Zheng Guoqu is a water conservancy project with water mirror as water source to irrigate farmland in the north of Weishui. According to the Records of Hequ History and Hanshu Hequ History, its source starts from Zhongshan in the east and reaches Hunhukou in the west. Zhongshan and Xuankou, later called Zhongshan and Gukou respectively, are located in the northwest of Jingxian County, facing each other across the Shuijing River from east to west. This is a diversion project with a dam. From 1985 to 1986, archaeologist Qin Jianming made a field trip to the head of the Zheng Guoqu Canal. After investigation and drilling, he found the dam slag that intercepted the water mirror that year. It starts from the high slope of Jianzui, which is 0/800 meters away from the east bank of Shuijing, and ends at the hill south of Wangliwan Village, which is 0/00 meters away from the west bank of Shuijing, with a total length of more than 2,300 meters. Among them, 350 meters on the riverbed has been washed away by the flood, and there is no trace to be found, and other remaining parts can be clearly seen. According to the determination, the bottom width of these remnants is still above 100 meters, the top width is 1-20 meters, and the residual height is six meters. It is conceivable that this project was very grand in that year.
About Zheng Guoqu's waterways, Historical Records and Hanshu are very brief, while Water Mirror Injection is more detailed. According to ancient records and modern people's on-the-spot investigation, generally speaking, it is located at the southern foot of Beishan, the highest position in the second terrace of Jingyang, Sanyuan, Fuping, Pucheng and Baishui counties. From west to east, the ratio drops to 0.64/00, and it intersects with Yu Ye, Qingyu, Zhuoyu and Juqi (now Shichuan River) along the line. The main canal is arranged in a higher position on the northern edge of the plain, which is convenient for making branch canals to go south and irrigate large areas of farmland in the south. It can be seen that the design at that time was reasonable and the measurement level was already very high. However, the water mirror is a famous sandy river. In ancient times, there was a saying that the water mirror had several buckets of mud, which was measured as 1, 7 1kg/m3. Zheng Guoqu uses sandy water mirrors as its water source, and the slope is too small. The slope is small, the flow rate is slow, the sediment is easy to deposit, and the channel is easy to block.
After the completion of the canal, the economic and political benefits are remarkable. History books and Hanshu all say: "After the canal is completed, it will be filled with water (silt), irrigating more than 40,000 hectares of saline land and harvesting one mu. Therefore, Guanzhong fertile soil, no evil year. Qin is rich and powerful, and is a vassal. Six stones and four buckets a minute, many times higher than the average yield of one and a half stones per mu in the middle reaches of the Yellow River at that time.
Fuping Zheng Guoqu Site: It flows through Fuping Zheng Guoqu, with a total length of about 150km and an irrigated area of over180,000 hectares. From the water intake to the main canal, there is a diversion dike with a width of 15 ~ 20m, a height of 3 ~ 5m and a length of 6km. There are Zheng Guoqu Pass, Zheng Guoqu Ancient Road and Zheng Guoqu barrage. Nearby, there are canal heads and trunk road sites rebuilt and added in the past dynasties after Qin dynasty, and there are a large number of stone tablets. After the completion of Zheng Guoqu, the irrigation area reached 2.8 million mu, which was the largest irrigation channel in ancient China, making Qin economically prepared for the war of reunifying China. At present, in the first site of Zheng Guoqu, there are three hidden caves arranged in the north-south direction, namely the silent water inlet of Zheng Guoqu. Each dark hole is 3 meters wide and 2 meters deep, and there are obvious traces of whitewashed masonry outside the south hole. Seven large pits inclined from northwest to southeast began to appear on the ground, and the original underground trunk canal was connected between the pits, so it was called "well canal". Zheng Guoqu's vast project, reasonable design, advanced technology and remarkable achievements are rare in the history of ancient water conservancy in China and in the history of water conservancy in the world.
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Baiqu Baiqu is a famous ancient water conservancy project in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi, China.
Baiqu was excavated in the second year of Jian 'an, Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty (the first 95 years). Because it was proposed by Dr. Bai Gong, it was named Bai Qu, which is often called Zhengbai Qu together with the original.
It starts from Baiqu in the west, starts from the south bank of Zheng Guoqu in Gukou, Chiyang (water mirror note: "Water bends south"), leads the Jinghe River to the southeast, passes through Chiyang and Oak to Xiabang, then turns south and flows into Weihe River, with a total length of 200 miles, benefiting more than 4,500 hectares of farmland. Because Jinghe River contains more sediment, Baiqu also brings fertile sedimentary soil to farmland in Guanzhong Plain. At that time, people praised: "A stone in the Jinghe River is worth several buckets of mud. Irrigation and fertilization, planting my millet. Food and clothing capital, the mouth of hundreds of millions. " /view/84526.htm
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum is located at the northern foot of Mount Li, 30 kilometers east of Xi, Shaanxi (the other two data are: Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum is located in Xiahe Village, 5 kilometers east of Lintong. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located in Lintong District, 35 kilometers east of Xi, surrounded by mountains and lush trees in the south. The north faces the banks of the Weihe River, which twists and turns like a silver snake. Surrounded by towering peaks, the tall mausoleum and Mount Li are integrated, with beautiful scenery and unique environment. This mausoleum is large in scale and imposing. The cemetery covers a total area of 56.25 square kilometers. The original height of the land on the mausoleum was about 1 15 meters, and it is still as high as 76 meters. There are double walls inside and outside the cemetery. The circumference of the inner city is 3840m, and that of the outer city is 62 10/0m. There are about 8- 10 meters high walls inside and outside the walls, and there are still relics. The burial area is in the south, and the sleeping hall and the convenient hall are built in the north.
According to historical records, the cemetery was built in the second year after Ying Zheng ascended the throne. It was completed in 208 BC and lasted for 39 years. (The other two materials: First, he was in office for 37 years and built a mausoleum for him for 36 years; Second, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor started construction from the time of his accession to the throne, which lasted for 38 years. Reese, then prime minister, was the designer of the mausoleum and was supervised by General Zhang Han. * * * has collected 720,000 manpower, and the number of people who use the mausoleum is close to 800,000 at most, almost eight times that of the people who built pyramid of khufu.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. Its scale is huge, and the funerary objects are rich, ranking first among the emperors' tombs in past dynasties, and it is the largest emperor's tomb. According to the principle of enjoying wealth after Qin Shihuang's death, the cemetery was built in a zigzag shape, modeled after the layout of Xianyang, the capital of Qin State. Around the mausoleum, there are double walls inside and outside, with an inner circumference of 3870 meters and an outer circumference of 62 10 meters. At present, the large-scale ground buildings in the mausoleum area are sleeping halls, mourning halls, garden temples and other sites. According to historical records, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is divided into two parts: the cemetery area and the burial area. The cemetery covers an area of nearly 8 square kilometers, with a dual structure of outer city and inner city, and a quadrangular conical paddock. The enclosure of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor formed three steps, with a square bottom, a bottom area of about 250,000 square meters and a height of115m. However, due to more than 2,000 years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the current paddock has a bottom area of about 120 square meters and a height of 87 meters (another information: the initial height of the cemetery is 120), and the total area of the whole cemetery is 56.25 square kilometers. Building materials are shipped from Hubei, Sichuan and other places. In order to prevent the river from washing away the mausoleum, Qin Shihuang also ordered the north-south flow to be changed to the east-west flow.
There is a mound in the south of the cemetery, which is 43 meters high. There are two rammed earth walls inside and outside. The circumference of the inner city is 3890 meters, and the circumference of the outer city is 6249 meters, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi respectively. Between the inner city and the outer city, archaeologists have discovered horse burial pits, clay figurine pits, rare birds and animals pits, as well as sacrificial pits, stable pits, torture pits and tombs of grave repairers outside the mausoleum. More than 400 graves have been found.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is 55.05 meters high and 2000 meters in circumference. According to the survey, the whole cemetery covers an area of 220,000 square meters, with large-scale palaces and pavilions. The shape of the mausoleum is divided into two cities, inner and outer. The inner city is square, with a circumference of 2525.4 meters and an outer city of 6264 meters. The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is far from comparable to that of the Egyptian pyramids.
The pyramids in ancient Egypt are the largest above-ground tombs in the world, and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in China is the largest underground tomb in the world.
"Historical Records" records: "Pass the three springs, drop the bronze wares, fill the palace with officials, and move the treasures. Take mercury as a hundred rivers and seas, and instill it by machine. There is astronomy in the world, geography in the world, and mermaid cream is a candle, which lasts forever. " Archaeological findings show that the underground palace covers an area of about 6.5438+0.8 million square meters, and the depth of the center point is about 30 meters. The cemetery is centered on mounds and surrounded by many funerals with rich connotations and unprecedented scale. In addition to the well-known terracotta warriors and bronze chariots and horses tombs, more than 600 large-scale Shijiakeng, Baixi figurine pits, civilian figurine pits and tombs have been discovered, and 654.38+10,000 pieces of cultural relics have been unearthed in the archaeological work of the Qin tombs for decades. There are many cultural relics booths in the cemetery, showing some cultural relics unearthed from the Qin Mausoleum in the past 20 years. There is a waterway exhibition area to reproduce the scientific and thorough drainage facilities of the cemetery in that year; I believe that with the progress of archaeological work, there will be more unexpected discoveries.
There are 10 gates in the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, and the north and south gates are on the same central axis as the south gate of the inner wall. The north of the mound is the central part of the cemetery, and there are tombs leading to the tombs on the east, west and north sides. There are also four architectural relics juxtaposed on the east and west sides, which some experts think are part of the sleeping hall building. The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang embodies the ritual system of "death is like life", which is grand in scale, magnificent in momentum and comfortable in structure.
The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed. There are more than 400 burial pits and graves around the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The main tombs are bronze chariot pits, horse pits, rare birds and animals pits, stable pits and terracotta warriors and horses pits. Over the years, more than 50,000 important historical relics have been unearthed. A group of painted bronze chariots and horses unearthed in 1980 are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China so far, and are known as "the crown of bronze".
Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, which is located at1500m east of the Mausoleum. The spring of 1974 was discovered by local farmers who dug wells. The treasure buried underground for more than 2000 years came out, and it is known as "the eighth wonder of the world". It has provided very precious physical materials for the study of the military, politics, economy, culture and science and technology of the Qin Dynasty, and has become a precious wealth of human culture in the world. Three terracotta warriors and horses pits have been excavated, which are arranged in a "needle" shape from west to east. There are more than 8,000 terracotta warriors and horses and more than 40,000 bronze weapons in the pit. The discovery of terracotta warriors and horses is known as "the eighth wonder of the world" and "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 20th century".
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imperial capital
Located in the center of Beijing, formerly known as the Forbidden City. It is the imperial palace of Ming and Qing dynasties, an unparalleled masterpiece of ancient architecture, and the largest and most complete ancient architectural complex in the world. Known as the first of the five largest palaces in the world (the Forbidden City in Beijing, the Palace of Versailles in France, Buckingham Palace in Britain, the White House in the United States, and the Russian Kremlin).
The Forbidden City was built in 1406 and basically completed in 1420. It was built by the Ming emperor Judy. The length of the Forbidden City is 96 1 m from north to south and 753 meters from east to west, covering an area of about 723,600 square meters. The construction area is 6.5438+0.55 million square meters. According to legend, there are 9,999.5 rooms in the Forbidden City. In fact, according to 1973 experts' on-site investigation, there are more than 90 courtyards and 980 houses in the Forbidden City, with a total of 8707 rooms (but this "room" is not the current concept of "room", and the "room" here refers to the space formed by four pillars). Miyagi is surrounded by a palace wall with a height of 12 m and a length of 3400 m, which is rectangular and surrounded by a moat with a width of 52 m, forming a fortified castle. The buildings in the Forbidden City are all wooden structures, with yellow glazed tile roofs and blue-and-white stone bases, decorated with brilliant colorful paintings. There are four doors in the Forbidden City. The main entrance is called Wumen, the east entrance is called Donghuamen, the west entrance is called Xihuamen, and the north entrance is called Shenwumen. Facing the Shenwumen in the north gate, Jingshan, made of earth and stone, is full of pines and cypresses. In the overall layout, Jingshan can be said to be the barrier of the Forbidden City complex.
According to its layout and function, the architecture of the Forbidden City is divided into two parts: the "outer courtyard" and the "inner courtyard". The dividing line between "outer court" and "inner court" is Gan Qing Gate, with the outer court in the south and the inner court in the north. The architectural atmosphere of the Forbidden City is very different from that of the Imperial Palace.
The outer court, centered on the three halls of Taihe, Zhonghe and Baohe, is the place where the emperor held the court meeting, also known as the "former court". It was a place where feudal emperors exercised their power and held grand ceremonies. In addition, there are Wenhua Hall, Wenyuan Pavilion, Shangyuanyuan and Sonan on the east side of the two wings; There are buildings such as Wuying Hall and Interior Office in the west.
The Forbidden City is centered on Gan Qing Palace, Jiaotai Palace and Kunning Palace, flanked by hall of mental cultivation, East Palace, West Palace, Zhai Palace and Yuqing Palace, followed by the Imperial Garden. This is the residence of the feudal emperor and empress. Ningshou Palace in the east of the Forbidden City was built after Emperor Qianlong abdicated. There are Cining Palace and Shou 'an Palace in the west of the palace. In addition, there are buildings such as China Palace and Beiwu.
After the completion of the Forbidden City, it experienced the Ming and Qing Dynasties. During the 500 years when the Qing emperor abdicated in 19 1 1, it experienced 24 emperors in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is synonymous with the highest ruling core of Ming and Qing Dynasties. The 500-year history of the court in Ming and Qing Dynasties includes the emperor's activities, hierarchy, power struggle, religious sacrifices and so on. 1949 after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), 19 1 the State Council announced the Forbidden City as the first batch of "national key cultural relics protection units". Large-scale transformation began in the fifties and sixties. 1988 The Forbidden City is listed as a "World Cultural Heritage" by UNESCO. Now it's the Palace Museum.
Nanjing Palace Museum-Royal Tea Garden Nanjing Palace Museum, also known as the Ming Palace Museum, was the palace in the early Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, was founded in the 26th year of Yuan Dynasty (1366), and his address was in the suburb of Manchuria outside the Qing Dynasty. At first it was called "the new palace of the prince of Wu", and later it was called "the imperial city". As Zhu Yuanzhang was not proclaimed emperor at that time, the scale of the new palace was limited, and only the outer court and inner court buildings in the middle road were built, but no palaces were built in the open spaces on the east and west sides. The new palace is 790 meters wide from east to west, 75 meters east, 75 meters west and 75 meters north. The entrance to the meridian gate is Fengtianmen, and the main hall is Fengtiandian. In front of and on the left of the main hall are Wenlou and Wulou. Behind it is the Gaihua Hall and the shrine. There are Gan Qing Palace, Kunning Palace and Liugong in the inner court.
In the first year of Hongwu (1368), Zhu Yuanzhang became emperor, taking Yingtianfu as Nanjing, Kaifeng as Beijing, and establishing the capital in Fengyang the following year. The expansion of Nanjing Palace was terminated again because all the manpower and material resources were concentrated on the construction of Zhongdu City and Palace. Only the existing palaces were restored in the following years.
In the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), Zhu Yuanzhang abandoned the plan of building a capital in Jianzhong and concentrated on building Nanjing. This time, two city gates were added on the left and right sides of the Wumen Gate, east and west corner gates were added on the left and right sides of the Fengtian Gate, and buildings such as Wenhua Hall and Wuying Hall were added. In the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu (1392), it was built again, and the imperial city was built with palace walls. The original imperial city was renamed Miyagi. The terminal gate, Chengtianmen and Jinshui Bridge were built in front of Miyagi, forming a T-shaped square and reaching the Hongwumen built in 1373 to the south. There are five departments on the east side of the square (punishments are outside the Taiping Gate in the north of Huangcheng), and there are five generals' offices on the west side.
After the Qing Dynasty destroyed Nanming, Nanjing was changed to Jiangning, the imperial city of Ming Dynasty was changed to the garrison city of Eight Banners, and the general office and the second yamen were located in Ming Palace. During the Kangxi period, the stone carvings of the Ming Palace Museum were used to build Putuo Mountain Temple. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom captured Nanjing, it chose a new site to build a new palace, and a large number of stones and bricks were removed from the Ming Palace. By the time the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom perished, the palaces and walls of the Ming Palace Museum had been basically completed.
Inside and outside the Ming Palace, there are Wumen Gate, Donghuamen Gate, Xi 'anmen Gate Que, as well as architectural relics such as Wulong Bridge, column foundation and inscriptions.
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Ming Tombs
The Ming Tombs [1] are the tombs of the Ming emperors in China, located at Tianshou Mountain at the foot of Yanshan Mountain in Changping District, northwest suburb of Beijing. From May of the seventh year of Yongle (1409), Changling was established here, and the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Chongzhen, was buried in Siling. In the past 230 years, 13 tombs of emperors, 7 tombs of concubines and 1 tombs of eunuchs have been built successively. * * * buried thirteen emperors, twenty-three queens, two princes, more than thirty concubines and a eunuch. Thirteen imperial tombs were built along the mountain, located at the foothills of the east, west and north respectively, forming a mausoleum complex with complete system, grand scale and magnificent momentum. Warlocks in the Ming Dynasty thought it was a "Feng Shui" resort and an excellent "auspicious land". Therefore, it was chosen as the "longevity domain" for the construction of the imperial tomb by the Ming Dynasty. The cemetery was built in 1409 ~ 1644, with a history of more than 300 ~ 500 years. Covering an area of 40 square kilometers, the Mausoleum is the largest existing imperial mausoleum complex in China and even the world. In the Ming Dynasty, on the road to the north of Shahe, there was a seven-hole stone "Chaozong Bridge". In the town east, there is a magnificent "Gonghua City". This city used to be the palace where Emperor Jiajing rested during the sacrifice in the mausoleum, and now only the ruins are left.
The Ming Tombs are the general name of the royal tombs of 13 emperors after the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing. There are Changling (Chengzu), Xianling (Renzong), Jingling (Xuanzong), Yuling (Yingzong), Maoling (Xianzong), Tailing (Xiaozong), Kangling (Wuzong) and Yongling (Sejong) in turn. The scenic spots that have been opened are Changling, Dingling, Zhaoling and Lu Shen. 1992, the Ming Tombs were rated as "the world's most well-preserved tombs with the largest number of buried emperors" by the Beijing Tourism World's Most Selected Committee. /view/ 15 129.htm
The Classical Gardens of Suzhou
The history of Suzhou classical gardens can be traced back to the gardens of the King of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period in the 6th century BC. Private gardens were first seen in the gardens of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which flourished in the past dynasties and had many famous gardens. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Suzhou became one of the most prosperous areas in China, with private gardens all over the ancient city. In the heyday of 16, 17 and 18, Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden, together with Beijing Summer Palace, chengde mountain resort and Suzhou Lingering Garden, was called one of the four classical gardens in China. Now it is a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Canglang Pavilion, together with Lion Forest, Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden, ranks as the four major gardens in Suzhou in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and is the oldest existing garden in Suzhou. The scenery of the whole country is unpretentious and elegant, not winning by ingenuity, but taking nature as beauty.
Lion Forest has a history of more than 600 years. It not only has the human landscape of Suzhou classical garden pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, halls and corridors, but also enjoys a high reputation for its strange rocks and caves, and is known as the "rockery kingdom".
There are four scenic spots in Liuyuan, which ranks first among Suzhou gardens in the proper treatment of architectural space.
Master Wang Garden occupies less than one-sixth of the Humble Administrator's Garden, but it is small in size, rigorous in layout, clear in priorities and rich in varieties. There is a garden in the garden, and there is a scene outside the scene, which is exquisite and profound. Although there are many buildings, it is not congested. Although the mountain pond is small, it is not cramped, and it is considered as a model of Suzhou classical gardens.
Yiyuan Garden is the earliest garden in Suzhou, which can learn from others and form its own characteristics.
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Yungang Caves
Located at the south foot of Wuzhou Mountain, about 0/6 km west of Datong City, Shanxi Province, it is carved by the mountain and stretches for about one kilometer from east to west, with great momentum and rich content. There are 45 main caves, 252 grottoes and 56,5438+0,000 statues, representing the outstanding Buddhist grottoes art in China in the 5th and 6th centuries. Among them, the Tan Yao Grottoes with strict and unified layout is the classic masterpiece of China's Buddhist art at its first peak.
Yungang Grottoes is also one of the world-famous treasure houses of stone carving. 196 1 was declared as a national key cultural relics protection unit by the State Council, and was listed as a world cultural heritage in 200 1. In this one-kilometer-long stone carving group, the statues are as big as ten meters and as small as several centimeters, with huge stones and numerous stone carvings, which are spectacular. Some of them are sitting in danger, lifelike, singing and dancing, flying high, or beating drums and bells, or holding piccolo or pipa, carefree and smiling at tourists. The faces and costumes of these Buddha statues, flying clouds, sponsors and providers all retain the wisdom and diligence of the ancient working people. These Buddha statues and musicians' statues also clearly reveal exotic colors. Yungang Grottoes have a history of 1500 years. It was built in 460 AD and was excavated by Yao Tan, a Buddhist monk at that time. The existing Yungang Grottoes Group is one of the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units announced by the State Council in 196 1. The whole grotto is divided into three parts: east, middle and west. The niches in the grottoes are as dense as honeycombs, and large, medium and small caves are densely embedded in Yungang. The grottoes in the east are mainly towers, so they are also called tower caves; The central grotto is divided into two rooms, with the main Buddha in the middle and the cave walls and ceiling covered with reliefs; Most of the grottoes in the west are small and medium-sized grottoes and niches, which were built a little later and were mostly works after the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang. The whole grotto is magnificent, solemn in appearance, beautifully carved and prominent in theme. Various religious figures in grotto sculptures have different expressions. In terms of carving techniques, it inherits and develops the fine tradition of Qin and Han art in China and absorbs the beneficial components of Gandhara art,
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Mogao Grottoes
It is a national key cultural relics protection unit, commonly known as the Thousand Buddha Cave, and is known as the most valuable cultural discovery in the 20th century. It is located in Dunhuang at the western end of Hexi Corridor and is famous for its exquisite murals and statues. It was founded in the Sixteen Kingdoms period before Qin Dynasty, and has formed a huge scale after the Sixteen Kingdoms, Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Xixia and Yuan Dynasties. There are 735 caves, 45,000 square meters of murals and 24 15 clay sculptures. It is the largest and richest Buddhist art shrine in the world. In modern times, the Tibetan Sutra Cave was discovered, containing more than 50,000 ancient cultural relics, from which the subject of Dunhuang studies was derived, which specialized in studying the classics of the Tibetan Sutra Cave and Dunhuang art. However, in modern times, the Mogao Grottoes were cheated and stolen, a large number of cultural relics were lost, and its treasures were seriously damaged. 196 1 year, Mogao grottoes was announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. 1987, Mogao grottoes was listed as a world cultural heritage.
The Mogao Grottoes is located on the cliff at the eastern foot of Mingsha Mountain, 25km southeast of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province, China, facing east in front of Dangquan River, with a length of1680m from north to south and a height of 50m. The caves are strewn at random, row upon row, up and down to five floors. It was built in the Sixteen Kingdoms period. According to the Tang Dynasty's "Li Kerang Rebuilding the Monument of Mogao Grottoes", in 366, two years before the founding of the Qin Dynasty, monks passed this mountain and suddenly saw the golden light shining like a million buddhas, so they dug the first cave on the rock wall. Since then, Zen master Fa Liang and others have continued to build caves here to practice, which are called "desert grottoes", meaning "high places in the desert". Later generations renamed it "Mogao Grottoes" because "Mo" and "Mo" are universal.
There are 735 caves in the Mogao Grottoes from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, which are divided into north and south areas. The Southern District is the main body of the Mogao Grottoes, where monks engage in religious activities. There are 487 caves with murals or statues. There are 248 caves in the North District, of which only five have murals or statues, and the rest are places where monks practice, live and bury after death, with living facilities such as heatable adobe sleeping platform, stove kang, flue, niche and desk lamp. There are murals and statues in 492 caves in the two districts, including 45,000 square meters of murals, 24 15 clay sculptures, 5 wooden cornices in Tang and Song Dynasties, and thousands of lotus columns and floor tiles. The Mogao Grottoes are located in the strategic location of the Silk Road. It is not only a transit point for East-West trade, but also a meeting point of religion, culture and knowledge. The 492 small grottoes and grotto temples in the Mogao Grottoes are famous for their statues and murals, showing the Buddhist art that has lasted for thousands of years.
The grottoes are more than 600 meters long from north to south/kloc-0, with five floors up and down and the highest point of 50 meters. There are 492 caves, 45,000 square meters of murals, 2,465,438 colored sculptures and 4,000 flying statues. The Mogao Grottoes are large in scale, rich in content and have a long history. They were first unearthed in the two years before the Qin Dynasty (AD 366) and basically ended in the Yuan Dynasty (AD 127 1 ~ 1368). During this period, after nearly a thousand years of continuous excavation, the Mogao Grottoes have become a collection of buildings, stone carvings, murals and colored paintings in various periods. These art treasures not only reflect the religious and social life in medieval China, but also show the outstanding wisdom and extraordinary achievements of the working people of all ages.
Longmen Grottos
As a treasure house of Buddhist art, it was announced by the State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units as early as 196 1 and by the State Council as the first batch of national scenic spots in 1982. On June 30th, 2000, UNESCO listed Longmen Grottoes in the World Cultural Heritage List. In June 2006, it was awarded the "National Civilized Scenic Spot" by the Central Civilization Office, the Ministry of Construction and the National Tourism Administration. In April 2007, it was rated as the first batch of "5A-level tourist attractions" in China by the National Tourism Administration.
It is located in the south of Luoyang/0/3 km away from Kloc. Xiangshan and Longmen Mountain face each other, and the Yi River flows through it. From a distance, it looks like a natural gate, so it was called "Yi Que" in ancient times. Emperor Yang Di of the Sui Dynasty once climbed Mangshan Mountain in the north of Luoyang, and when he saw Yi Que in the south of Luoyang from a distance, he said to his attendants, Isn't this the portal of the real dragon emperor? Why didn't the ancients build their capital here? A minister replied obsequiously, the ancients didn't know, just waiting for your majesty. Yang Di was very happy after hearing this, so he established the capital of the Sui Dynasty in Luoyang, with the main entrance of the palace facing the Yi Que. Since then, a que has been used to being called Longmen.
Since ancient times, the color of Longmen Mountain has been listed as the crown of eight scenic spots in Luoyang. Bai Juyi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, once said: "Luodu has four suburbs, mountains and rivers win, and Longmen is the first." Longmen Grottoes are dug between cliffs close to mountains and rivers. It began about the time when Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved from Pingcheng (now Datong City, Shanxi Province) to Luoyang. At that time, Emperor Xiaowen deeply felt that the capital was northward, which was not conducive to rule. Luoyang, located in the Central Plains, had superior natural conditions, so he moved the capital to Luoyang in 493 AD and began to build the Longmen Grottoes. Longmen Grottoes experienced four hundred years in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, among which the large-scale construction time in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty exceeded 140 years. Therefore, among all the caves in Longmen, the Northern Wei Dynasty accounts for about 30%, the Tang Dynasty accounts for 60%, and other dynasties only account for about 10%. According to statistics, there are 2345 caves and more than 70 pagodas in the East and West Mountains. Longmen Grottoes has the largest number of ancient inscriptions in China, and is known as the ancient forest of steles. * * * There are more than 2,860 inscriptions, among which the long-standing Longmen Twenty Pieces and the Chu Yi Que Buddhist Shrine Monument are the models of Wei Bei and the Monument respectively, which can be called the fine works of calligraphy art in China. There are more than 1 1000 Buddha statues in Longmen Mountain, among which the largest Buddha statue is 17. 14 meters high, and the smallest Buddha statue is in Lianhua Cave, each of which is only 2 cm long, which is called micro-sculpture.
Longmen Grottoes is the most concentrated place where royal nobles made wishes and statues in past dynasties, and it is the embodiment of royal will and behavior. The statues in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty reflect very different styles of the times. The statues in the Northern Wei Dynasty lost the rough, majestic and vigorous features of the statues in Yungang Grottoes here, but the flavor of life gradually became stronger and more lively, delicate and gentle. These statues of the Northern Wei Dynasty have slender faces, thin shoulders and straight chests, and clothes lines are carved with straight knives, which are vigorous and simple. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, people advocated thinness as beauty, so the Buddha sculpture also pursued the artistic style of showing bones and clearing images. People in the Tang Dynasty like to take fat as beauty, so the face of the Buddha statue in the Tang Dynasty is round, the shoulders are wide, and the chest is bulging. The carving of clothing patterns is made with a round knife, which is natural and smooth. The sculptures in Longmen Grottoes in the Tang Dynasty inherited the excellent traditions of the Northern Wei Dynasty, absorbed the culture of the Han nationality, and created a vigorous, vivid, simple and natural realistic style, reaching the peak of the carving art of Buddha statues.
Longmen Grottoes are also the art history and treasures of calligraphy. The famous calligraphy masterpiece "Longmen Twenty" is the best calligraphy selected by later northern extension connoisseurs from many stone inscriptions in Longmen Grottoes. These inscriptions not only record the motive and purpose of the statue of the wishing man, but also provide a basis for the archaeological staging of the grottoes. Kang Youwei, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, strongly advocated writing with Wei Bei in the whole society, praising Wei Bei's ten beauties, such as jumping brushwork, natural structure and rich flesh and blood. Today, Wei Bei is widely used as a slogan and decorative text. It can be seen that twenty products occupy a decisive position in calligraphy.
Maijishan Grottoes belong to the national key cultural relics protection units and are also world-famous artistic treasures. Mackey is located about 45 kilometers southeast of Tianshui City, Gansu Province. It is a strange peak in Xiaolong Mountain at the western end of Qinling Mountains in China, with an altitude of1.742m, but the height of the mountain is only1.42m above the ground. The shape of this mountain is very strange. The solitary peak stands out like a pile of wheat, so people call it McKee Mountain.
Most scholars believe that it began at the end of the Qin Dynasty, and it was continuously excavated and repaired in the Northern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Among the existing statues, the original statues of the Northern Dynasties are in the majority.
A remarkable feature of Maijishan Grottoes is that the caves are located in extremely thrilling positions, most of which are dug on cliffs, and all the caves are accessible by aerial plank roads erected on cliffs. The ancients once praised these projects: "Between the cliffs, there are thousands of caves carved into buddhas. Broken by manpower, doubt is magical. " There are also proverbs circulating nearby, such as "South Mountain cuts firewood and builds Mackey Cliff" and "There are thousands of sticks of firewood in front of Mackey Cliff". It can be seen that the construction of caves and plank roads at that time was arduous and grand.
The art of Maijishan Grottoes is famous at home and abroad for its exquisite clay sculptures. Historian Fan Wenlan once praised Maijishan as a "big exhibition hall for displaying statues". The statues here are 16 m high and 10 cm small, which embodies the characteristics of statues in various eras for more than a thousand years and systematically reflects the development and evolution of clay sculpture art in China. Clay sculptures here can be roughly divided into four categories: high relief sculptures protruding from the wall, circular sculptures completely leaving the wall, molded shadow sculptures and wall sculptures close to the wall. Among them, thousands of life-size circular sculptures are very interesting in life and are regarded as treasures.
Many caves in McKee have been built into unique "cliff pavilions". Seven buddha Pavilion, located at15m above the head of the East Cliff Clay Sculpture Buddha, is a typical Chinese cliff pavilion building. It was built on a cliff more than 50 meters above the ground and was excavated in the middle of the 6th century.