, Camons and Milton, took Virgil's epic as a model.
Among the ancient Greek and Roman writers, Virgil is recognized as the most important epic poet after Homer. Let's sing some magnificent songs, Sicilian goddess, Aeneas and Dido.
Jing Zhen and humble Tamarix can't touch everyone.
If you still sing mountain forest, let it match Du Hu's name.
Now is the so-called last day in Kumar's prophecy.
The operation of the great century will begin again,
The actress is back, back to the rule of Sha Tun (2)
A new generation descended from the sky,
When he was born, the Black Iron Age was over.
There are new gold people all over the world.
Holy Regina, your Apollo is the main one now.
This glorious era is about to begin, just when you protect everyone,
Borio, the good times have begun.
Under your leadership, the remnants of our sins
It must be destroyed, and the earth can be freed from the long-term terror.
He will live a god's life, and he will see heroes and gods.
He himself will appear among them,
He wants to rule the peaceful world caused by the virtues of his ancestors.
Son, you don't need manpower to plant your land.
First, we must plant the spreading ivy and foxtail grass.
Egyptian beans and smiling buttercups;
Sheep full of milk will have to go home by themselves,
Giant lion animals no longer have to be afraid,
Your cradle will also open flowers to hug you,
Baby snakes will die, and there will be no more deceptive poisonous weeds.
Oriental cardamom will grow well anywhere.
When you are old enough to read heroic songs and ancestral deeds,
When you begin to understand the meaning of morality,
The fields will gradually turn yellow and have soft ears.
Purple ripe grapes will hang on wild thorns,
Solid mule trees also shed nectar and nectar.
But the evil remnants of the past still exist,
People had to ride the wind and waves and surround the town with high walls.
People must also dig fields into deep ditches,
There must be Tipsyus, there must be Argo's great ship.
Carrying heroic elites, there will be new wars,
Another hero, Achilles, will go on an expedition to Troy. ⑤
But when solid years make you grow,
The sailors will leave the sea, the dead ships.
There will be no more shipping, and the land will supply everything.
Grapes no longer need sickles, and fields no longer need hoes and plows.
At that time, the strong farmer will take off the yoke of the cow;
Don't dye wool with false colors.
Sheep on the grassland will have to change their colors.
Or become soft deep purple, or bright yellow and blue,
Lambs that eat grass should also bring their own scarlet spots.
Now, according to the unchangeable will of fate, the goddess of life has been ordered.
Say to them, "Run, great Sun Yu."
It's a great honor that the time is coming.
God's favored son, you, the descendant of God,
Look, the swaying world carries the sky,
Look at the earth, the sea and the far-reaching sky,
See how everything sings for the future,
I hope the end of my life can be extended,
Have enough energy to tell about your achievements,
Orpheus's poems in Thrace are incomparable,
Lin Nasi can't compete, even with his parents around.
A stream from the north helped the former and Apollo helped the latter. today，
Even the mountain gods compete with me by judging Akadi.
Even if the mountain gods judge Akadi, they will fail;
Son, you should start to recognize your birth mother with a smile.
Ten months' long time made my mother exhausted and miserable.
Start laughing, son, or smile at your parents,
You don't deserve to eat with God and sleep with God and his daughter. ⑩
Translation: Yang
Cume prophecy is a superstition of ancient Romans; It is said that in Kumar
There is a cave where a witch lives. She can make all kinds of predictions. These predictions are
This is a recorded prophecy.
Saturn, the name of God, is said to be the earliest king of God. In his system,
The golden age began under rule.
(3) Lucina is the "queen of pine nuts" in Roman mythology, that is,
Di Anna, Apollo's sister. This obviously refers to Octavian's sister, and
Apollo should mean Octavian.
(4) Both Tiphys and Argo's giant ships saw the famous golden fleece.
Stories; Argo is a ship carrying heroes to the Black Sea to find golden fleece; Smooth energy-saving method
Alice is at the helm.
Achilles is a famous hero in Homer's epic. He attacked the special meal.
Killed its chief commander, hector.
6 Fatai is the god in charge of human destiny in Roman mythology; she
There are two * * * weaving the fate of mankind with rotating shuttles.
Linus is a famous singer in mythology, and his father is.
Polo
Calliope is one of the goddesses of poetry. She is a famous singer.
Orphee's mother.
Pet-name ruby Arcadia is a place name in southern Greece and a famous pasture.
Sichuan is the residence of the mountain god Pan.
Attending "Eat with God and sleep with Goddess" refers to the famous demigod English in mythology.
The story of Hercules. He made twelve contributions in his life,
Finally, I will join the gods and marry the goddess Hebe. (The singing contest between Ke Ruidong and sayles) ①
Our pet, the goddess Crabbe Theron,
Or you can let me sing, like my friend corduroy,
(His singing is second only to Apollo), if we can't do this,
I hung the silent flute on the sacred pine tree.
The shepherd in Akadi put the grapevine on the new poet.
Let jealousy burst corduroy's belly,
If he wants praise too much, he hangs flowers on his head.
Lest future poets be slandered by bad words.
Goddess Cordelia (4) Ah, Mikan is still young,
He is going to offer a hairy boar head and many old antlers.
If he is lucky, God's whole body will be carved out of smooth clouds.
Wearing crimson boots, he is slim here.
You deserve this bowl of milk and these sacrificial cakes every year.
Priab (5), the protector of the poor garden,
Now we carved the idol out of marble,
If there are more sheep, your new image will become gold.
Poseidon's daughter Kogaradia is sweeter than fennel.
Whiter than geese, more beautiful than light-colored vines,
When the bull begins to return to the cowshed from the grass at night,
If you like Clayton a little, don't delay.
You can think that I am more bitter than the herb in Sardinia.
Cheaper than seaweed on the shore, thicker than a butcher's brush,
If I think it's not a year,
Go home, you've had enough, you shameless cow and sheep.
Ke has a clear spring with moss and a gentle and dreamy grass shore.
Green bayberry trees weave broken shadows,
Please protect the sheep in summer, it's already hot in summer.
The soft branches are covered with new buds.
There are stoves and dry wood here, and there is always a big fire.
Even the lintel is often blackened,
Here we are not afraid of the cold of the north wind, just like
Wolves don't care about the number of sheep, and rapids don't care about the river bank.
There are hairy chestnuts and juniper trees here.
The fallen fruit was scattered under all the trees.
Everything was laughing, but when the beautiful Aliji left.
These mountains, you will see the rivers dry up.
The fields are dry; The grass is also thirsty to death. Because it's too hot,
Dionysus didn't even give shade to the grape leaves in those valleys;
But when our Phyllis came, the whole forest turned green.
Even the sky will generally rain.
Kochkure loves poplars best, and Baccus values grapes most.
Venus loves guava, Apollo loves laurel,
Phyllis loves hazelnuts; As long as Phyllis likes it,
Guava and laurel are not worth beating.
Pine and cypress in Saiyuan are the most beautiful, and Huanghuai in the forest is the most beautiful.
Poplar by the water is the most beautiful, and cypress on the mountain is the most beautiful.
But beautiful Lv Jida, if you come to see me more often,
Huang Huai in the forest and Song Qing in the garden are better than you.
Translation: Yang
This poem is about a singing contest between two shepherds, Criton and Celsi. Ten.
Also mentioned are Corduroy, Mikan, Galatia, Aliji, Phyllis and Luigi Da.
Wait, they are also fictional shepherd names.
② Libeseron: the name of Thrace, the residence of the goddess Higgs.
Akadi: A famous pasture in southern Greece, which is said to be the hometown of Panthera.
Land.
The goddess Delia is the goddess of Apollo's sister Di Anna.
⑤ Priab: the god who protected the garden harvest in ancient Italy.
⑥ The herbaceous plants in Sardinia probably refer to poisonous plants such as Ranunculus ternatus. Damon's elegy of Minalu (1)
When the shadow of that cold night was about to disappear from the sky,
When the morning dew on the soft grass is most appreciated by animals,
Damon leaned against the smooth olive branch and began to sing:
Morning star, please rise to bring a beautiful day;
I fell in love with Nisha, but she lied to me, lied to me.
I'm going to make a lamentation. Although God won't dominate my vows,
I, a dying man, have to complain to you at the last minute.
Let's begin, my flute, and sing a song of Manalu with me.
There will always be rustling and whispering pine forests in Manaru Mountain.
It also often hears the grievances of herders in acacia.
And the song of the mountain god. First of all, it doesn't want to mute the reed flute.
Let's begin, my flute, and sing a song of Manalu with me.
Nisha and Mobusu are married, and there are all kinds of strange marriages in the world.
As long as the time is long, even Jun-hyun will pair with the mare.
Timid deer will also run to drink water with hounds.
Let's begin, my flute, and sing a song of Manalu with me.
Mobusu, you're getting married. Go and cut some new firewood.
Take some fruit from the groom, because the evening star has come out for you.
Let's begin, my flute, and sing a song of Manalu with me.
Ah, what a good couple. You look down on others.
My flute and sheep make you unhappy,
You hate my bushy eyebrows and beard,
You don't believe that the gods care about women in the world.
Let's begin, my flute, and sing a song of Manalu with me.
When I first met you, you were young and with your mother.
Pick dewy apples in my garden (I am your guide),
At that time, I was less than twelve years old.
Just able to climb from the ground to the soft branches;
As soon as I saw you, I was finished, and I was in pain.
Let's begin, my flute, and sing a song of Manalu with me.
Now I know Cupid. He grew up in hard rock.
Near Mount Temalo or Lodobe or the Galatians in the distance,
He is not our race, nor is he flesh and blood.
Let's begin, my flute, and sing a song of Manalu with me.
God's cruel love once defiled a mother's hands.
The blood of one's own child; This mother is fierce,
But is the mother more cruel than the child's cunning?
The child is cunning, and so is your mother.
Let's begin, my flute, and sing a song of Manalu with me.
Let the wolf escape from the flock automatically and let the solid beech tree grow.
Golden apples, let daffodils bloom on the green epimedium,
Let the bark of Tamarix chinensis shed thick turpentine,
Let the owl compare with the singing goose, and let Titulu compare with orpheus.
Become orpheus in the mountains, or Aryan in the dolphins.
Let's begin, my flute, and sing a song of Manalu with me.
Let the sea drown everything, the mountains, farewell,
I will throw myself into the waves from the wind cliff at the top of the mountain,
Tell her to put away the last gift of the dying.
Stop, my flute, stop singing Manaru's songs.
Translation: Yang
This is a sad song of a lovelorn shepherd. He fell in love with the shepherdess Nisha, but
Nisha married another shepherd, Mobusu. Manalu is the mountain name of Akadi.
(2) Marosan, Lobobe Mountain and Galapagos all refer to desolate areas;
The first two mountains are in Greece, and the latter race is in Africa.
(3) "Mother's hands are covered with children's blood" refers to the famous Medea reason.
She fell in love with Jason, but was later abandoned. She committed suicide out of jealousy.
Kid.
Titulu: The name of a shepherd.
⑤ orpheus: A singer in Greek mythology, whose music can make wild animals bow to their knees.
Hard rock nodded.
6.arion, also a famous singer in ancient legends, was once robbed at sea.
He sang and jumped into the sea. All the dolphins came to hear him sing and took him to the shore.
Selected from Pastoral, People's Literature Publishing House (1957) Unfortunately, we have been subjected to more serious,
More horrible events frighten the confused mind;
Laocoon, who was designated by lot as the priest of Poseidon.
A huge bull is being sacrificed on the altar;
Look! From the island of Tanado, from the calm sea,
I tremble when I mention it. There are two boa constrictors.
Towards the waves, towards the sea;
They held their heads high in the waves, their blood-red crowns towering into the sky,
Out of the sea, a stout body is in the sea.
The water waves rippled, winding and circling, round and round,
You can hear them stirring up the waves;
They climbed ashore, their eyes sparkling and blood red as fire.
The shiny tongue licked the greedy thing and made a little noise.
People run when they see it, but they
All the way to laocoon; First, put the two children's
A weak body is entangled, and a snake is entangled in one.
Tear their limbs bite by bite;
When laocoon came to the rescue with weapons,
They entangled him again and circled twice in the middle.
Tie his neck twice,
Their heads and necks are held high in the air.
Laocoon tried to pull them apart by hand,
But his turban was soaked with venom and blood stasis,
Then he made a terrible cry to the sky,
Just as a bull was injured and tried to escape from the altar,
Break free from the sharp axe around your neck and scream loudly.
Then the two pythons climbed into the temple and stood high.
Tajima, an island in the Aegean Sea, near the coast of Troy, is the headquarters of the Greek army.