Landscape techniques commonly used in European gardens, one of the three largest gardens in the world. Because the selected tree species can be trimmed into various shapes and combined with each other, the ornamental effect and artistic value are improved. In addition, hedges can also block bad viewpoints, isolate and protect, prevent dust and noise, and guide tourists to watch the route.
Chinese name: hedgerow mbth: hedgerow classification: common hedgerows of modeling plants: boxwood, Ligustrum lucidum, Berberis amurensis, water wax Selection type: woody species advantages: dustproof, spatial division function: covering up bad views, isolation, protection, dustproof composition: selection, classification, height, function appreciation, function, ecological habits, planting methods, functions, main categories, and so on. Plum, Ficus, Jujube, Pomegranate, Grape, Begonia, Cultivation Techniques and Plant Hedges (Figure 1) The commonly used hedges in gardens include: boxwood, Ligustrum lucidum, red Berberis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Platycladus orientalis, hibiscus, Rosa davurica, bamboo and other high-classified green walls, the height of which exceeds 1.6. High hedges, from 1.2 meters to 1 .6 meters, can be crossed by people's eyes, but people can't. It is mostly used for the protection of green space, the barrier of sight, the separation of space and the background of other scenery. The middle hedge, with a height of 0.6 ~1.2m, has good protective effect, and is mostly used for the fence of planting area and the construction of foundation planting. Short hedge, less than 0.5 meters, with decorative mirrors, flower beds and lawn patterns. Functional ornamental evergreen hedges, flower hedges, fruit hedges, thorn hedges, deciduous hedges and vine hedges; For example, flower hedges are not only different in color and flowering period, but also different in size, shape and fragrance, forming different scenery and different emotional appeal; As for fruit hedges, apart from their different sizes, shapes and colors, they can also attract different kinds of birds. Play the role of sound barrier, dust barrier and decorative barrier; Ecological habits can be divided into evergreen hedges, semi-evergreen hedges and deciduous hedges; Pruning and shaping: according to pruning and shaping, it can be divided into non-pruning and pruning hedges, that is, natural and integral forms. The former usually only needs a small amount of pruning to adjust the growth potential, while the latter needs regular pruning to maintain the shape and appearance. In the same scenic spot, natural hedges and whole hedges can form completely different landscapes, so we must make good use of them. Hedges can be trimmed into different forms according to people's different requirements. Conventional hedges must be trimmed several times a year. In order to make the bottom of the hedge full of bright and lush branches and leaves, its cross section is often cut into square, rectangular, trapezoidal, dome-shaped, battlements and slopes. The number of pruning varies with the growth and position of tree species. ① Trapezoidal hedges, narrow at the top and wide at the bottom, are conducive to the growth and development of lateral branches at the base of the ground, and will not die and be sparse due to lack of light. Hedges (Figure 3) ② Rectangular hedges are relatively rigid in shape, and the top is prone to snow and compression deformation, and the lower branches are not easy to receive sufficient light, so that some of them are dead and sparse. (3) Dome Hedge This hedge is suitable for use in areas with heavy snowfall, which is convenient for snow to slide down the ground and prevent deformation. 4 natural hedges Some shrubs or small trees often grow into this shape if they are planted with high density and are not pruned regularly. The crown line is generally horizontal, the width of the outer edge line is unchanged, and the spacing between trees is even, which is arranged in a straight line or geometric curve. Planting methods can be divided into single row and double row according to planting methods. In order to get quick results, China gardens generally adopt double rows of zigzag patterns. Some gardeners advocate single row mode on the grounds that single row mode is beneficial to the balanced growth of plants, while double row mode is not only unfavorable to balanced growth, but also expensive and easy to breed weeds. The function is to reduce noise, beautify the environment, enclose the site, divide the space, block or guide the line of sight at the focus of the scene, as the background of statues, fountains, small garden facilities and so on. Fences in gardens are often guarded by fences, and iron wire fences can be added to fences, high fences or hedges. Hedges can guide tourists to choose a tour route and visit according to the marked scope. Those who don't want tourists to pass can be fenced off with hedges. In zoning and barrier gardens, hedges or green walls are usually used for zoning and barrier landscapes to separate spaces with different functions. It is best to use evergreen trees to form a green wall above the line of sight. For example, children's playgrounds, open-air theaters, sports fields and quiet rest areas are separated to reduce mutual interference. In the natural layout, there are local regular spaces, which can also be isolated by green walls, so that the layout forms with strong contrast and different styles can be alleviated. The pattern of flower beds and ornamental lawns with the middle fence as the dividing line and the short fence as the edge of the flower border. Adopt special planting methods to form a special scenic spot. In modern times, there is also "hedge landscaping", which combines the landscape theme, uses flexible planting methods and plastic pruning skills to form a landscape that fluctuates like a strange stone. Hedgerow (Figure 5) In landscape background gardens, evergreen trees are often trimmed into various forms of green walls. As the background of fountains and statues, its height should generally be commensurate with the height of fountains and statues, and it is appropriate to choose dark green trees with no reflection. As hedges with flowers as the background, they are generally evergreen high hedges and middle hedges. In all kinds of green space, in order to avoid the boring elevation of retaining wall between two highlands with different heights, hedges are often planted in front of retaining wall to beautify the elevation of retaining wall. The main types of plants that make up the common hedge are Buxus buxus, Buxus buxus, Buxus macrophylla, Ligustrum lucidum, Sabina vulgaris, Pittosporum, Coral Tree, Pterocarya stenoptera, White Horse Bone, Fujian Tea, Casuarina equisetifolia, Murraya murraya, Platycladus orientalis, Podocarpus, Buxus macrophylla and Ilex. Evergreen hedge; Composed of evergreen shrubs or small trees, they are usually trimmed into regular patterns. Commonly used are coral, Euonymus japonicus, Ilex japonicus, Ligustrum lucidum, Pittosporum, mosquito moth, cypress, heather and so on. Hedgerow: Generally, branches or leaves have barbs or thorns, such as Fructus Aurantii, Ziziphi Spinosae, Acacia, Ilex cornuta, Pyracantha, Berberis, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Oak, Rosa davurica, Pericarpium Citri Tangerinae, Elaeagnus Elaeagnus and so on. Hedgehog: Commonly used colorful or gorgeous species, such as hibiscus, bougainvillea, hibiscus, Tang Di, five-color plum, ribbon flower, gardenia, winter jasmine, Spiraea, Hypericum, rose, rhododendron, cigar flower, dragon boat flower, osmanthus, jasmine in snow, yellow heart, etc., among which evergreen fragrant flowers and trees are used as hedges in fragrant gardens, especially. Fruit hedge: generally choose varieties with bright fruit colors, which bear fruit in autumn. Generally, it is not pruned, such as Phyllostachys australis, Pyracantha fortunei, Broussonetia papyrifera, Elaeagnus Elaeagnus, Berberis, Callicarpa formosana, Holly, Rhododendron, cigar, Dragon Boat Flower, Osmanthus fragrans, Gardenia, Jasmine, Hypericum japonicum in the snow, Yingchun, Huangxin and Hibiscus. Hedgerow: It is composed of flowering shrubs, which are generally allowed to grow without pruning. Common tree species; Hypericum, Gardenia, Yingchun, Huangxin, Willow in Snow, Rhododendron, Pentaphyllum, etc. Color hedge: Generally, tree species with colored leaves or purplish red leaves all year round are selected, such as Japanese coral sprinkled with gold, Phnom Penh mulberry, Ficus, Cinnamomum cassia, purple-leaf Berberis, dwarf Berberis, Euonymus japonicus, Phnom Penh Ligustrum lucidum, Ficus, Amaranthus rubra, Ficus alternifolia and Forsythia. In addition, plants with red stems, such as red rosewood, can also be used to make red stems and white snow in winter, which set each other off. Deciduous hedge: It is composed of deciduous trees. Commonly used in the north, such as elm, silk floss, Amorpha fruticosa, tamarisk, snow willow and so on. Fence: It is composed of climbing plants. Where there are bamboo fences, wooden fences or lead wire fences, vines can be planted at the same time and climbed on the fences, which has other characteristics. Plants include bougainvillea, lingxiao, ivy, dill and morning glory. Hedgehog net: A net or lattice form in which plants are woven together. So as to increase the protective effect of the hedge. Commonly used plants are hibiscus, willow, Amorpha fruticosa and so on. The ceiling plants are generally evergreen, short and shallow-rooted flowering shrubs and bamboos. Euonymus fortunei, ivy, dwarf bamboo, etc. Ground cover plants, also known as ground cover plants, are mainly lawns, such as tiger skin, Manila, Bermuda grass, ryegrass, horseshoe, Pteris vittata and so on. Can also be equipped with flower lawns, such as iris, Lycoris radiata, onion and so on. The common plant palm is also called palm tree. Not only has ornamental value, but also the trunk can be used as a pavilion column. Brown hair can be used as medicine, which has the functions of astringing and stopping bleeding, attending hematemesis and metrorrhagia, and has the functions of making money and protecting money in geomantic omen. Palm citrus is an orange tree. Orange is homophonic with auspiciousness, symbolizing good luck, and the fruit is red and yellow, beaming. Potted sweet oranges are important decorations in people's families during the Spring Festival. Orange leaves have the function of soothing the liver and relieving depression, which can bring happiness to families. Bamboo Su Dongpo said: Eating without meat is better than living without bamboo. Bamboo is a symbol of elegance and exquisiteness. It is not afraid of the wind in the southeast and northwest, and it can also become a feng shui shelter forest at home. Haruki's "Zhuangzi Wandering" says: There are big Chinese toons in ancient times, and autumn is 8,000 years old. Therefore, Toona sinensis is a symbol of longevity, and later generations take it as their father's name, which has the function of protecting the hospital and praying for longevity in geomantic omen. Sophora japonica has hard wood, which can be green trees, street trees and so on. It is considered to represent Lu in Feng Shui. The ancient imperial court planted three locust trees and nine spines, and officials and doctors sat under them, facing the three locust trees, which was three fairs. Therefore, Sophora japonica has the highest rank among all trees, and the town house is authoritative. According to legend, there are osmanthus trees in the middle of the month, and osmanthus is also called osmanthus. Cinnamon can be used as medicine to dispel wind and reconcile. Song Ci Yun: The moon falls in the middle of the month, and the fragrance clouds outside. Osmanthus fragrans symbolizes purity Osmanthus fragrans is a natural air freshener with a fragrant smell in summer. Ganoderma lucidum is warm and sweet, benefiting essence and strengthening bones and muscles. Dongliyuan has ornamental function and is a symbol of longevity. Since ancient times, it has been regarded as auspicious things, and the deer or crane with Ganoderma lucidum in its mouth is a common theme in auspicious pictures. Plum trees have strong adaptability to the soil, with five petals, which are high and rich. The five petals have the meaning of plum blossoms in Five Blessingg, which can enhance the happiness of the family. The banyan tree contains the meaning that tolerance is great, and it is rigid without desire. Through self-encouragement, it is helpful for residents to improve their self-cultivation. Planting jujube trees in the yard means that you have a son from Dongliyuan, and you are one step ahead in everything. Pomegranate contains auspicious signs of many children and many blessings, which is very rich. Vines twine around vines, symbolizing intimacy. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that Tanabata meets under the grape trellis in Dongliyuan. It is also a great pleasure to enjoy the cool in the shade of grapes in summer. The bright flowers of Haitang make it full of wealth, while the flowers in Tang Di symbolize the harmony and happiness of brothers. Cultivation techniques The planting density of hedgerows depends on the purpose of use, different tree species, seedling size, hedge form and planting area width. Hedge spacing is about 15 ~ 30cm, row spacing is 20 ~ 40cm, and width is about 30 ~ 60cm. The distance between the middle hedges is 50 cm and the row spacing is 70 cm; ; Hedge spacing is about 60 ~ 150 cm, row spacing is about 100 ~ 150 cm and width is 150 ~ 250 cm. For hedgerows with more than two rows, plants should be planted in zigzag. Plant selection should usually choose woody plants with dense branches and leaves, pruning resistance and slow growth. High fence or green wall: it is often used to separate spaces, cut off gables, toilets and other places that should not be exposed. Mainly used for noise prevention, dust prevention and space separation, most of them are shrubs or semi-trees planted at equal intervals, which can be planted in single row or double row. It is characterized by high plants, compact group structure and strong texture, and has the functions of shaping terrain, setting off scenery and blocking sight. The high fence forms a closed perspective line, which is far more vivid than using a wall. As the background of statues, fountains and art facilities, it can create a beautiful atmosphere. The height is generally above 1.5 meters, and various doorways and landscape windows can be opened on it to decorate the landscape. Hedge materials can be selected from Broussonetia papyrifera, Oak, france holly, Ligustrum lucidum, Sabina vulgaris, Elm, Caragana, Amorpha fruticosa, etc. Middle hedge: Middle hedge is widely used and planted in garden construction. Its height shall not exceed 1.3m and its width shall not exceed1m.. Most of them are double-line geometric curves. The middle hedge can separate the big scenic spots, so as to organize tourists' activities, increase the green texture and beautify the landscape. It is often used in street green belts, road intersections, or planted in parks, boulevards, car barriers, streets and buildings; Many camps were built into flower hedges, fruit hedges and leaf hedges. Hedge materials can be planted with gardenia, Michelia, hibiscus, red mulberry, bell flower, variable leaf wood, Ligustrum lucidum, Phnom Penh coral, Ligustrum lucidum, Qilixiang, Pyracantha fortunei, tea tree and so on. Dwarf hedge: Dwarf hedge is mainly used to surround the garden as a decoration for lawns and flower beds. It is mostly used in small courtyards, and can also be used for composing characters or patterns in large courtyards. They are usually less than 0.4 meters in height and consist of short plant belts. Visitors can overlook the flowers and plants in the garden through the hedge. Dwarf hedges have two different settings: permanent and temporary, and plant materials are woody and herbaceous. Commonly used plants are rose, boxwood, snow, cypress, evergreen, colorful grass, red Berberis, jasmine, rhododendron and so on. Plane hedges are all trimmed by hand to meet the design requirements. After planting, fully irrigate and trim in time. The function of pruning: first, it inhibits the growth advantage of the top of the plant and promotes axillary bud germination, then the branches grow and the walls are full, which is beneficial to pruning and shaping. The second is to speed up the molding and meet the design appreciation effect. Pruning principle: For the whole hedge, the lower branches and leaves should be exposed to sunlight as much as possible to avoid withering due to excessive shading, so the lower part of the crown should be wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, and it is usually better to adopt a regular trapezoid or steamed bread shape. From small to large, trim many times, smooth lines, and shape as needed. Generally, the design height of hedges is 60- 150 cm, and those exceeding 150 cm are tall hedges (also called green walls) to isolate the line of sight. The technical requirements for initial cutting and pruning are as follows: when the hedge grows to 30 cm high, pruning begins. Trim it into prototype 3-5 times according to the design type. Pruning time: after the second pruning, clean the cut branches and leaves, strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, and carry out the next pruning when the new branches and leaves grow to 4-6 cm. If the interval between trimming before and after is too long, the hedge will be deformed and must be trimmed. Noon, rainy days, strong winds and foggy days are not suitable for pruning. Trimming operation: large hedge shears are mostly used for manual operation, requiring sharp edges to be close to the hedge surface, without leakage and re-cutting, cutting more long protruding parts, cutting less weak long concave parts, and pulling wires to be trimmed in a straight plane. Hedges of various shapes (round, ground, fan, Great Wall, etc.). ) is trimmed according to the type, with more cutting at the top and less cutting around. Setting and pruning: when the hedge grows to meet the design requirements and is set, all new branches and leaves will be cut off at one time to maintain the design specifications. Most hedges are trimmed according to a certain shape, but for slow-growing tree species, tall bamboo hedges and ornamental flower hedges, most of them are not trimmed, or only the branches on them are adjusted. For hedges that need pruning, the following forms can be constructed: first, single-layer hedges with the same height can be pruned; The second is a two-layer hedge composed of two layers with different heights; The third is multi-layer hedging with more than two layers. From the perspective of shielding effect, two-layer and multi-layer are better, and multi-layer has more changes in spatial effect. Through deliberate pruning, the beauty of hedges can be combined with the beauty of lines, and hedges can be constantly updated to maintain vitality and ornamental value for a long time. Hedge pruning period and times: Hedge pruning period should be flexibly mastered according to different tree species. For the hedge of evergreen coniferous trees, because the new shoots germinate earlier every year, the first pruning should be completed in late spring and early summer, and cutting materials can be obtained. After beginning of autumn, autumn buds began to grow vigorously again. At this time, it is necessary to carry out a second comprehensive pruning to keep the plants neat and consistent in autumn and winter, and the wounds should be healed before the arrival of severe winter. For most broad-leaved hedges, they can be pruned at any time as needed in spring, summer and autumn. In order to obtain enough cutting materials, it is usually carried out in late spring and early or late growing season. Hedges planted with flowering shrubs are unlikely to be pruned regularly, so it is better to prune them after the flowers wither, so as to avoid a large number of robust new buds consuming nutrients and promoting the differentiation of new flower buds, so as to prepare for next year or later.