At the foot of Huangguishi Mountain, more than 800 meters above sea level in Wuhan, there is an ancient mountain village-Wanglushan Mountain. It is said that it is the settlement after Zhang Tian, the twelfth ancestor of Tujia nationality in western Hubei, "changed the soil and returned to the flow".
In Yuanbao Township, Lichuan, which was originally ruled by the chieftain of loyalty and filial piety, as early as the 17th year from Yuan Dynasty to Zheng Zheng (1357), Ming Yuzhen, the leader of the peasant uprising army, led troops into Sichuan and captured Chongqing, Chengdu and other important towns in Sichuan. In the 22nd year of Zheng Zheng (1362), Ming proclaimed himself emperor in Chongqing, with the title of Xia and Tiantong. During the exile in Shu in Ming Dynasty, in order to stabilize the political power, measures were taken to win the official position and title for Tujia Tusi, and the Tusi in western Hubei soon came under its jurisdiction. Among them, Nanxuanwei Division was promoted to Nanfuxuan Division, and Xiao Zhong appeasement Division was promoted to Xiao Zhong Fuxuan Division.
In the fourth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (137 1), Zhu Yuanzhang sent Tanghe, Liao Yongzhong and Fu Youde. To lead the troops to conquer Shu, Xia Jun was defeated, and all the Tusi in western Hubei met with surrender. Ming inherited the Tusi system in Yuan Dynasty and adjusted the Tusi in western Hubei, among which Lichuan set up five Tusi: Shinan, Xiao Zhong, Zhonglu, Jiannan and Shaxi. When Shizhou Miao was rampant, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Shi Tian's Ear Hair Commander to conquer it. In less than two years, he learned that he had been pacified, and the court rewarded him with merits and named him General Siming Wei. What he did was a lack of official seal, called loyalty and filial piety, and a scene of Yongzheng.
Loyalty and filial piety are hereditary for twelve generations, and the ancestor Tian Ermao. The second generation ancestor Jing Tian, the third generation ancestor Tian Zichun, the fourth generation ancestor Tian Ying, the fifth generation ancestor Tian Xinghu, the sixth generation ancestor Tian Guo, the seventh generation ancestor Tian Zifu, and the eighth generation ancestor Tian Lu; Nine ancestors Tian Yongfeng, ten ancestors Jing Tian; The eleventh ancestor Tian Changzuo; The twelfth ancestor, Zhang Tian. In the meantime, there are many historical materials consistent with the name of loyalty and filial piety.
According to records, when the second ancestor Jing Tian attacked his father's post, he was unable to defend himself because he lost his father. Bandits in border towns are like bees. Tian Jingdong has been conquering the west and invading the enemy in the south for 20 years. Sifang decided to meet the king, who was burdened with the spirit of his father. He stood far away from the noon gate and dared not enter lightly. The emperor was loyal to the industrious king and died a filial death, so he was sealed for ever.
When Sanzu Tian Zichun took office, loyalty and filial piety were weak, and his uncle's family was a local giant, so he agreed to join the family. The two became brothers and vowed to live and die together, and Tian Tanshi never married. Since marriage, my master has never dared to refuse the enemy, and the Miao people are like tigers. Tian Ying, the fourth ancestor, is a talented person. He loves talent as himself. He once recruited Tian Yutang, the second son of Zhong Yaosi, to remain in Zhong Jun.
Qizutian Zifu once made an expedition to Shuixi, was besieged, and moved to the mouth of Liuguan River. Suddenly, he saw a card floating in the water, full of brilliance and fog. He picked it up and looked at it. The card said the holy name of Emperor Hanwang to defend his country. Since the auxiliary dark wish, Hanwang has a spirit, Guan Bao returned to his hometown and built a temple. Suddenly, thieves arrived, shared wealth with their brothers, changed their robes and fled, killing each other.
Jiuzutian Yongfeng is good at caressing foot soldiers. Good at bowing horses, the apocalypse will enter the DPRK. I passed Liuzhou when I returned home, and the Lord met me in the hall. He ambushed his soldiers, gave a banquet and was half drunk. There are two eagles hovering on the table. The Lord asked the two generals if they could take them away. Yongfeng took two arrows and released them quickly. The eagle crouched in front of the table, so he ambushed his soldiers and dared not make a move. There were more than a thousand pursuers on the way. Yongfeng did not dare to meet the enemy and rushed to Hutou Village. Even if he flew to our company, he sent troops to rescue him.
The eleventh ancestor Tian Changzuo; In the 12th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1673), Wu Sangui rose up against the Qing Dynasty. The Qing government mobilized heavy troops to suppress the rebellion. Tian Changyou, the minister of loyalty and filial piety, led troops to assist Zhang Yong, the governor of Gansu Province, to attack Shaanxi on a large scale, cut off the connection between Shu and Long in Wujun, recover Shaanxi, go south to Sichuan, and take Kunming directly, which played an important role in pacifying the rebellion in Wu Sangui.
Zhang Tian, the twelfth ancestor, moved to Xiaogan House in the 13th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1735) and settled in Lushan Mountain in Huangpi.
Wang Lushan is located at the foot of Huanggui Mountain at the junction of Huang and Xiao at an altitude of more than 800 meters. It has beautiful scenery and pleasant climate. When the loyal and filial chieftain moved to the border of Huangxiao to see Feng Shui, he saw clouds steaming in Xia Wei, mountains surrounded by water, valleys secluded in Lin Jing, and ponds piled up, which is a traditional treasure house of Feng Shui in China. I decided to build a village shelter and a magnificent "toast palace" here.
At the same time, the toast who changed his surname to Huang Bei was Tian Guangzu, the Middle East toast, and Qin, the Middle Road toast. At that time, Tian Guangzu settled in Tianjiawan and Qin settled in Jinligou, with Wang Lushan as the axis, only three or five miles apart. The three directors often go to Wang Lushan to get together, talk about the past and discuss the present, learn martial arts and enjoy family ties. Over time, the locals called it "Sanwangzhai". Today, there are many magical and beautiful stories circulating among the local people.
Although this Tujia villager who moved from Enshi to Huangpi has made new progress in the long-term communication with the Han nationality, his national roots are still deeply rooted in the fertile soil of Tujia traditional culture and formed a unique Hakka culture.
Bureaucracy of local officers
Abolishing hereditary chieftain rule and changing official rule into a political measure in minority areas in Ming and Qing Dynasties. With the development of history, the backwardness and disadvantages of the toast system have become increasingly prominent. Tusi tyrannically ruled the people at home, rarely rebelled against the central authorities and harassed the Han people. The internal wars of Tusi continued. The long-term existence of chieftain system is not conducive to national unity. Abolishing the chieftain system has become the inevitable development of history.
"Changing soil into flow" began to develop gradually in the middle of Ming Dynasty. Most rulers in Ming and Qing dynasties advocated the policy of returning to their hometowns. That is to abolish the hereditary system of chieftain, set up government, Ministry, state and county, and send floating officials to manage it for a certain term. In the 4th year of Yongzheng (1726), E Ertai, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, visited the house several times, suggesting that instead of suppressing the soldiers, it is better to capture the illegal toast alive with tricks. He was praised by Yong Zhengdi. In May of the same year, the chieftain rebellion in Changzhai, Guizhou Province was first suppressed. Soon, Ha Pai led the army and wiped out the army of Lu, the rebellious magistrate of Wumeng, and Hou, the magistrate of Zhenxiong, Qin Long. The huge momentum of Yunnan-Guizhou returning home soon reached Guangxi. Under the pressure of the situation, the chieftains in Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and other provinces bordering Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi have demanded to hand over the hereditary territory and the seal of the chieftain and return it to the central government. After returning to their homeland, some upper-class toasts were unwilling to fail and encouraged the people to launch a rebellion. Yong Zhengdi sent troops to suppress. After Emperor Qianlong succeeded to the throne, he appointed Zhang Guangsi as the governor of seven provinces and put down the rebellion in the first year of Qianlong (1736). But there are also remnants of the original toast who control the original people to varying degrees. It was not until the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) that the chieftain system was completely abolished after the stages of suppressing bandits, land reform and regional ethnic autonomy.
Definition of Tujia Composition in Western Hubei and "Returning to the Native Land"
Most Tujia people in China live in Yongshun, Longshan, Baojing and Guzhang in Hunan, Laifeng, Lichuan, Hefeng, Xianfeng in Hubei and Yi 'en in Sichuan. Tujia people call themselves "Bizka", which means "an indigenous people".
Tujia ancestors are directly related to Cubans. For more than 300 years, western Hubei belonged to Wuxian in the Qin Dynasty and Jianping County in the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The Three Gorges is located in Wuxian County and Jianping County successively. Therefore, the Ba people in Baliang Gorge and the Ba people in western Hubei are a whole and belong to the five surnames of Lin Jun.. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty (1723~ 1735), it was implemented in Tujia areas. Does the western Hubei toast follow 1727? 1729 (five to seven years of Yongzheng), after Sangzhi, Yong and Bao were forced to change dynasties, 1732? 1735 (ten to thirteen years of Yongzheng) political reform. After the founding of New China, 65438+ 19571October 3, the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee issued a document on behalf of the Central Committee, officially confirming Tujia people as a single minority.
Western Hubei is the most numerous and complicated area among Tujia Tusi. Tujia nationality in western Hubei is later than that in Yunnan-Guizhou area, starting from the tenth year of Yongzheng (1732) and ending in the thirteenth year of Yongzheng (1735), with four years before and after. At that time, there were more than 20 kinds of toast in western Hubei, among which Rongmei toast was the most powerful. Its jurisdiction is equivalent to today's Hefeng, Wufeng and Jianshi, Badong and Changyang counties. At that time, it was one of the five largest toast in Huguang (Yongshun, Baojing, Sangzhi, Rongmei and Heather) and the largest toast in Hubei. Yong Zhengdi personally made the decision, and Governor Mai Zhu of Huguang carried it out. First of all, Dongxiang, Zhong Jian and Heather, three chieftains with outstanding "misdeeds", made peace, committed quasi-crimes and changed their course. Secondly, focus on cracking down on the rich and powerful Rongmei toast. Shi Rongmei's chief is Tian Ruoru, the ninth son of Tian Shunnian. Maizhu and other local officials in Huguang, including neighboring Sichuan, got the news that Yong Zhengdi was determined to reduce the waste of Rongmei Toast, constantly playing with all kinds of misdeeds of Rongmei Toast, and came up with many tricks and suggestions, so Rongmei Toast was doomed. In the 11th year of Yongzheng (1733), the time was ripe to change the stream, and Yong Zhengdi let Tian Min play in Beijing. Tian Minru received the imperial edict on October 2nd, and the imperial edict was played on the 4th, on the pretext that the mountains and rivers were flooded, and he wanted to "help the famine victims" and "take two months off". Two months later, on 1 1 July 7th, he wrote down the memorial "How hard it is to bend over and stretch and plead for heaven", stating that he had planned to persecute local officials and never left Beijing. At the same time, Maizhu is also in full swing to deploy matters that forced Rongmei to change course, including mobilizing the surrounding troops to shrink and encircle, and instigating the rebellion of internal adobe houses. 1Feb. 3, if he led his troops into Wanquan Cave in Pingshanzhai and tried to persist in resisting, Zhang, the chief litigator of Wufengchang, took the lead in taking the territorial person to Yuyang Pass to hand in the seal and requested to divert. Subsequently, the United States and local people were allowed to defect, and Tian Minru was forced to enter Beijing as soon as possible. Seeing that people's hearts had changed, Tian was powerless and unwilling to change, so he threw himself into the ring on1February 1 1 day. The death of Tian had a great shock to other Tusi in western Hubei. Tian Guangzu, the Middle East toast, joined Sanmao, Zhonglu, Xiao Zhong, Gaoluo, Mushu, Dawang, Jin Dong, Labi, Liu Dong, Tang Ya, Longtan, Shaxi, Maodong and Shuiman. In the 12th year of Yongzheng (1734), we gathered in the Governor's House on May 8th. In the 13th year of Yongzheng, all the chiefs, big and small, including some small ones that were self-supporting since the early Qing Dynasty, were restructured and returned to the local government, where the Qing court set up the Nanfu, which was ruled by officials. On this basis, each county established a grass-roots Baojia system to replace the flag-length system in the Tusi period. Every ten households have a card head, ten cards have a long card, and ten cards have a correct card. After more than three years, the reform of western Hubei was basically completed, and the direct rule over Tujia areas in western Hubei was established. After the reform, Maizhu adopted the policy of different treatment and resettlement in different places according to the performance of Tusi in the reform. The Middle East and other 15 chieftains who took the initiative to ask for reform, and the self-supporting 16 chieftains were placed in Xiaogan, Hanyang and Huangpi as "Ganzong" and "Bazong" respectively, and were allowed to inherit. At that time, the chieftains who were transferred to "Huang Xiao" were: chieftain, chieftain Qin in Zhonglu, chieftain Tian Guangzu in Zhongdong, and rabbi barbarian leader Tian Fengjiang.
Tujia people in Tianjiawan migrated from Tianshui Ba Village, Shangdong Township, Shadaogou District, Xuanen County, Enshi Prefecture in the late Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty, and it has a history of nearly 300 years. Tian Guangzu, one of the ancestors, is the 17th toast king of the Middle East in western Hubei. Tian Guangzu was canonized as Ganzong at that time and settled in Tianjiawan for generations. 1985 August 3 1, written by Huangpi county people's government, officially approved the restoration of Tujia ethnic composition.