Pingyao push lacquer ornaments can be divided into practical items (such as lacquer cabinets, lacquer boxes, long tables and coffee tables) and furnishings (such as screens and lacquer paintings), which have high practical and scientific value and are welcomed by the masses. The existing varieties are mostly high-grade screens, hanging screens, TV cabinets, large and small wardrobes, corner cabinets, wine cabinets, display cabinets, jewelry boxes and so on. Primers are mostly black ink, rose red, apricot yellow and cyan purple, and are painted with patterns with national styles, such as story characters in classical novels and dramas, ancient myths and legendary story characters. , or gold painting, or knife carving or drum inlay, smooth lines, harmonious colors, magnificent. Paint pushing technology is also widely used in the decoration of palaces, temples, halls and study rooms, and has achieved good artistic results.
Pingyao push lacquer ware is a kind of wooden furniture and exquisite utensils decorated with refined lacquer. After painting, it is finely ground, painted several times after grinding, then polished with the palm of your hand, and then painted flowers and birds, pavilions or character stories through various crafts. This process is both detailed and complicated. The appearance is simple and elegant, the structure is fine, the paint surface is bright and clean, the painting is magnificent, the feel is delicate and smooth, and it is resistant to heat and moisture and durable. It's a masterpiece of lacquerware.
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In Jinzhong, there is a well-known saying: "Three treasures of Pingyao ancient city, painted beef long yam". Among the three treasures in the ancient city, lacquerware ranks first.
Pingyao ancient city is located in the Loess Plateau. There were many trees in the Neolithic Age before 2000 BC. There is a kind of tree called lacquer tree, which is widely distributed. First, the food containers were coated with sumac pulp to make them bright, beautiful and durable. In addition, lacquerware is also used as a text mark because of its automatic blackening. 3700 years ago, Yu made a ritual vessel, daubed it with lacquer liquid, dyed it with ink, and dyed the inside first, which proved that vermicelli ornaments had been prepared with mineral pigments at that time.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Pingyao lacquerware was shaped. In the Han Dynasty, lacquerware reached a peak. With the growth of Shanxi merchants, Pingyao lacquerware is exported to Mongolia, Russia and Southeast Asia.
By the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Pingyao's lacquer painting technology had reached a high level. Lacquerware made by this technique was very famous in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the rise of Shanxi merchants, Tuiguang lacquerware developed greatly and began to be exported to Britain, Russia and other countries.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Pingyao Tuiguang Lacquerware Factory was established. With the help of Joe and other old artists, the production of Tuiguang Lacquerware entered a golden age. Since then, Pingyao Tuiguang lacquerware has become one of the famous lacquerware varieties in China, and its products are sold to more than 30 countries, some of which are treasured by the Great Hall of the People and China Art Museum.
technical characteristics
Pingyao lacquer pusher is famous for its complicated manufacturing process. It takes five or six times to scrape the ash alone, and each time you have to wait until the scraped ash is completely dry before scraping it again. The charm of Pingyao push-light lacquerware is not only exquisite, but also exquisite materials. Pingyao Tuiguang lacquerware is a kind of natural lacquer material-lacquer, which is widely distributed in the loess plateau and flows out after scraping the bark.
Pingyao Tuiguang lacquer art has a set of superb skills, and its manufacturing process mainly includes the following steps:
(1) Refined paint with special formula, process and facilities;
(2) refining the topcoat with raw lacquer and natural tung oil;
(3) Wooden tires are hung with hemp, raw lacquer ash is covered with cloth, pig blood ash is covered with hemp, and loess glue is covered with paper;
(4) Making painting plugs (painting tools) with human hair and oxtail;
(5) Put the lacquerware in a special shade room to dry in the shade;
(6) Gold painting, including Ping Jin black painting, drum painting, gold painting, gold painting, eggshell inlay and other traditional techniques;
(7) Use sandpaper, charcoal, hair, brick ash, sesame oil, etc. Push light one by one to make lacquerware as bright as a mirror;
(8) Decorate with inlays, carvings, gilding, and gray carvings.
The production of Pingyao push lacquer ware is divided into five processes: wooden tire, gray tire, painter, painter and inlay. After the wooden tire workshop used pine to make wooden tires for various furniture, the gray tire workshop wrapped the wooden tires with white hemp and coated them with a layer of brick mortar made of pig blood. This is called "hanging hemp and hanging ash". Primers are mostly black ink, rose red, apricot yellow and cyan purple, and are painted with patterns with national styles, such as story characters in classical novels and dramas, ancient myths and legendary story characters. , or gold painting, or knife carving or drum inlay, smooth lines, harmonious colors, magnificent.
The working procedure of the painter's workshop is very detailed and complicated. "Painting" is the most critical process of every piece of lacquer art. Every time a paint is painted on the gray tire, it should be wiped with water sandpaper, and then pushed repeatedly by hand until it feels smooth, and then painted. Generally, each product should be brushed five to eight times. When each piece of paint is dry, it needs to be polished-then painted-and finally polished. Good light is the key to the quality of every product. The process of topcoat, from primer to topcoat, each big paint has different process requirements. The last finishing process of Pingyao polishing paint is polishing with the palm of your hand. Usually, the paint surface is polished with fine sandpaper first, then the carbon block made of high-quality basswood is polished with water to increase the blackness of the paint surface, then the hair is polished with oil, and finally the palm is dipped in special fine brick ash (repeatedly filtered with water) and sesame oil for polishing. The paint should be as bright as a mirror. The more grinding times, the brighter the light and the brighter it will be in the future, which is suitable for long-term storage. (Grinding, flattening and eliminating technology)
Painters and mosaic workshops have higher technical requirements. Painters must study painting for more than four years and master the basic skills of painting before they are allowed to tick red dots on the paint and operate independently. Carver's blade should be as thick as a pen tip, moderate in depth and free to rise and fall. On the stage where the original pieces are inlaid, the clouds are purple, and the workers process mussels, mother-of-pearl, ivory and colored stones into various original pieces, which are skillfully inlaid and glued by the mosaic workers according to the requirements of the pattern. Before the Qing dynasty, push-light lacquerware was painted with gold on a plain background. In the early Qing Dynasty, gold lacquer was mainly used. In the middle period, a new process of thickening paint layer and improving luster was created. Since then, Pingyao push lacquer ware has formed a unique technological style combining polishing and pushing lacquer surface with painting with gold.
Inheriting meaning
Pingyao push-light lacquerware has been circulated for thousands of years. At present, Pingyao Tuiguang lacquerware artists are China arts and crafts master Xue and his descendants Geng and Jia Xinglin. Due to the impact of modern chemical paint and cashew nut paint, the lacquer art with natural paint as raw material is shrinking day by day, which leads to the change and loss of artists, and the quality of lacquer products is declining and in an endangered state. At present, Xue Studio and Lacquer Art Garden have settled in Pingyao County. The materials and files of this skill will be sorted out, Pingyao lacquer art museum will be established, and lacquer art training courses will be held to ensure the inheritance and development of this precious skill.
The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, this skill was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.