First, the lineage of Wancheng Tusi
The Wancheng toast discussed in this paper is located between the left and right river basins. Historically, its jurisdiction includes Longmen Township, Changming Township, Wushan Township, Long Fu Township, Pingshan Township and Buquan Township in Longan County, Guangxi, and its land is known as "six squares and nine armour". The six workshops are Lian Fang (now Tou Bu Tun and Molian Tun), Pan Fang (now Da Ma Tun and Fu Nei Tun), Fangshang (now Tan Ba Tun and Xian Tun), Wu Fang (now Liu Gan Tun and Wu An Tun), Fang Yi (now Nanmo Street) and Houfang (now Nong Nei Tun and Nong Yi Tun). Nine workshops will go up immediately. In the history of daxin county, there still existed such Tusi societies as Xia Lei, Anping, Liyang, Encheng, Quanming and Mingying. Like other chieftains in western Guangxi, the natural barrier formed by karst landform in western Guangxi has maintained these chieftains for a long time in history. They are not subordinate to each other, independent and self-contained. Because the central dynasties of past dynasties were beyond their reach, they could only rely on these local forces to indirectly maintain control over this area. Among the eight major soil states in daxin county, the "returning to the native place" in the soil-raised state began the earliest, starting in the seventh year of Xuande in the Ming Dynasty (1432). The remaining Tuzhou reform began at the end of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, and Wancheng Tuzhou continued at the latest. Wancheng County was founded in the Republic of China 18 (1929). 195 1 April, Liyang and Wancheng merged to form Liyang Wancheng Union County. In September of the same year, Liyang Wancheng United County merged with Leiping County to form daxin county, with Taocheng as the county seat [1]. As the latest "returning home", Wancheng County was thus incorporated into daxin county in the administrative division of New China, and then the history of Wancheng County was recorded in Daxin County Records in the process of compiling historical records based on the county.
Geographically, Wancheng Tusi is located between the left and right rivers, and its eastern part is the sphere of influence of Tusi in western Guangxi. The majestic Dragon and Tiger Mountain in the east is the natural barrier of Wancheng, and only the narrow Ziyun Cave leads to Liyang House in Longyitun in the west, which has the advantage of "the power is in hand and cannot be forced in ten thousand years". At present, only one tunnel can pass through the provincial highway 3 16, and the "six lanes and nine armour" inside has formed a self-sufficient tunnel. This geographical advantage makes Wancheng Tusi less influenced by the outside world in history.
Wancheng Tusi is the Xu family, whose genealogy is expressed as follows: "Originally from Jinji Lane, Jinzi Street, Yidu County, Qingzhou Prefecture, Shandong Province, he went south with Xianggong in the Song and Five Years and lived in Wancheng Prefecture, Taiping Prefecture, Guangxi Province." After the Xu Shi family gained the highest local power in Wancheng area, it formed a "second power circle" with four families as the core, namely Feng, Zhao, Li and Huang. The genealogy of these four families explained the formation of this power circle. For example, "Li Family Tree" records: "The ancestor Li Xiangguang was originally from Baima County (now Yidu County), Qingzhou Prefecture, Shandong Province. During the Song Dynasty, he, Feng Tingzong, Zhao Gongtong, Huang Xianda and Xu Jun, together with General Di Qing, conquered the service of agriculture and established a national capital. Make Xu County a hereditary country, and Zhao and Huang are the world leaders. " In addition, Zhao's genealogy and the tombstone of Feng Tingzong, the ancestor of Feng who settled in Wancheng, also have the same expression. According to the genealogy of Xu Shi, there are 26 Tusi in Xu Shi from Xu to Xu, specifically: Xu Wanhu-Xu Chaolie-Xu Migao-Xu Fuqing-Xu Xianzuo-Xu Chengshu-Xu Gan 'an-Xu Jun-Xu Guoan-Xu Kui-Xu Rongzong-Xu Ying-Xu Shizhong-Xu Rongzong. Not all the six chieftains are related to their parents, which means that the power inheritance of Wancheng chieftain can be passed down from uncle to nephew.
Second, Wancheng toast tombstone
It should be pointed out that the so-called toast in this paper does not refer to the toast himself who inherits the national position, but to the whole toast family. At present, there are 10 tombstones of Tusi family in Xushi, and the distribution is as follows:
Two Ming Tombstones in Liu Gan Village, Wu 'an Village, Longmen Township ①:
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Tai Tuguan Kao Cuifeng and Xu Gong taboo the tomb of peace in the world.
Born in August at the end of Yuan Dynasty, Shouyang was 480 years old. He died in early July of the 25th year of Jiajing.
Jiajing four years (according to "three"), year, year, year, month, year, year, year, year, year, year, year, year, year, year, year, year, year, year, year, year, year, year, year.
In Ming Dynasty, Taituguan was afraid of the Yellow Tomb.
Yuan Ming, who attended the annual meeting (according to "three"), was born at the age of 275, Shouyang was born at the age of Lu, and joined the club in early November of Jiajing Ugly Year (according to "three").
Four-year-old Bingzi of Jiajing picked up the application of Xin Chou in December (press: it should be "3"). When Wu Zi was picked up, he was buried, sitting in Shen-Jia Geng's nephew, knowing Xu Wenyu's view of the state, and taking care of his dutiful son Xu Guolian.
Two Qing Dynasty Tombstones in Bannatun, Baoshan Village, Longmen Township ②:
Tomb of Mrs. Cen, the late wife of Qing Dynasty
I, Cui Cenjia, am the eldest daughter of Cengong, a well-known satrap in Huishun Prefecture. She died on September 24th, 11th year of Chongzhen, and I have no family affairs. Twelve sons, the eldest son of Hongtu died in twenty-nine years, with grandchildren, two Hongji, three Hongxun, four Hongyou, five Hongye, six Hongmo, seven, eight Hongqing, nine Hongji, ten Honggang, eleven Hongsi and twelve Hongzhang. Thirteen girls were raised, the eldest daughter was not repaired, two girls were named Ming Ying, Li Rending, the prefecture magistrate, three girls were named Xu Hongzuo, four girls were named Zhao Zhengang, the magistrate of Longying Prefecture, five girls were buried at the foot of the right mountain until they were eighteen, six girls were given chastity, seven were given hours, nine were given hours, ten girls were given essays, eleven were given hours, and twelve were given hours. My wife died on December 14th in the 20th year of Kangxi, at the age of 40, and was buried in Jiazi on May 15th in the 23rd year of Kangxi. The first sitting seal applied for a bonus from Bing Yinbing and Geng Yingeng of Shennei Bureau.
At the end of the 15th anniversary of the 23rd year of Kangxi, Wancheng County ordered Xu to be buried. There are two people, Hongye, two people, Hong Ji, three people, four people, six people, seven people, eight people, nine people, ten people, eleven people and twelve people.
My nephews are Hongyi, Hongde, Hongdian, Hongce, Tao Hong, Honglue, Hongzu, Lie Hong and Hongda.
The first male Sun Linsi, the first male Sun Sirong, the first male Sun Sijue, the third male Sun Sicong, the third male Sun Sihuang and the fourth male Sun Sijun were established together.
The tombs of five women who died in the Qing Dynasty.
Alas, five Nv Ying can miss your mother. The more you miss your mother, the more you miss your mother, the more you miss your five daughters, and the more you miss your childhood. Your mother has five spring years in two years, Yumen was born in winter, and her brother Hongye was born in Longying County. You are employed by Huang County in Mingjiang. You think that you can be filial to Anemarrhena asphodeloides in your childhood, but you taste that filial piety can follow Anemarrhena asphodeloides. A female high school student with a white eyebrow is a disgrace to our country. She doesn't care about you. She didn't take her mother's clothes. She didn't go to that world forever. She was born at the beginning of April in the year of Bingwu in Kangxi and died at the beginning of September 12th in the year of Guihai in Kangxi. When she was ten, she was far away. Alas, five women are very sad to miss their mother. People in this world also mourn for your mother and son. There are few people in this world, and there are few others. Yu Shu didn't tell the truth today. You are the sun shade of Green Songshan Mountain. Yuan Yuan's share of Geng Yin's share of the gold is attached to his mother's side, so that you and your mother can rely on each other and enjoy this sacrifice forever. It's a memorial to the grave, a memorial to the son, a memorial to the mother, and a memorial to your brother.
On the third day of March, the 23rd year of Kangxi, the father of an official in Wancheng Prefecture, Jia Zhen, and the brother of Wancheng Prefecture, Hongtu Acer Honghang Hongsihong Mohongdu Hongye, his brother Acer Honggang Hongsihong Hongzhang, and his nephew and heir Hao.
Two Qing Tombstones in Fentun, Wang Ying Village, Long Fu Township [2]:
Epitaph of Zhao
Mrs Zhao, the daughter of doctor Angelababy Spyker, is also taboo. It is in line with the fact that Xu Shijue of Wanyang was appointed as a doctor, Xu Zuxing was banned, and the number was adjusted to attack the satrap of Wancheng. There are five people, Nagato, Jia Zhen, attacking the state whistle, old and official; Two people with Jia Quan, Qin granted merit, left the governor, still take the remaining ten times; Three men and Jia Fu; Four men, Karokou on the defensive, died at the age of 47 and gave birth to a male grandson; Five men, a hand. Two women, the eldest daughter Shi Tianzhou, are known as Centingduo; The second daughter is suitable for Huang Daigan, the magistrate of the Ming government. Changnanjia Town gave birth to thirteen sons and grandchildren, and the daughter-in-law Censhi gave birth to Sun Hongye, who is now working in the state. Grandson Hongtu died from 2000 to 29 and gave birth to two great-grandchildren; Four Sun Hongyi; Liu hongmo; Seven Sun Gonghong; Eight Sun Hongdu; Nine Sun Hongji, ten Sun Honggang; Eleven Sun Hongsi; Twelve sun Hongzhi; Thirteen suns, Hong Shen. Granddaughter thirteen, the eldest granddaughter is suitable for Siming topaz; Second, Yao Yuan is suitable for Mingying, Zhizhou and Li Youding; Sanshui Shi Wen released Xu Hongzhuo, the state magistrate; Shi Jing Long Yingzhou, who is four years old, is known as Zhao Zhengang; Sui died between the ages of five and eighteen; Liuzhen; Seven Suining; Eight leisure; Nine immortals; Ten essays; Eleven; Twelve music; Thirteen is young in spring. Two men, Jia Quan gave birth to a man named Sun Wu, the eldest son Hongzhi, who died at the age of nineteen. Erhond; Three reds and one; Four Hong Tao; Five strategies. Daughter Sun Ba, eldest daughter Sui Lin, adapted as Zhao Guailong, frozen state in; 2. Li Zhizhou, Taiping Prefecture; Sansui Xuan was adapted to Xu Shaowu and Leizhou. Four suspects; Wu Yuting; Liu Sui is at home in Zhang Tianzuo, Yizhou and Anzhou; Qi yujuan; Eight thus stretches all young people. Three men Jia Fu, two sons and two grandchildren, and the eldest grandson Hong Dian; Second, Lie Hong. Daughter Sun Wu, eldest daughter Yan Shi Longzhou is well known in Zhao Guoliang; Second, Wei Wei was adapted from Huang Jiade, the official brother of Wuzhou; Sanshui competes for Li Youdi, the official brother of Taiping government; Fourth, pregnancy is not suitable; So I hosted a banquet for the official brother of Anping Prefecture. Four men, Carol, gave birth to a man, Sun Hongci, and a woman, Sun San. The eldest daughter, Li Changliu, is an official in Anping County, and she is very young. Five male military men, born male Sun San, eldest son Hong Ce, second son Xun Yao and third son. Daughter Sun Er, eldest daughters Sui Ci and Er Sui Wei are all young. My wife was born in Yin Shi on 19 1 1 May/2. She was seventy-four years old and died on August 21st, 23rd year of Kangxi. In October of Ding Mao's year, he was buried in Jinlong Mountain when he read the five tones, and was buried in the first place. He sat ugly and told him that this was the day of mass graves in the Ming Dynasty.
Tiandi English is a collection. My wife is very virtuous and will always be respected by her.
In the twenty-sixth year of Emperor Kangxi's reign in Qing Dynasty, Ding Mao picked up the fifteenth day of the month, and the filial piety was promised and the official position was reached.
Chang Xiong's first grandson, Xu Hongye, was appointed as the official Xu Hongji, Chang Xiong's fourth grandson Xu Hongyou, Chang Xiong's sixth grandson Xu Hongmo, Chang Xiong's seventh grandson Xu Hongdu, Chang Xiong's eighth grandson Xu Hongji, Chang Xiong's tenth grandson, Chang Xiong's eleventh grandson Xu Hongsi, Chang Xiong's twelfth grandson Xu Hongzhang and Chang Xiong's twelfth grandson Xu Hongzhang. Two men awarded Xu Jiaquan, two men and two grandchildren Xu Hongde, two men and three grandchildren Xu Hongyi, two men and four grandchildren Xu Hongtao and two men and five grandchildren Xu Honglve. Three people, Xu Jiafu. Five men's Xu Jiashou, five men's eldest grandson Xu Hongce, and five men's third grandson Xu Hongyi. Tan Jian
The book written by my nephew Zhou Chaorui was originally written by Ren Liuzhou, the former owner of Liuzhou Guerrilla Department.
Huang epitaph
Huang's mother, Huang, a former Guangdong official who helped longevity in the Ming Dynasty, was also called a virtuous woman. When Wanli was forty-one years old, she returned to Ichinomiya Hikaru and said that Zuxing had been transferred to Wanzhou. Five men were born, namely Jia Zhen, two men, Jia Quan, three men, Jia Fu, four men, Carol and five men. Raising a second eldest daughter is suitable for Zhou Tianming's Centingduo; The second daughter is suitable for Huang Daigan, the magistrate of the Ming government. Besides, the father never leaves Lu, the mother caresses all the men, etc., and Jia Zhen attacks Wancheng. I am an old official this year. He gave birth to twelve grandchildren, and the eldest grandson Hongtu died at the age of 29. He gave birth to two great-grandchildren and two grandchildren Hongji. Three Sun Hongxun died at the age of 26, leaving a great-grandson; Four Sun Hongyi; Wu Hongye attacked affairs; Six Sun Hongmo died at the age of 30 and had a great-grandson; Seven Sun Gonghong; Eight-year-old Sun Hongdou died; Jiu Sun Hongji; Ten sun Honggang; Eleven Sun Hongsi; Twelve sun hongzhang. Daughter-in-law 12, Long Suirong is suitable for topaz in Mingzhou, and two years old is suitable for Li Dingding in Mingzhou. Sanshui Shi Wen released Xu Hongzhuo, the state magistrate; Shi Jing Long Yingzhou, who is four years old, is known as Zhao Zhengang; Sui died between the ages of five and eighteen; Liang Guangfu, county magistrate of Shiluobai, Liusui Town; Seven Suining; Eight leisure is suitable for Zhou Chengde, and nine years old is suitable for Wuzhou official brother Huang; Ten essays; Eleven; Therefore, musical instruments are young. Jia Quan, a male, made meritorious service in Yunnan, and was appointed as the assistant governor of the Ministry. He still made meritorious service for the second time. Seven grandchildren, the eldest grandson Hongzhi years to nineteen years, the second grandson Hongde; Three Sun Hongyi, four Sun Honglve and six Sun Hongmou; 7. Sun Hongzhuo. Daughters Sun Ba and Zhang Suilin, in the case of freezing Zhao Guailong to death; 2. Li Zhizhou, Taiping Prefecture; Sansui Xuan was adapted to Xu Shaowu and Leizhou. Fourth, I think it is suitable for the whole Ming country to know Xu Bangcheng's state; Wu Suiting is at home in Zhang Tianqi, the magistrate of Anzhou; Liu Sui is the official nephew of Longzhou, Zhao Dianhui; Seven trickles; Eight then stretched out. Three people died in Jiafu at the age of 6/kloc-0. Gave birth to two grandchildren, the eldest grandson Hongdian; The second Sun Lie. Daughters Sun Wu and Chang Sui □ Shi Longzhou are well-known in Zhao Guoliang; Two-year-old E was adapted as Huang Jiade, the official brother of Wuzhou; Sanshui competes for Li Youdi, the official brother of Taiping government; Four years later, she was pregnant with Yang Shengui, an animal trainer in Guiping County. Wu Sui gave a banquet in honor of Mei Zi, the official brother of Anping Prefecture. Four people, Karokou, died at the age of 47. Sun Hongci, male eldest grandson and three daughters, Li Changliu, the official brother of Ji's Anping. Two years old; Three weeks. Five men and a guard, five grandchildren, and the eldest grandson Hongce, are the second juren of three branches; Second Sun Hongxun Yao; Three grandchildren; Four grandchildren Su Hong; Wu Sunhong loves. Daughter and grandson 2, long and kind; Two-year-old Wei. My mother died on March 13 of the year when Emperor Kangxi took over the driving. She was 67 years old and was buried in the same cave with the late Emperor Long. Trapped in Burong Wangcun Mountain, Huanglong came out of the cave, so he was moved and buried on the first day of March when Kangxi was 37 years old. The ugly dragon entered the first place, and the inner bureau sat in Geng Yin, Geng Yin Shen Jin, the outer basin sewed needles, and Bing Yin Shen Jin. Please remember it forever.
Sun Changnan's first grandson succeeded Xu Hongye. His eldest son, two grandchildren, Guangdong and Guangxi, Xu Hongji, eldest son, four grandchildren and Xu Hongyi; Xu Gonghong, seven grandchildren, Xu Hongji, ten grandchildren, Xu Honggang, eleven grandchildren and twelve grandchildren.
Great-great-grandson's first five grandchildren, great-great-grandson's second heir Zhao, and great-great-great-great-grandson's fourth heir Qi. The eldest son's eldest son, the eldest son's great-grandson, it's an honor. The eldest son and the second son are great-grandchildren, the second is auspicious, the third is virtuous, and the fourth is spiritual. The eldest son's third grandson is great-grandson. The eldest son is the fourth grandson, the great-grandson is the first heir, and the second heir is Rui. Six eldest sons, great-grandchildren and an heir. The eldest son, great-grandson, and seventh son of the heir. The two men awarded Xu Jiaquan and Zuo Dufu. Two men and two grandsons Xu Hongde, two men and three grandsons Xu Hongyi, two men and four grandsons Xu Hongtao, two men and five grandsons Xu Honglve, two men and six grandsons Xu Hongmou, and two men and seven grandsons Xu Hongzuo. Three male grandchildren Xu Hongdian and three male grandchildren Xu Honglie. Five people, Xu Jiashou. Xu Hongce, the eldest grandson of the Five Heroes, and Xu Hongyi, the third grandson of the Five Heroes. Establish.
Kangxi was thirty-seven years old, and Wuyi was on the first day of March. On the first day of March, filial piety was inherited by the magistrate Xu.
1 Qing Dynasty tombstone located in Shanggutun, Changming Community, Changming Township ③:
The Qing emperor presented the tomb of Emperor Rongbiao (Mrs. Yan Sanqi).
Father Jia Quanxing Hou Lin was born in Renshen at noon on November 10th in Chongzhen. He is young and determined to work hard, and both smart people are better than others. Wu's rebellion turned out to be successful. The army pacified Yunnan and Guizhou and recovered its achievements. General Lai Du awarded the gold medal in recognition of meritorious service, while Governor Zuo still ordered the rest of the meritorious service to be awarded. He and Yuan Jun worked hard all afternoon, but the last ancestor Shouyang was 70. At sixty-eight Shouyang, unfortunately, Kangxi was buried on the eighth day of the first month of the fifth year. The woman was buried in Kunduz, the southern chief mountain of the ancient ridge ruled by Zangbo County. The first sitting has been buried in Shanghai, Shanxi and Shanxi, and has never been buried in the city at the end of August 21st.
The grandchildren of the eldest son of Hongde porter are four, the granddaughter Xiong Sheng, the second nephew, the grandson of the second son of Hongyi porter, the grandson of Shi Taiping, the grandson of the third son of Hongtao porter and the grandson of Lu. The eldest daughter is suitable for freezing state officials, the female is suitable for Taiping state official brother Li, the eldest grandson is still young, four women are suitable for state official Xu Bangti, five women are suitable for Anzhou officials, the eldest grandson is four long, and six women are suitable for Longzhou local official Zhao Dianhui, who is still young.
Nephew male Hongji grandnephew Si Yong Zeng Yisheng's second son Si Kang, nephew male Hongxun grandnephew Zhang Sinan Hongyou grandnephew Si Rui, nephew male Mu Hong Feng Zhi doctor know Wancheng state grandnephew Zhao Sixian □ doctor Zhi Zhi hereditary state post Sun Siqi family □ country □ scholar, nephew male Gong Hong grandnephew three nephew male Hongsi grandnephew one nephew male □□
Dragonfly Kangxi was not established on August 21, 54th.
Three Qing Dynasty Tombstones in Lane Neitun, Longmen Community, Longmen Township ④:
The tomb of Xu Zhai, the Qing emperor's gift certificate
My father was born in the year of Dingmao in Qianlong, but unfortunately he finally sat overseas in the year of Renzi. At the beginning of the month, he applied for the seventh day.
Yuan Pei □, filial piety male with prison daughter-in-law □, Sun Gongri, grandson's daughter-in-law, grandson's nephew □, and made meritorious deeds to take a nephew.
Sixty years of Qianlong, February 19th, Hitachi.
Huang Qing is waiting to show the graves of his great-grandfather, mother, old lady and children.
Great-grandfather surnamed Zhou was also born in the side room of great-grandfather Kao Hongzhang. Unfortunately, he finally got rid of it on 1 1 20th, 2005. In February 2005, he lived to be 70 years old. He was buried in February last year. He was buried on the Zupo side of the left bank of the state. He sat twice, four degrees away from the seawall.
Zhao, the daughter-in-law of Yao, the eldest son; Zhang, the great-grandson of Feng, the daughter-in-law of Hui, the second son; and Zhang, the great-grandson of Zhang, the daughter-in-law of Yan, the second son, are suitable for frozen state officials. On February 19th, 60th year of Qianlong, his great-grandson set up a prison.
The Qing emperor waited to present the ancestral grave of Zhang Tairu.
Zucong, whose real name is Zhang, is the younger sister of Zuozhou Kuichun Rengong, and her father was born in the 13th year of Kangxi. Unfortunately, Shouyang was finally buried at the age of 70 on the seventh day of February in the fifty years of Qianlong.
The nephew injured Zhao's daughter-in-law, and the eldest grandson took Zhao's great-grandson, great-granddaughter and aunt to serve his nephew Pu (Zhe) and granddaughter Guan (Guan), and the eldest daughter was the second daughter of a frozen state official. Sixty years of Qianlong, February 19th, Hitachi.
Third, the ethnological significance of Wancheng Tusi tombstone
Through the tombstone above, we can interpret the following ethnological meanings.
(A) the meaning of marriage
As we can see from the tombstone, the toast's marriage must be official to official, that is, the toast's wife must find the neighbor's toast's daughter, and her daughter must also marry the nearby toast. Such marriage regulations obviously have practical social functions. As we know, the toast system was established on the basis of the detention system. Specifically, the main difference between the two is that the inheritance of Tusi must be granted and granted by the central dynasty. The purpose of this system is nothing more than strengthening the control of the central dynasty on local society. Therefore, in history, the central dynasty "on the one hand, restricted the power delusion of the toast by strictly defining the territory of the toast;" On the other hand, it is constantly attacking and weakening the sphere of influence of the powerful toast through the way of dividing the toast and building the toast [3]. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the Tusi area, which originally belonged to the imperial border, became the arena of the royal power of the Central Plains. In this process, for Southwest Tusi, "Qing government, Nanming dynasty, Li Zicheng, Zhang and Wu Sangui are all within their jurisdiction, and each of them is obviously unable to resist. They not only need to carefully follow the infringement to maintain flexibility and avoid becoming victims directly, but also need to guard against the opponents who expand in disorder around them. They need to be more alert to the potential opponents inside who take advantage of external forces to rise and replace them [3]. Therefore, in history, the toast in Youjiang Valley of Guangxi formed a toast alliance through marriage, and the marriage between local officials actually had the function of "in-laws".
(B) the significance of funeral customs
At present, the custom of "second burial" is still popular in Longmen Township, Changming Township and Longfu Township, that is, the bodies of people who have died twice are disposed of. "That is, after death, the body is buried in a coffin, and after 3 to 10 years, the soft tissue of the body decays, and then the coffin is opened to pick up bones, and the body is buried in a ceramic urn" [4]. The above tombstones all reflect the custom of "second burial" practiced by Tusi in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Tombstones record the date of birth and death of the deceased in detail, and the day when tombstones are erected is usually the day when bones are picked up (sometimes people hide bones first and bury them after an auspicious day). The death date of the deceased in the above inscription 10 is not the same day as the inscription. For example, Xu Shihe died at the beginning of July in the 25th year of Jiajing, and his son Xu Wenyu erected a monument for him in the 13th year of Jiajing, the 3rd year of Jiazi, the 3rd year of Bingzi and the 1st day of June, indicating that he was buried first, with a difference of 18. Xu Zuxing's wife Zhao died in the 23rd year of Kangxi, and his eldest son Xu Ji was buried in the 26th year of Kangxi. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the poor families in this area still practiced "second burial", while the landlords generally practiced "big burial", that is, burial with good coffins, without the procedure of reburial, which should be the result of the Tusi class absorbing Chinese culture.
(C) the significance of Zhuang women's status
Clans and in-laws are the most important in the kinship structure of Zhuang nationality in Longmen area. People call kinship "Fengna" and in-laws "Fenglang", which means this shore, "Na" means in front of the face, "Lang" means behind, "Fengna" means this shore of the face, and "Fenglang" means this shore of the back, which emphasizes the primacy of kinship, but we can also see from the inscriptions that the surname and source of married women and their families. Local officials Xu even set up a tombstone for Wu, who died young. This shows that women have a higher status in local culture.
(D) the significance of cultural exchange
From the above inscriptions, we know that the concept of Feng Shui, as a Chinese culture, has spread to Wancheng area at least in the Ming Dynasty, and the tombstone records the location of Feng Shui in tombs. On the other hand, the tombstone erected by local official Xu Wenyu to his parents in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty contained only simple Chinese characters, but when local official Xu erected a monument to his mother in Kangxi period, the classical Chinese writing on the monument was mature, and Nv Ying's inscription was lyrical. To some extent, this also shows that the influence of China culture on the Zhuang nationality deepened in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. On the other hand, we can see that in this historical period, some of Xu's children were "prepared", some were "made meritorious service and stayed in the viceroy", some were awarded the position of "professor of Wuzhou Prefecture", and some daughters were married to "Taoist Yang Shengui of Guiping County", all of which indicated that Wancheng Tusi, who was far away from the central dynasty, had increasingly close contacts with the Han nationality.
(E) the significance of social stratification
Fan Chengda, a native of Song Dynasty, recorded the identity and hierarchical structure in Guangxi: "There are well-known, Quanzhou, Jianzhou, Zhifu and Zhidong, all of whom were ordered to appease Ruojian and send a message to Zhu Ji. Secondly, it belongs to the same dispatch and the right dispatch, which is called the official code, and each has its own state. Each village group also pushes one person for the length, which is called the main household. The rest are called Tito, but that's what people say. Its land is for the people, and it is not allowed to buy. But those who open up wasteland belong to themselves, which is called Kubendeng. Knowing the country doesn't need to raise a field, especially your field. If there are no journalists under the state power, they will take refuge in the fields. Both men's clothes belong to their own people, and they make a living by attacking Park Sang-lee's marriage. Men and women are matched, and abel tamata cultivates and teaches martial arts. The people belong to them, so they are called domestic slaves and servants. Strong and persuasive people are called Tian Zi, Tianding, also known as Ma Qian, and always called Ding Dong. " [5] That is to say, in the Tusi era, Zhuang society was mainly composed of three social classes: local officials, local decrees and local people. "Local officials" is what Fan Chengda called "a state of knowing power". "The same dispatch and the right dispatch" are administrative personnel appointed by local officials in the Tusi era, that is, Mutu; "Indigenous people" is the object of Fan Chengda's Tito.
The tombstone of Tusi also reflects such a "differential order pattern": First, from the perspective of the qualification of erecting a monument, only Tusi and Mutu family are qualified to erect a monument, and the natives can't erect a monument no matter how rich they are, otherwise they will be punished for being offside. In our investigation, we found that some natives only got the qualification to set up a monument after they gained some fame in the court in the late Qing Dynasty (for example, Nong Gong Yu and Deng Tun of Xinmin Village in Changming Township are getting it). Secondly, judging from the appearance of tombstones, tombstones of the Tusi family generally cover an area of about 100 square meters. The whole tomb is composed of stone and concrete, which is divided into eight sides and is a two-story building with a hemisphere. Each side of the octagon is inlaid with stone reliefs, carved with mascots such as dragons and phoenixes, while the tombstones of the Tusi family do not have these decorative buildings, and their tombs are much smaller than those of the Tusi family as a whole. Thirdly, judging from the marriage custom of "official family to official family" shown in the inscription, this system makes the toast form an alliance on the one hand, and keeps the toast in his so-called aristocratic lineage on the other, so generally only local officials take concubines from the people's homes. If his daughter can't find a suitable candidate, she will not marry the people's homes even if she lives alone. Fourthly, symbolically, the tombstone, as the culture of the Han nationality, is a symbol of the power and culture of the central dynasty. In fact, the chieftain is not qualified to set up tombstones for indigenous people, which actually separates them from power, and limits the tombstone scale for earth use to himself, which separates them from the power center. In this way, the tombstone standing on the barren hill is actually a symbol of social stratification.
Precautions:
① ③ ④ Collectors: Zhang Jianghua and Nong Huifeng.
② Collectors: Nong Huifeng [reference] [1] China people * * * and China people * * * compiled by the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Construction. China county love book [M]. Beijing: China Social Publishing House,1992.1402-1403. [2] He Nonglin. Footprint [z] Internal information of daxin county Museum. 78-79. Zhang Jianghua. Imperial Examination in Qing Dynasty and "Civilization" in Guangxi Tusi Region [z]. Shanghai, June 29, 2007.