In Beijing's hutongs, there are many quadrangles surrounded by houses in the east, south, west and north. This is a quadrilateral. The gate of quadrangles is usually opened in the southeast corner or northwest corner. The north house in the yard is the first one, which is built on the masonry abutment, bigger than other houses, and it is the owner's living room. There are east and west wing rooms on both sides of the yard, where the younger generation live. There is a corridor between the main room and the wing room for people to walk and rest. The walls of quadrangles and houses facing the street generally do not open windows, and the environment in the courtyard is closed and quiet. There are large and small quadrangles in Beijing, but no matter how big or small, they are all made up of quadrangles surrounded by houses on all sides. The simplest quadrangle has only one yard, while the more complicated one has two or three yards. The deep house compound where rich people live is usually composed of several quadrangles side by side. There is also a partition wall in the middle. Siheyuan, a square or rectangular courtyard, is a combined architectural form of residential buildings in northern China. A family, living in a closed yard, leads a comfortable, leisurely and quiet life, enjoys family happiness and naturally has a relaxed atmosphere. This quadrangle was left before the founding of New China and is still in use. This kind of quadrangle usually uses the door to enter and exit a quadrangle. Usually, when the gate is closed, it is in a completely closed state. Most of the courtyard doors of quadrangles use wooden doors. One end of the gate made of planks is placed in the shaft from top to bottom, which can be opened and closed, safe and reliable. In the quadrangle, there is the main room, which is the north room. This is the first room in the courtyard. Generally, the direction of quadrangles is to sit north to south. On the east and west sides, there are east and west wing rooms. The east and west wing rooms are generally symmetrical, and the building formats are generally the same or similar. There is a south building in the south, corresponding to the north building. Most quadrangles are built symmetrically according to the traditional habits of China. Of course, in the corner formed by the north-south and east-west rooms, there are wing rooms. Some of these wings are used to store grain, become warehouses such as grain depots, and some are used as kitchens. There is also a corner, usually the southwest corner is the toilet, while the southeast corner is mostly the gate of the yard. This quadrangle scheme is more common in the county town of Shanxi and its nearby countryside. In some places, there are courtyards with the gates facing south. Some families, in order to decorate the courtyard, also built brick walls directly opposite the entrance of the courtyard. On the side facing the gate, flowers, pine and bamboo patterns or large calligraphy characters are usually placed on the front of the screen wall. Write auspicious words such as "Fu", "Lu" and "Shou". There are also some screen walls painted with auspicious patterns, such as "Song Yan He Nian", "Magpie Climbing Plums" and "Kirin Sending Children", which create a scholarly atmosphere of the quadrangle. Some farmers also use words or pictures such as "bumper harvests", "good luck" and "happiness as the East China Sea". This kind of screen wall is located at the entrance of the gate, some are built separately, and some are embedded in the gable of the wing. The screen wall, also known as the screen wall, is square, surrounded by brick carvings, and the square in the middle is calligraphy or painting. Zhaobi is divided into two parts: the base and the wall. In addition to adding atmosphere to the courtyard and praying for good luck, the wall also plays an isolation role, making it difficult for the outside world to peep at the activities in the courtyard. In the yard, there are different kinds of floors, such as slates, bricks and pebbles. The ground in the yard has been paved, and the main passage has been paved. No matter how it is paved, there are always some places in the yard where trees and flowers can be planted as an ornament of the yard. With the development of the times, many changes have taken place in the present architecture. In rural areas, most of them have undergone great evolution on the basis of the original quadrangles. That is to expand the number of rooms in the main room, because the main room-the north room has good lighting. Therefore, when building a house, make full use of the space and ground in the north as much as possible to make the courtyard irregular, and form a square or rectangular courtyard with the north room as the main room in front of the main house. The allocation of houses in quadrangles is very strict, and the principal rooms in the courtyard with superior location should be given to the grandparents and wives of the older generation. Beijing quadrangle
Cave dwellings in the Loess Plateau in northwest China.
Farmhouse Courtyard-Dwellings Cave
The middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River in China are the world-famous Loess Plateau. People living on the Loess Plateau, because there is no house, use the deep and excellent three-dimensional loess layer there to build a unique house-cave. Cave dwellings are divided into earth kiln, stone kiln and brick kiln. Earth kiln is a loess cave dug by hillside, which is warm in winter and cool in summer, and has the best thermal insulation and sound insulation effect. Stone kilns and brick kilns are all arched holes made of stone or brick first, and then covered with thick loess, which is both strong and beautiful. Because building caves does not require reinforced cement, the cost is relatively low. With the development of society and the continuous improvement of cave construction, caves on the Loess Plateau, which are warm in winter and cool in summer, are more and more comfortable and beautiful.
Edit this section of Anhui ancient dwellings
Anhui ancient dwellings are located in the south of Anhui Province, and many ancient dwellings are preserved. Most of these ancient houses are made of brick and wood and surrounded by high walls. Houses within the fence are generally three-bay or five-bay two-story buildings. Larger houses have two, three or more courtyards; There is a pool in the yard, bonsai plants are planted in front of and behind the hall, and exquisite patterns are carved on the beams and columns everywhere. A small building and a deep courtyard are like the art world. Architects all praised it as "a treasure house of ancient residential buildings". Anhui ancient dwellings
Most ordinary residential buildings in Pingyao were built in the Qing Dynasty. These houses are large in area and exquisite in materials. Because Shanxi's climate is dry and not destroyed by the war, most of them are well preserved. The layout of residential buildings is mostly in the form of strict quadrangles, with obvious axis, left-right symmetry and clear priorities. It consists of several courtyards along the central axis, and the three courtyards are generally in the basic form of "eyes". Courtyards are usually separated by low walls and ornate hanging doors. Some courtyards have gardens on one side or behind them. The main rooms are usually caves with three or five arch coupons and brick structures, and wooden eaves, colonnades and tile roofs are generally added in front of the caves. The roof of the main house is flat-topped, and both sides can be boarded with brick ladders, and some have wall-hung Feng Shui Buildings. Some people also build double-slope buildings with wooden structures on caves. The external walls of Pingyao dwellings are all brick, and they are fair-faced brick walls, which are seven or eight meters high. They don't open windows to the outside world, and their appearance is solid and gorgeous. Some made towers at the top of the wall, like small castles, and few trees were planted in the yard. Superstition holds that trees can cause ghosts and make families restless. The ground in the yard was paved with bricks and more flower beds were built. No dirt, easy to clean. The houses in Pingyao are luxuriously decorated inside and outside, with exquisite hanging doors made of wood carvings, flowers hanging under the beams of the main house, lion rolling hydrangeas, Samsung of Fu Lushou, chess, calligraphy and painting, etc. , all have a certain style. Doors and windows are all made of wood, and most of them are intricate and different. Some doors are also engraved with the story of Tang Yao Yu Shun's Zen meditation. Glass was widely used at that time, and some wealthy businessmen used carved glass. In order to keep warm and cold, the doors and windows are mostly double-decked, and the rafters and beams under the eaves are painted with colorful pictures. The doors of the houses along the streets are particularly particular, and the shape of the door top is Anhui folk houses.
There are various types, such as hanging mountain with canopy, hanging mountain with ridge, hanging mountain with unequal length on two slopes and half slopes, hanging mountain with eaves, etc. There are also beams inserted under the eaves, arches coming out of the eaves and so on. And the practice is different. Some use columns, some make pilaster piers, and so on. There is a plaque on the door leaf of the gate, on which are books such as Xiu De, Xiuqi, Faao, Xia Wei and Lotte. Some houses were beautifully carved with horses mounted and tied, reflecting the wealth of these households at that time. There are more than 400 well-preserved houses in the city, which are rare in China.
Hakka dwellings
Hakka earth buildings in Fujian and Guangdong and Hakka earth buildings in Guangdong and Fujian are the residences of Hakka people in northeast and southwest Guangdong. The ancestors of Hakkas are Han people who migrated to the south from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River more than 900 years ago. Because most of the Hakkas live in remote mountainous areas, their ancestors created this huge residence-Tulou, in order to prevent bandits from harassing them and protect the safety of their families. A tulou can accommodate dozens of families and hundreds of people. Earth buildings are round and square, and the most distinctive one is round earth buildings. The circular building consists of two or three circles. The outer circle is more than ten meters high and has one or two hundred rooms. They are poor, rich and noble, and each family is equally assigned to a room from the bottom to the top. Their uses are very uniform. The first floor is a kitchen and dining room, the second floor is a warehouse, and the third and fourth floors are bedrooms. The second circle has two floors, 30 to 50 rooms, usually guest rooms; In the middle is the ancestral hall, which can accommodate hundreds of people for public activities. There are wells, bathrooms and toilets in the tulou, just like a small city. The tall and peculiar Hakka earth buildings have been praised by architects all over the world. Hakka folk houses are a wonderful flower in the southern mountainous area of China. Its unique style has attracted many Chinese and foreign scholars, tourists and even American military experts. For example, the veteran of the Revolution of 1911, the founder of modern education in China, and the former residence of He Ziyuan, the general of Jiaying House of the League. Thousands of round houses or earth buildings are scattered in the mountains of southwest Fujian and northeast Guangdong, which is the Hakka residence known as "wonderful world residence". Most of them are three to six floors, 100 to more than 200 houses are arranged in orange petals, and the layout is uniform and magnificent. the Hakka earth buildings of Fujian
Eight diagrams layout The circular houses surrounded by earth buildings are arranged according to eight diagrams, and there is a firewall between the hexagrams, which is uniform. Because of fear of being squeezed out by thieves and locals, they built camp-style residences.
Mongolian yurt
Traditional folk houses of nomadic people such as Mongolia. In ancient times, it was called vault, also called felt tent, tent and felt bag. Mongolian is called Geer and Manchu is called Mongolian yurt or Mongolian blog. The residence created by this nomadic people to adapt to nomadic life is easy to disassemble and assemble, which is convenient for nomadism. It has appeared since the Xiongnu period and has been in use ever since. The yurt is circular, and the surrounding side walls are divided into several pieces, each of which is 130 ~ 160 cm high and about 230 cm long. Weave a net with wooden strips, and connect several pieces into a circle, covering a long umbrella-shaped dome and connecting it with the side wall. The top and four walls of the tent are covered or surrounded by felt and fixed with ropes. A wooden frame with door panels is left on the southwest wall, and a circular skylight is left at the top of the tent for lighting, ventilation and smoke exhaust, and it is covered with felt at night or in stormy days. The smallest diameter of the yurt is more than 300 centimeters, and the big one can accommodate hundreds of people. During the Mongol khanate, Khan and the king's tent could accommodate 2000 people. There are two kinds of yurts: fixed and swimming. In semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, more fixed buildings will be built, surrounded by earth walls and covered with reeds; Most nomadic areas are dominated by swimming. Swimming can be divided into detachable and non-detachable types. The former is carried by livestock, while the latter is pulled by ox cart or carriage. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the number of Mongolian immigrants increased, and only in nomadic areas did Mongolian yurts remain. In addition to Mongolians, Kazakh and Tajik herders also live in yurts when they are nomadic. Convenient disassembly and assembly, which is beneficial to the relocation and movement during grazing.
Daijiazhulou
The Dai residential area is located in the subtropical zone with high temperature. Therefore, Dai bamboo houses are all by the water of Pingba, on both sides of the river by the stream and around the lake and marsh. Where there are bamboo and green trees, there must be Dai villages. There are two or three hundred families living in the big stockade, and there are only a dozen people in the small village. Houses are single buildings, surrounded by open spaces, and each family has its own yard. There are many earth-walled bungalows on the Longteng border, and each house is divided into three bedrooms, which is obviously influenced by the Han people and is no longer the inherent form of the Dai people. The boundary of Sipu is all bamboo buildings and wooden frames, where people live above and livestock live below. The style is similar to a big tent, which is completely consistent with the situation of "nesting in South Vietnam" recorded in Huainanzi, and it is also the "dry column" residence of the ancient Liao people who lived by trees and building blocks recorded in historical books. This is a typical Dai architecture. This bamboo building is about seven or eight feet high, with four uncovered columns with horses and cattle tied to them. There is a terrace on the upper floor near the ladder, which has become a long big room, and one corner is separated by a bamboo fence, which is used as the bedroom of the host and the storage place of important money; What's left is a big bay with a low roof and sloping sides. The eaves are on the floor, so there are no windows. If the eaves are slightly higher, there are small windows on both sides and doors at the back. In the center of the building is a fire pool. Whether in winter or summer, making tea and cooking day and night, it is on this fire, and the host and guest get together and talk or squat or sit around the stove. The roof is covered with thatch and the floors of beams, columns, doors and windows are all made of bamboo. This kind of house is extremely easy to build. Cut down the big bamboo, call the neighbors to help each other, and it will be built in a few days. But it is also easy to rot, and it needs to be repaired after the rainy season every year. Toastmasters' houses are mostly made of wood instead of bamboo, and the style is still like bamboo buildings, only a little higher, and instead of thatched roofs, they use tile roofs. In Xishuangbanna, Dai people can burn their own tiles, which are like fish scales, three inches square and only two or three minutes thin. There are hooks on one side of each tile, and bamboo strips are nailed horizontally on the rafters of the roof, with an interval of about two inches. Tiles are hung on bamboo strips like fish scales, and the roofs of Dai people can't climb up. If you need to replace the tiles, just put your hand under the rafters and break the tiles. Anyone who lives in this kind of house is a big family in the village, that is, Xuanwei yamen in the car. There are so many architectural styles, but the area is much larger than the common Dai folk wooden buildings. The whole building consists of 120 large wooden columns, which are more than ten meters long and seven or eight feet wide. The upstairs is divided into several rooms of different sizes, surrounded by walkways, but without windows, it is dark and there is no shelter downstairs. I only see 120 big wooden columns arranged neatly. This kind of houses where people live above and cattle and horses are raised below are common in southwest frontier areas, such as Hani, Jingpo, Yi, Miao, Yao and Li, and so are residential buildings, but the lower floors are mostly made of stone or mud. The bamboo building of the Dai nationality is empty on all sides of the lower floor. Every morning, when the cows and horses come out of the cowshed, they will remove the feces, so that people living in the upper floors will not be smoked by the dirty air.
stilted building of tujia nationality
Tujia people love to live in groups and live in wooden houses with hanging feet. Houses are built from village to village, and there are few single-family houses. Most of the houses built are wooden structures, small blue tiles, lattice windows, overhangs and wooden railings, walking in the corner, antique. Generally, the house is a small courtyard, with a fence in front of it, a bamboo forest behind it, green slate paving the way, planking the wall and lighting in Song and Ming Dynasties. The family lived a quiet pastoral life at sunrise and sunset. Tujia nationality, with a population of 5704223, mainly lives in Xiangxi, Hunan and Enshi, Hubei. In addition, Shizhu, Xiushan, Youyang, Qianjiang and other counties in Sichuan Province are also distributed. Tujia area is surrounded by mountains and rich in products. It has magnificent natural scenery and rich ethnic customs, attracting Chinese and foreign tourists. Among them, Zhangjiajie is the first national forest park in China and has become a new tourist attraction. Tujia people call themselves "Bizka", which means "an indigenous people". More than 2,000 years ago, they settled in present-day western Hunan and western Hubei, and were called "Wu Lingren" or "Wuxi people" together with other ethnic minorities. After the Song Dynasty, Tujia people were called "Tu Ding" and "Tu Min" respectively. After the founding of New China, it was officially named Tujia according to the wishes of Tujia people. Tujia nationality has its own language and belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Because most people have lived with the Han nationality for a long time, they began to use Chinese and Chinese very early. Only a few areas in Longshan, Yongshun and Guzhang counties in western Hunan still use Tujia language. Tujia nationality is mainly engaged in agricultural production, influenced by Han nationality in economic and cultural development, but it also retains its own characteristics. "Golden Tung Oil" in Xiangxi and "Bashang Paint" in western Hubei are famous brands at home and abroad. Tujia diaojiao building is mostly wooden structure. Earlier, the toast king banned the natives from sending tiles, and only allowed Chinese fir bark and thatch, which was called "only buying horses, not sending tiles". It was not until the thirteenth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty that Gaiwa was promoted. Generally, there are four fans, three rooms and one row, three pillars and six riding or five pillars and six riding, with ancestral temples in the middle, which is the core of family sacrifice. Buildings are divided into semi-trailer, semi-trailer, two-handed cart trailer, key trailer, bending ruler trailer, water trailer and crossing gorge and hole trailer. The rich carved beams and painted buildings, with towering eaves and winding stone steps, which is quite a castle in the air. Diaojiaolou is the place where Tujia people live and live. It's built on the mountain, and it's a sitting tiger, three into the courtyard. Pay attention to the direction, or sit west to east, or sit east to west There are three long rooms, five long rooms and seven long rooms in the main room. Most large and medium-sized households are five or seven rooms long, and small households are generally three rooms long. Their structures are 3 rows of 2 melons, 5 rows of 4 melons and 7 rows of 6 melons. The L room in the middle is called the "main room", which is used for ancestor worship, welcoming guests and arranging weddings and funerals. The left and right rooms on both sides of the hall are "people's living rooms", which are divided into two small rooms, with a fire room with two or three eyes in front. There is a fire shop in front of the stove, a fire pit 3 feet square, surrounded by 3 to 5 inches of bluestone. In the middle of the fire pit is "three feet" for cooking and frying. The height of 1 person above the fire pit is a wooden kang frame suspended from the upstairs, which is used to roast bacon and dried tofu. The small intercropping bedroom in the back has a moisture-proof floor. My parents live in Dalitou (left) and my daughter-in-law lives in Xiaolitou (right). The brothers are separated, the elder brother lives in Dalitou, the younger brother lives in Xiaolitou, and the parents live in the "rob room" behind the shrine in the main room. No matter the size of the house, there are sky buildings, which are divided into plate buildings and strip buildings. Above the bedroom is a banlou, a floor paved with wooden boards, cabinets for putting all kinds of objects and food, and bedrooms can also be arranged; Above the fire is a building, which is paved with bamboo strips with gaps. It is specially used to put corn cobs and melons, and the smoke from the fire can be discharged smoothly through the gaps. In front of the main building, there is a diaojiao building in the wing, and a pigsty and toilet are built behind the building. Building a diaojiao building pays attention to bright feet (that is, the pillars should be straight and long), and the roof pays attention to cornices and angles. Diaojiao building is often three stories, with firewood, grinding and stacking downstairs; In the middle building, grain and farm tools are piled up, and upstairs is the girl building, where Tujia girls embroider, cut paper, make shoes, read and write. There is a wooden fence corridor outside the middle building, upstairs and around the building, which is used to see and dry clothes. In the harvest season, corn cobs are often worn in long strings, or soybeans and peanuts pulled out of the ground are tied up and hung in the corridor to cool. In order to prevent thieves, the house is surrounded by stones and dirt. In front of the main house is the courtyard dam, and there is a splayed gate on the left side of the courtyard dam. Most houses are planted with bamboo, fruit trees and landscape trees. But it is unlucky not to plant mulberry before and peach after, because it is homophonic with "mourning" and "fleeing" The carving art of window grillage in Tujia Diaojiao Building is an important symbol to measure the level of architectural technology. There are many carving techniques such as relief and hollow carving, and the carving skills are exquisite and rich in connotation. Some symbolize status, some pray for good luck, some show farming, some reflect life, some educate future generations, and some record customs. Birds, animals, flowers, birds, insects and fish, singing and dancing competitions, myths and legends are vivid. Diaojiaolou has many advantages. Hanging on the ground is ventilated and dry, which can prevent poisonous snakes and wild animals, and sundries can be placed under the floor. Diaolou has distinctive national characteristics, and the elegant "silk eaves" and wide "rows of columns" make Diaojiaolou unique. Compared with "Gan Lan", this diaojiao building successfully got rid of the primitive and has a higher cultural level, so it is called the "living fossil" of Bachu culture. The Yinjiang River is now well-preserved, and there are representative Tujia diaojiao buildings in langxi and Heshui.
wannan houses
Xidi and yi county Hongcun are the most representative folk houses in southern Anhui, which were listed in the World Heritage List in 2000. Hongcun has more than 40 well-preserved ancient dwellings in Ming and Qing Dynasties/KLOC-0. Rows of stacked courtyards in the village are in harmony with the beautiful lakes and mountains, with appropriate movements, scenery everywhere and step by step. Hongcun has wonderful rural scenery and is known as "the village in Chinese painting". Xidi has 124 ancient Ming and Qing dwellings and 3 ancestral halls. The "three wonders" (houses, ancestral halls and memorial archways) and "three sculptures" (wood carving, stone carving and brick carving) representing the architectural style of Huizhou folk houses have been well preserved here. Blue tiles and white walls are the outstanding impression of Huizhou architecture. The patchwork horse head wall not only has the beauty of modeling, but also has the practical function of preventing fire and blocking the spread of fire. One of the characteristics of Huizhou folk houses is high walls and deep courtyards. On the one hand, it is to prevent thieves, on the other hand, it is the need for mobile families suffering from displacement to gain psychological security. Another feature of Huizhou folk houses is the inner courtyard centered on the deep patio, surrounded by high walls, with almost no tiles outside, and only the narrow patio is used for lighting, ventilation and communication with the outside world. This basic shape with patio as the center and high walls closed is the focus of attention. Rainwater falling on rainy days flows into the patio from four roofs, commonly known as "four waters return to the hall", which also vividly reflects the mentality of Huizhou merchants that "fat water does not flow to outsiders", similar to Shanxi folk houses. Southern Anhui is famous for preserving a large number of ancient buildings in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Xin 'an is the hometown of culture, and there are many bureaucrats and businessmen in history. There are hundreds of non-commissioned officers in Shexian County alone. Huizhou merchants are all over southern Anhui. "The leaders of rich houses are the first to promote Xin 'an in the south of the Yangtze River", and their great wealth has created this exquisite museum of ancient houses in southern Anhui. The ancient buildings in Huizhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were mainly concentrated in yi county, Shexian, Jixi and Xiuning. Yixian has more than ten ancient villages such as Xidi, Hongcun, Bishan and Pingshan. There are many ancient buildings in Miancheng. The county has preserved hundreds of valuable ancient buildings. There is 122 building in Xidi alone. There are 365 ancient buildings, more than 0/00 precious buildings and 27 ancient ancestral halls in Shexian County, which are concentrated in Xiongcun, Chengkan, Qiankou, Tang Yue and Shen Du villages. Jixi now has more than 100 ancient buildings, concentrated in Xiangtou, Kengkou, fengcun and Shangzhuang. Ancient villages are generally composed of memorial archways, houses, ancestral halls, water inlets, road pavilions and workshops. Some villages are very large, for example, there are 99 streets and lanes in Chengkan, and strangers often get lost when they go in. Many villages are well organized, and the water system in Hongcun is an example. Hongcun dammed the mountain at the head of the village, and the canals in the village entered every household from both sides of the street and merged into the Moon Pond in the middle of the village. Then it is diverted to households and flows into South Lake. Every household has large and small canals for washing clothes and drinking water. The layout of residential buildings is generally a courtyard centered on the courtyard, with a height of two floors. Large and medium-sized houses adopt multi-courtyard combination, and the buildings are all white walls and tiles. In the old days, the buildings of many large families were large in scale, decorated with three sculptures in Huizhou, with exquisite layout and patchwork. Pieces of ancient buildings in southern Anhui are embedded in the vast mountains and beautiful waters of Huangshan Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain and Xin 'anjiang River. It is a world-class park without makeup. Houses in southern Anhui are all buildings with more than two floors, surrounded by a small patio, and the hall is on the north side of the patio. There are no walls, doors and windows between the hall and the patio. It is an open space. In the north of the main hall, that is, behind it, there is a wooden Taishi wall with doors without doors on both sides. Furniture such as long tables and square tables are placed in front of the Taishi wall. On the east and west sides of the hall, there are several groups of armchairs and coffee tables, and people often put some utensils on them as decoration. The site selection, layout and architectural form of ancient residential villages in southern Anhui are all guided by the geomantic theory of Zhouyi, which embodies China's traditional philosophy of harmony between man and nature and his yearning for and respect for nature. Those elegant Ming and Qing residential buildings are closely combined with nature to create a scientific and interesting living environment, which is the essence of traditional residential buildings in China. The unique water system in this village is a model of water conservancy project combining practicality and aesthetics, which profoundly embodies the outstanding wisdom of human beings in using and transforming nature. Its "exquisite layout, ingenious structure, exquisite decoration, exquisite construction and profound cultural connotation" is really rare in ancient Chinese residential buildings.