Maoling is the mausoleum of Liu Che, the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty. Maoling Village, a township in the northeast and south of Xingping City, is located 40 kilometers northwest of Xi. Now it is a national key cultural relics protection unit.
In the second year of Jianyuan (BC 14 1), Liu Che built Shouling here and was buried here after his death in 87 BC. Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, is a very talented feudal emperor who can be compared with Qin Shihuang in history. When he was in power, it was the heyday of the Han Empire. He adopted the grand strategy of rewarding farming, developing production, enriching Qiang Bing and fighting against Xiongnu. At the same time, he strengthened centralization of authority politically, and economically implemented the government-run system of salt boiling, iron smelting, transportation and marketing, water conservancy construction, agriculture development and foreign trade development. Fighting against Xiongnu militarily opened the way to the western regions, firmly controlled the Hexi Corridor and reached Hainan in the south, which basically formed the pattern of the living space of the Chinese nation, thus making the Han Empire stand in the east of the world with a unified and prosperous attitude. The building of the mausoleum is magnificent, and the sacrificial objects in the tomb are extremely luxurious and rich. Historically, it has been said that "money, animals and birds, fish and turtles, cattle and horses, tigers and leopards, and raw birds are all hidden".
According to legend, the tomb contains the golden carved jade clothes, jade boxes and jade sticks of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. At that time, there were sacrificial halls and sleeping halls in the cemetery, as well as houses where ladies-in-waiting and grave keepers lived. There used to be 5,000 people who managed the cemetery here, responsible for watering trees and sweeping sacrifices. Moreover, Maoling County was built in the southeast of Maoling, and many civil and military ministers and rich households moved in, with a population of more than 277,000. Maoling's paddock is bucket-shaped, with the existing residual height of 46.5 meters, the base side of the tomb is 240 meters long, and the cemetery is square, with the side length of about 420 meters. Up to now, three tombs in the east, west and north still exist, among which the tombs of Li Furen, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing, Huo Guang and Jin Richan are buried in Ling Zhou. It is the largest imperial mausoleum in the Han Dynasty, with the longest construction time and the richest funerary objects. It is called the "Pyramid of China". Nine of the Western Han emperors1/kloc-0 were buried in Xianyang. Mausoleums are arranged from west to east, nearly a hundred miles long and magnificent.
Detailed explanation of Han tomb
Zhao Bingwen, a gold man, wrote a poem: "There is no one near Weishui Bridge, and you are sitting on a unicorn in a high grave. The fame of the ages has turned into the dust of Xianyang. " His poems tell the historical scene of Xianyang. Through the distance of time and space, through these desolate ancient tombs on display, people seem to see the original rise and fall of honor and disgrace in Xianyang, hear the screams of the owner of the ancient tomb and read the wonderful chapter of Xianyang ancient tomb culture.
Guanzhong Plain at the northern foot of Qinling Mountains starts from Baoji in the west, reaches Tongguan in the east, and is sandwiched between Qinling Mountains and Beishan Mountains in the north and south. It is one of the cradles of ancient civilization. Weihe River flows through the strip-shaped Guanzhong Plain from west to east, so it is also called Weihe Plain. This area belonged to the state of Qin in ancient times, and it was about seven or eight hundred li long, so it was also called "Qinchuan in eight hundred li". During the Western Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties, Guanzhong was the richest place in China, accounting for six tenths of the national wealth. Xi 'an, the ancient capital, is located on the south bank of Weihe River, in the middle of this plain. Eight rivers, such as Fenghe, Huhe and Bahe, meander out from the northern foot of Qinling Mountains, forming the scene of "Eight Rivers Around Chang 'an". Mount Huashan, Mount Li and Mount Zhongnan, which belong to Qinling Mountains, are towering and steep, and are located in the south of the urban area. The mountains are stacked and the clouds steam Xia Wei, forming beautiful landscape.
Xianyang is located in the hinterland of Guanzhong, where Jing (River) and Wei (River) meet, and it is the main assembly place of the imperial tombs of the Western Han Dynasty. In 2 14 of the Western Han Dynasty, after 1 1 emperors,1/cemeteries were built, of which 9 were located in the original site of Xianyang. Among them, the most prominent are five mausoleums, namely, Gaozu Changling Mausoleum, Huidi Anling Mausoleum, Jingdi Yangling Mausoleum, Wudi Mausoleum and Zhao Di Ping Ling. At that time, these five tombs were all managed and built with spiritual instruments, so they were called "Wuling Yuan". The descriptions of "how the children of Wuling nobles competed for luxury" and "Five Tombs" in ancient poems refer to the evil deeds of dude children living in these tombs (counties).
In the Western Han Dynasty 1 1 tombs, Mao Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is the largest. In the history of China, only the Lishan Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang can be compared with such a huge mausoleum.
Maoling is located in the northeast of Xingping City, Shaanxi Province, in the southeast of Nanwei Township, with the distance of Xingping City12km in the west and Xianyang City15km in the east. It is far from Jiujun Mountain in the north and Zhong Nanshan in the south. Things are "Wulingyuan" stretching for hundreds of miles. This place belonged to Maoxiang, Li Huai County in the Han Dynasty, so it was called "Maoling". It is 46.5 meters high, 39.25 meters long from east to west at the top and 40.60 meters wide from north to south. According to Guan Zhongji, "All tombs in the Han Dynasty were 12 feet high and 120 feet square, but Maoling was 14 feet high and 140 feet square." The above figures are basically consistent with the measured figures today. The total area is 56,878.25 square meters, and the amount of soil sealed is 848,592.92 cubic meters. The cemetery is square, flat-topped, small at the top and large at the bottom, which looks solemn and steady.
Construction of Maoling began in 139 BC, and was completed in 87 BC, lasting 53 years. "The Legend of Golden Lock" said: "Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne for one year and became a mausoleum. One-third of the tributes in the world, one for the temple, one for the guest and one for the mausoleum. " In other words, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used one third of the total tax revenue of the whole country as the cost of building tombs and collecting funerary objects. When the mausoleum was built, more than 3,000 builders and artists were recruited from all over the country, and the scale of the project was staggering.
Zigong of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty consists of five coffins and two coffins. The five-story coffin is placed on the coffin bed in the middle of the tomb behind the tomb. The second half of the tomb is the tomb, which has two floors, the inner layer is folded into a "door" shape, and there are upright trees. There is a gap in the south and a yellow sausage puzzle in the outer layer. The wood used in the five coffins is catalpa, catalpa and nanmu, which are firm and fine in texture, moisture-resistant and corrosion-resistant. Around Zigong, there are four gates, buildings with toilets and yellow intestines. The function and purpose of the toilet is to sit in hiding. "The Biography of Han Huo Guang" said: "Sitting is not proper sleep, because guests can be invited from the side." Simply put, the toilet is a place that imitates the living and feasts, burying the most precious things in the grave with the dead, so as to enjoy them in the underworld. "Yellow intestine problem" means "yellow heart with cypress, which makes you tired outside the coffin, so it is called yellow intestine. Wooden and introverted, so the questions are together. " After the death of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the yellow sausage puzzle was made, and the surface was polished very smoothly, which consumed a lot of labor. It is made up of 65,438+05,880 pieces of yellow intestine wood with a length of 90 cm and a height of 65,438+00 cm.
In 87 BC, after the death of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he entered the front hall of Weiyang Palace. According to Xijing Miscellanies, "Emperor Han died in a jade box, shaped like armor and connected by gold thread." In Zigong, Emperor Wudi had cicada jade in his mouth and a gold box on his back. "The boxes are all carved as dragons and fish, and the world is called the jade box of dragons." Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was tall and fat, wearing a large jade coat, with a total length of 1.88 meters, consisting of about 2,498 large and small jade pieces. The gold wire used for * * * weighed about1100g.
The underground palace of Maoling is full of many rare treasures. "Han Gong Yuchuan" said: "Han Wudi abandoned the world, and Huo Guang hid more money. Birds and beasts, money, turtles, cows, horses, tigers and leopards give birth to birds, and 90 things are hidden. " Yu Shinan Biography of the New Tang Dynasty also said: "Liang Wudi has lived for a long time in these years. Compared with burial, there is nothing in the tomb. " As can be seen from the above records, because Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was in power for a long time and was in the heyday of economic prosperity, there were many funerary objects, besides 190 kinds of funerary objects, there were live cows, horses, tigers, leopards, fish turtles, birds and so on. According to another record, King Kangqu presented the jade box and staff of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and 30 volumes of miscellaneous classics read by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty before his death, which were packed in a golden box and buried in Yu Ling.
Mausoleum souvenir
In the second year of Jianyuan (BC 139), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recruited tens of thousands of craftsmen and corvees and began to build Maoling in Maoxiang, Li Huai County (now Xingping City, Shaanxi Province).
In the sixth year of founding ceremony, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (1 17 BC), Huo Qubing, a title of generals in ancient times, died of illness at the age of 24 and was buried in the east of Maoling 1 km, with a tomb like Qilian Mountain.
In the fifth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 106), Wei Qing, the general of Pinghou, died of illness and was buried in the east of Maoling, with a tomb like Lushan Mountain, alongside Huo Qubing's tomb.
In February of the second year after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (87 BC), Emperor Wu visited and died in Zhouzhi Zuo Wu Palace. He entered the front hall of Weiyang Palace and was buried in Maoling on 18 after his death.
Maoling was stolen in the third year of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty (84 BC). Four years later, someone bought two jade boxes and jade sticks in Fufeng (now Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province) and buried them in the tomb.
In the first year of Emperor Gaozu's Xuan Di (96 BC), Maoling County was rebuilt, and more than 60,000 wealthy families moved here.
In the second year of Han Yuankang (64 BC), Maoling was stolen. Later, Cao Cao Li You, a hero of Hedong, went to Shangdang Baodu Mountain to collect herbs, and got 30 volumes of miscellaneous classics collected by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in the cliff stone, filled with gold boxes.
In the second year of Jianwu of Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty (AD 25), the Red Eyebrow Army retreated from Chang 'an and stole Maoling on the way to the west.
In the first year of Chuping in Xian Di (AD 190), Dong Zhuo sent Lu Bu to rob Maoling.
In the first year of Zhonghe in Tang Xizong (AD 88 1), Huang Chao Peasant Uprising Army invaded Chang 'an and sent troops to rob Maoling.
In the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (AD 1697), local officials erected a stone tablet in front of Huo Qubing's tomb, which has been preserved ever since.
In the 42nd year of Qianlong reign (A.D. 1777), Bi Yuan, the governor of Shaanxi Province, erected a monument in front of the tombs of Maoling, Li Furen, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing and Huo Guang. Today, Huo Guang's tombstone has been damaged and the rest is intact.
In June of the first year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (AD 1862), the Hui people in Weinan, hua county and Dali of Guandong Prefecture revolted and advanced to Xingping, and the Hui people in this county rallied in coordination. On the 28th, the war spread to Maoling, and Colonel Ying Yong led several regiments to occupy favorable terrain. As there were no fortifications on the mausoleum as a cover, the Hui people made a fierce attack with-bombardment. After half a day of fierce fighting, there should always be more than 400 casualties.
In the 20th year of the Republic of China (193 1), Zhang Ji, the head of Xijing Preparatory Committee, set up Maoling Primary School in the north of Huoqu sick tomb, and set up Maoling office in the school, with Hu Jiping as the director, responsible for the management of cultural relics, and built two tile houses on the south sides of the tomb, and moved nine stone carvings indoors.
In the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1933) 65438+1October 26th, a Japanese scholar Mizuno Kiyoshi published a research paper on "Stone Carvings from Western Han Tombs-Stone Carvings from Huo Qubing's Tomb" in the third special issue of Oriental Magazine published in Tokyo.
In the 23rd year of the Republic of China (1934),1October 2 1 day, accompanied by Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, Chiang Kai-shek and his wife Song Meiling visited Maoling.
1956, Maoling Cultural Management College was established. The address is located in front of Huoqubing Tomb 1 km east of Maoling. There are only three tile houses, 16 large stone carvings.
On March 4th, 196 1, the State Council announced Maoling and Huoqubing Tombs as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
On June196365438+1October1day, Zhao Zhenxiu, a villager from Douma Village, Xingping City, discovered the bronze statue of rhinoceros, a precious cultural relic of the Western Han Dynasty, and actively presented it to the country. It was appraised as a national treasure by National Cultural Heritage Administration expert group.
In May, the showroom of Maoling Cultural Management Institute (that is, two old tile houses) was renovated, and 6 large stone carvings of the Western Han Dynasty/KLOC-0 were exhibited.
1967, at the beginning of June, a group of "0" fighters took Huo Qubing's tomb as a stronghold and threatened to "destroy the four old buildings" in an attempt to smash cultural relics. The staff of the Maoling Cultural Management Office insisted on reasoning and strived to protect cultural relics.
In order to protect the safety of cultural relics, with the help of local people, the Cultural Management Institute dug a cellar with a depth of 9 meters and three areas 15 square meters, and built a wall around the stone carvings, filled with loess, to protect large stone carvings from damage.
1July, 976, National Cultural Heritage Administration held a national cultural relics protection site meeting in Maoling Cultural Management Institute. Deputy Director National Cultural Heritage Administration made an important speech, and the director of Maoling Cultural Management Institute introduced the experience of "Maoling Cultural Management relies on the masses to carry out cultural relics protection".
65438-0977, Maoling Cultural Management Institute was rebuilt and expanded by state investment. The cultural relic showroom with the architectural style of Han Dynasty is 30m long,10.5m wide and 315m2 in area.
197965438+February, Maoling Cultural Management Institute was upgraded to Maoling Museum.
1980, Maoling Museum raised 45,000 yuan to build the second exhibition room of imitation Han architecture.
In March, French archaeologist Mitterrand visited the Maoling Museum and handed over two photos of Huo Qubing's tomb and stone carvings in front of it taken by his father 19 14 to the Maoling Museum for collection.
/kloc-On the afternoon of May 30, 2000, people in Douma Village, Xiwu Township, Xingping City, while leveling the land 60 meters south of No.3 Tomb in Maoling, found a Han Cong burial pit excavated and cleaned by Maoling Museum, and 236 cultural relics were unearthed in * * *, including 2 national treasures (Golden Horse, Zhulian Fuming Furnace) and 37 first-class cultural relics.
In the same year, 55 cultural relics protection groups were established in 16 villages, factories, mines and schools near Maoling Museum, and 269 cultural relics liaison officers were developed, forming a cultural relics protection network focusing on Maoling District.
1989, 19 In February, the police station of Wudi Mausoleum was established, which was mainly responsible for the cultural relics safety of Maoling Mausoleum and the public security work of surrounding natural villages.
In February, stone corridors on the east and west sides of Huo Qubing's tomb were built. Starting from March 1, move 16 large stone carving, and March 15 is all in place.
On February 8, the exhibition of precious cultural relics in Maoling Museum was officially opened to the public.
On April 5th, the newly-built Maoling Museum of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was completed.
1992 5438+00 In June, the bronze rhinoceros statue of Maoling Museum was jointly awarded the "Tianma Gold Award" for China's tourism shopping and tourism commodities by the National Tourism Administration, the Ministry of Light Industry, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Textile Industry and the China Tourism Shopping Festival Organizing Committee.
Ticket price: peak season: 80; low season: 60. Tel: 029-38456 140.
Postal code: 7 13 100 scenic address: Changcun, Xiwu Road, Zhenping City.
Liu Che (BC1July 56 14-March 29, 87 BC), the seventh emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, was an outstanding politician, strategist and poet. Emperor Wu of Han acceded to the throne at the age of sixteen. In order to consolidate the imperial power, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up China and Korea, set up local secretariat, created procuratorial system and selected talents. Adopt Zhu's suggestion, issue a promotion decree, solve the power of the kingdom, and return salt, iron and coins to the central government. Culturally, he adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion that "one hundred schools of thought should be ousted and Confucianism should be respected alone". Since the end of the pre-Qin period, "learn from others, discuss different people and learn from others."