(1) Physical and geographical features
(1) East Asian island country, consisting of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and some small islands, is shaped like a bow, and Tokyo is the intersection of arrows, which seems to be shooting at the Pacific Ocean.
(2) Countries with a small area, dense population and a population of over 100 million.
③ The coast is tortuous and the harbor is excellent-Kobe and Yokohama are the largest seaports, and Tokyo is the third largest seaport.
④ The territory is mountainous and the plain is narrow-the Kanto Plain is the largest.
Mount Fuji is a country of volcanoes and earthquakes, the highest volcano and an active volcano.
⑥ The monsoon is obvious and the ocean is strong: compared with the same latitude area in the Asian continent, it is warm in winter and cool in summer. Meiyu, typhoon and rain, autumn rain; The northwest coast is snowy in winter.
⑦ Being poor in minerals, it is the largest importer of raw materials in the world: oil (West Asia and Southeast Asia), coal (China and Australia), iron ore (Brazil, India and Australia) and cotton (China and the United States).
But there are many sulfur mines, which are the result of volcanic activity.
(8) Abundant forest water power: the land area is small, mainly mountainous (Japan pays attention to closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, with a forest coverage rate of 68%, which is much larger than its land area in the world), with more precipitation → short rivers and abundant water power resources.
(2) Developed economy
(1) A world economic power-"one of the most developed three poles in the world economy"
② Conditions for economic development
Disadvantages: narrow market and poor mineral resources.
Advantages: rich human resources, high level of science and technology, and numerous advantages of island ports.
③ foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and develop the economy. Foreign trade is developed, but the economy is highly dependent on foreign countries.
Japan's main foreign trade target is the United States, followed by Asia and Western Europe.
④ Industries are mainly distributed in five industrial zones along the Pacific Ocean and Seto Inland Sea: Keihin, Hanshin, Nagoya, Kitakyushu and Setouchi. (Because: the coastal terrain is flat, the terrain is flat, and there are many harbors, which are suitable for building large ports. At the seaside, it is very convenient to transport raw materials and products abroad, which reduces land transportation and saves time, money and cost. Most of Japan's mineral resources are transported to Japan from the Pacific Ocean route, so most industries are built along the Pacific coast. -Seaports close to consumer markets and foreign trade. )
Main industrial sectors: steel, automobile, shipbuilding, electronics, chemistry, textile.
(5) The industrial layout tends to be decentralized-expanding to the north and south ends of the country.
⑥ Agriculture and fishery
With a large population and less land, small agricultural machinery is adopted, with emphasis on developing biotechnology and water conservancy, and the output per unit area is high.
The main food crop is rice, which is basically self-sufficient. A variety of crops are in plain areas, but crops such as wheat and corn are imported every year.
There are many kinds of mulberry, fruit trees and vegetables in hilly areas. But vegetables and fruits still need to be imported in large quantities. Among apples, Red Fuji apple is an excellent variety cultivated in Japan. Japan is an island country, and the surrounding waters are rich in various seafood.
The fishery is developed, and the catch often ranks first in the world, with the world-famous Hokkaido fishing ground (where the cold current of Thousand Islands meets the warm current of Japan).
In addition to fishing in offshore fishing grounds, Japan also develops coastal artificial farming. The developed shipbuilding industry makes Japan have a powerful ocean-going fleet to fish in the ocean, and Japan ranks first in the world in annual fishing. Fish plays an important role in Japanese food.
(3) Major cities
Tokyo, the capital, is a big city with a population of over 10 million.
Science City-Tsukuba Space Center-Tanegashima Silicon Island-Kyushu Island
India
(1) the ancient civilization of the world.
South Asia has the largest area and the largest population, second only to China, and may surpass China in the middle of this century.
(2) Agriculture
Cultivated land accounts for more than half, making it the largest country in Asia.
The climate is diverse and the terrain is different, which is conducive to the cultivation of various crops.
[Evaluation] The large area of cultivated land, sufficient heat and fertile soil provide good basic conditions for agricultural development. However, due to the concentration of precipitation in rainy season, the precipitation in dry season is scarce, and the precipitation changes greatly during the year, and floods and droughts are frequent, so the development of water conservancy irrigation is particularly important for agricultural production.
Relationship between crop distribution and natural conditions (rice, wheat, cotton, jute, tea)
Rice: it is distributed in the northeast and coastal areas of the peninsula with more precipitation.
Wheat and sugarcane: Ganges Plain in northwest India.
Cotton: Deccan Plateau in Northwest China
Jute: Ganges Delta, ranking first in the world.
Tea: Hillsides on both sides of the Yarlung Zangbo River.
(3) The industry develops rapidly and forms a complete system.
Minerals: mainly coal, iron and manganese. , distributed in the northeast of Deccan Plateau-northeast India, steel and mechanical workers.
Industry: before independence: only mining and textiles.
After independence, a large-scale industrial system with developed light and heavy industries was formed. Nuclear energy and aerospace have begun to take shape, and the information industry is booming. Traditional industries (cotton, wool textile and heavy industry) centered on Kolkata in the northeast and Mumbai in the west, and emerging industrial zones (electronics, software, atomic energy and aerospace) centered on Bangalore in the south.
City: New Delhi: The capital, located in the northwest of India. In the southeast of Agra, there is the famous Taj Mahal, a railway transportation center.
Kolkata: Located at the mouth of Ganges River, the center of hemp textile industry, an important seaport and the most populous city-jute producing area.
Mumbai: Located in the northwest of Deccan Plateau, the largest seaport and cotton textile industry center on the west coast.
United States of America
(1) Territorial composition: In addition to 48 local states and 1 special zone, there are 2 overseas states (Alaska and Hawaii).
⑵ Characteristics of natural conditions
Native to temperate zone (southern subtropical zone), Alaska is in high latitude, belonging to frigid zone and sub-frigid zone, and Hawaii is in tropical zone (so tropical products need to be imported).
The mainland is surrounded by the sea on three sides, and there are many excellent seaports along the coast, which are not frozen in winter and are convenient for maritime shipping;
Plain area accounts for more than half of the country, and cultivated land accounts for 10% of the world.
The Mississippi River (the fourth longest river in the world) and the Great Lakes are conducive to irrigation, shipping and power generation.
The river with the richest hydropower resources in the United States: Columbia River (temperate maritime climate, west coast of mainland, abundant precipitation on windward slope)
Natural resources such as minerals, forests and grasslands are abundant, but they are still imported in large quantities because of high consumption and waste. It is the country that imports the most oil in the world.
(3) Inequality between multi-ethnic countries and races.
With a population of 270 million, whites account for more than 80%, colored people are mainly black, and Chinese live in San Francisco, Los Angeles and new york. The population is distributed in the coastal plain and the Great Lakes region, with dense population in the northeast and sparse population in the western plateau. In recent decades, the population has migrated from the northeast to the "sunshine zone" in the southeast and west.
(4) Modernization and specialization of agriculture (combined with high school textbooks)
[Note] Analyze the characteristics of American agricultural production:
① The level of agricultural modernization is high (mechanization, electrification and chemistry have been realized in the whole process of agricultural production), and it is the most productive agricultural country in the world.
② Pay equal attention to planting and animal husbandry. The main food crops are corn, wheat, rice and oats. The main cash crops are cotton (China, the United States and Central Asia are the three major cotton producers in the world), soybeans, sugar beets and tobacco. And animal husbandry is very developed. )
③ It is the largest exporter of agricultural products in the world. (The export volume of wheat, soybean and corn ranks first in the world, but tropical agricultural products are imported)
(4) Regional specialization of agricultural production (cotton belt, corn belt, wheat belt, dairy belt, animal husbandry and irrigated agricultural belt, etc.). )
* Regional specialization-refers to the social division of labor in agricultural production by region, that is, each region forms a relatively concentrated specific agricultural sector according to local natural conditions, socio-economic conditions, market demand and historical position, and invests a large number of commercial agricultural products in the inter-regional exchange of agricultural products.
* Benefits of regional specialized production: a. Give full play to the advantages of regional environment and resources. Make full use of advanced technology to improve production efficiency. Defect: It aggravates the imbalance of agricultural production.
5] Developed industries and major cities
With a high degree of modernization, it is the country with the largest export of industrial products and the largest output value. Domestic consumption is the largest, and it is the country that imports the most cars, steel, oil and textiles in the world, with imports exceeding exports. There are many overseas investments, and multinational companies are spread all over the continents. Due to the rise of western Europe and Japan, their status is declining.
Russia
The largest country in the world: it spans Europe and Asia, and a part of Europe is very small, but its political and economic center is here.
(2) The terrain is relatively flat.
Plains and plateaus are the main areas. The eastern European plain to the west of the Ural Mountains is followed by the western Siberian plain, the central Siberian plateau and the eastern Siberian mountains to the east (bounded by the Yenisei River: the western plain, the eastern plateau and the mountains).
(3) Winter is long and cold, and the climate varies greatly from place to place.
It is dominated by temperate continental climate, polar climate in the north, Mediterranean climate in the southwest and temperate monsoon climate in the east.
(4) Rivers and lakes
The Volga River is the longest and most important inland waterway in Europe. Ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River are rich in water energy and have a long freezing period, which is not conducive to shipping and there are ice floods. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world.
5. Abundant resources: natural gas reserves rank first in the world, important oil producers in the world (Urals and Tyumen oil fields), Kursk iron mine and Kuzbas coal mine.
[Note] The dispute between China and Japan about the direction of Russian oil pipeline.
[6] Industries dominated by heavy industry.
Industrial zones are concentrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg, Urals and Novosibirsk industrial zones, and industries have developed from Europe to Asia.
(7) Agriculture: The plains of Eastern Europe and the Don River Basin are the main agricultural areas, and the main agricultural products are wheat, sugar beet, potato, sunflower and flax, which are changing from grain importers to exporters and have the largest coniferous forest belt in the world.
(8) Transportation: mainly by railway (note: the difference between Europe and Asia)
First Eurasian Continental Bridge (Trans-Siberian Railway): Moscow-Irkutsk (south of Lake Baikal)-Vladivostok.
(9) Capital and city
Moscow: The capital, the largest city in China, the political and cultural center and the most important transportation hub.
St Petersburg: A seaport in the Baltic Sea and the second largest city in China.
Vladivostok: the main seaport along the Pacific coast.
Murmansk: an ice-free port along the Arctic Ocean (affected by the North Atlantic warm current) Oymyakon: the cold pole in the northern hemisphere.
Brazil
physical geography
The largest country in South America is also a country with rapid economic development. It is the epitome of the melting pot of nations in the world. Brazil was a Portuguese colony for 300 years in history. /kloc-In the 6th century, when the colonists landed in Brazil, they found a rare tree from which a rare red dye in Europe could be extracted. Therefore, this tree is called "Sequoia" and has evolved into a national name. Brazil covers an area of 8,547,403 square kilometers, accounting for 46% of the total area of South America. It is the fifth largest country in the world, next only to Russia, Canada, China and the United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates: south latitude15 45', west longitude 47 57'. The time zone is UTC/GMT -3 hours (West Zone 3), and the time difference with Beijing is later than China Beijing time 1 1 hour. It faces the Atlantic Ocean in the east and the Pacific Ocean in the west. Brazil's terrain is mainly divided into two parts, one is the Brazilian plateau above 500 meters above sea level, distributed in southern Brazil, and the other is the plain below 200 meters above sea level, mainly distributed in the Amazon River basin in the north and west. The whole territory is divided into Amazon Plain, Paraguay Basin, Brazil Plateau and Guyana Plateau, of which Amazon Plain accounts for about 1/3 of the national area. There are three river systems: Amazon River, parana river River and San Francisco River. The total length of the Amazon River is 67,565,438+0 km, which traverses the northwest of Brazil and covers an area of 3.9 million square kilometers in the Brazilian basin. Parana river, including the parana river and Paraguay rivers, flows through the southwest with many rapids and waterfalls, and is rich in water resources; The San Francisco water system, with a total length of 2,900 kilometers, flows through the arid northeast and is the main irrigation water source in this area. The coastline is more than 7,400 kilometers long, and the width of the territorial sea is 12 nautical miles, leading to the overseas exclusive economic zone 188 nautical miles. Among them, Amazon Plain is the largest plain in the world, Amazon River is the largest river in the world, and Brazil Plateau is the largest plateau in the world. Sao Paulo is the largest city in the southern hemisphere. Most areas have a tropical climate, while some areas in the south have a subtropical climate. The average annual temperature in the Amazon plain is 25 ~ 28 degrees, and the average annual temperature in the southern region is 16 ~ 19 degrees.
resources geography
The proven iron ore reserves are 33.3 billion tons, accounting for 9.8% of the world's total reserves, ranking fifth in the world; The output is 355 million tons, ranking second in the world; Exports are also among the highest in the world. Pakistan is rich in 29 kinds of minerals, with nickel accounting for 98% of the world's total reserves, and metals such as manganese, bauxite, lead and tin accounting for more than 10% of the world's total reserves. The proven reserves of niobium ore are 4.559 million tons, which can be used worldwide for 800 years according to the current consumption. In addition, there are abundant chrome, gold and asbestos mines. The proven reserves of coal mine are1010 million tons, but the grade is very low. Since 2007, Brazil has discovered large oil and gas fields in the southeast coast. It is estimated that the oil reserves will exceed 50 billion barrels, which is expected to rank among the top ten oil producers in the world. The forest coverage rate is 57%. The timber reserves are 65.8 billion cubic meters. Rich in water resources, accounting for 18% of the world's fresh water, the per capita fresh water possession is 29,000 cubic meters, and the water conservancy reserves reach 65,438+43 million kilowatts per year.
human geography
The Atlantic coast is densely populated and the inland areas are scarce. (referring to "the land is narrow and the people are dense") the Kabaras in southern Brazil.
Brazil's national population186957906 (June 2, 2008) ranks fifth in the world. The southeastern region is the most populous region in Brazil. According to the data of the Brazilian Bureau of Geography and Statistics in 2004, the population of this area is about 78 million, which is equivalent to 42% of the total population of Brazil. The region has three states with the largest population in Brazil (Sao Paulo, population 70 million, Minas Gerais,190,000, Rio de Janeiro,150,000) and two largest cities (Rio and Sao Paulo). At the junction of Sao Paulo and Rio, a business district with Sao Paulo and Rio as its pillars has been formed, which has gathered about 23% of Brazil's population and become the most densely populated area in the country.
Australia
The topography of Australia is very distinctive. There are rugged rock areas, vast deserts and lush Pingdingshan mountains in the west and middle, and continuous plateaus in the east. The highest mountain in China, Kosiasco Mountain and the Sea, is 2230 meters above sea level. Near the sea, it is a long and narrow beach with gentle slope, which gradually turns into a plain to the west. The coastal areas are full of wide beaches and lush vegetation, and there are various landforms here: the cliffs of the Blue Mountains in the west of Sydney, the tall, beautiful and eroded volcanic neck in the Glasgow Mountains in the north of Brisbane, and the flat Yuan Ye on the south coast of Adelaide. Murray river and Darling River are the two longest rivers in Australia. These two water systems constitute the Murray-Darling Basin, with an area of about 1 10,000 square kilometers, which is equivalent to 14% of the total area of the mainland. Melbourne, the longest river, is 3490 miles long. Lake Aier is a huge salt lake near the center of the mainland, covering an area of more than 9,000 square kilometers, but it has already dried up. Most of Australia's land, about 70% belongs to arid or semi-arid zone, and most of the central part is not suitable for living. Australia has 1 1 great desert, which accounts for about 20% of the whole continental area. Due to the low rainfall, more than one third of the continent is covered by desert. Australia is the flattest and driest continent in the world. The central depression and the western plateau are dry deserts. Lake Eyre in the middle is the lowest point in Australia, with an elevation of15m. Only 260,000 square kilometers of land can be used for animal husbandry and planting. Coastal areas, especially the southeast coastal areas, are suitable for living and farming. Here the mountains are rolling, the water is abundant and the land is fertile. Except the south coast, the whole coastal area forms a "green belt" around the mainland, and it is this green belt that feeds this country.