Anecdotes of Masters

Walking with Mr. Liang Sicheng in Beijing with a copy of Architectural History of China. From Liao and Jin Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties, many ancient buildings in Beijing have been taken as research objects, which occupy an important position in the architectural history of China. We will take a historical and architectural journey along the veins and clues of these buildings. This is the footprint of Mr. Liang in Beijing, full of his deep affection for the city. When he turned it over carefully, the words jumped out of the paper, and then Beijing slowly appeared in front of us. Architectural History of China Liang Sicheng's Architectural History of China is a concise architectural history of China written in English by the late famous architect Professor Liang Sicheng in his early years. It aims to explain the structural system and evolution of ancient buildings in China to western readers with a large number of photos and plates. Tianning Temple is located in Tianning Temple on the north side of the west bank of the moat outside Guang 'anmen in Xicheng District, Beijing. It is one of the oldest temples in Beijing. Originated from the Guang Lin Temple built during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. It was renamed Hongye Temple in Sui Dynasty and Tianlu Temple in Tang Dynasty. In Liao dynasty, there was an octagonal 13-story relic brick tower in the temple. The rulers formally established their capital in Yanjing, and Tiannu Jia changed its name to Daianji, becoming the only big temple in the rulers' imperial city. At the end of the yuan dynasty, the whole temple was destroyed by fire, leaving only an isolated tower, and no one relied on it. After many renovations in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Tianning Temple became a good place to worship Buddha and enjoy flowers, and it was a scenic spot in the capital during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The brick tower of Liao Dynasty in Liao Dynasty Brick Tower Temple is the highest solid brick tower in Beijing with dense eaves. The tower is 57.8 meters high and is octagonal. There are many vivid images carved on the tower, such as the lion's head carved on Sumi Mountain, the statue of King Kong on the corner, the statue of Bodhisattva and the statue of Tianbu on the tower, etc ... The tower sculpture is the Jue Yuan Dojo arranged according to the Jue Yuan Classic, and the decoration is as follows. According to Mr. Liang Sicheng's textual research, this tower was built by architects Kou Shiying and Kou Shixing in the ninth year of Dakang in Liao Dynasty. Mr. Liang Sicheng praised the "musical melody" of Tianning Temple Tower. Throughout the Tianning Temple Tower, the combination of Sumitomo, tower body, eaves and pearls at the top of the tower has formed a very beautiful and dynamic artistic image. As the oldest existing ground building in Beijing, Tianning Temple Tower is an important display for us to understand the architecture and sculpture art of Liao Dynasty. The architectural map of Tianning Temple Tower in the architectural history of China is a great leap forward in the development of Beijing in Jin, Yuan and Jin Dynasties. Therefore, there are many remains of ancient buildings in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties on the ground in Beijing. Jin Zhongdu is modeled after the capital city layout of Tokyo. Since then, this layout not only influenced the Yuan Dynasty, but even continued to restore the Jin Dynasty in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. On the basis of the Jin Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty established a new city on the vast plain. The layout planning of the city is very particular: strictly abide by Zhou Li's concept of "back to the city, left ancestors and right societies", with the north-south central axis, the palace in the middle and the tall drum tower built at the geometric midpoint of the city. Miaoying Temple, commonly known as Baita Temple, is located atNo. 17 1, Fuchengmennei Street, Xicheng District, China, and is the gelug sect monasteries of Tibetan Buddhism. Built in the Yuan Dynasty, the temple was originally named "Da Sheng Shou Wan 'an Temple". It is said that when the temple was built, there was an episode in the area of the temple. It was recorded in the history books that "the imperial system shot an arrow in four directions, thinking that it had reached the boundary". Its actual temple area is 6.5438+0.6 million square meters! Following in Mr. Liang's footsteps, we will visit the White Pagoda of Miaoying Temple, a classic building of the Yuan Dynasty. Tibetan Lamaism was the state religion in the Yuan Dynasty, so Tibetan architecture and art spread to the north in the Yuan Dynasty, so many Tibetan pagodas appeared, among which the White Pagoda of Miaoying Temple was the most magnificent relic of this period. The White Pagoda of Miaoying Temple in the architectural history of China is 5 1 m high, with masonry structure and white pagoda body. The tower foundation is a T-shaped platform made of big city bricks, which is two meters above the ground and covers an area of 1 1,422 square meters. In the center of the tower foundation, a square tower foundation with multiple corners is built, covering an area of 8 10 square meters and the pile height is 9 meters. There are three floors, the lower floor is a retaining wall, and the second and third floors are sumeru seats. Each floor has two symmetrical corners, so many corner stones and facades are stacked. In the waist-girding part of Mount Sumi, each facade is set off by two corner columns and upper and lower owls. The whole tower is beautiful and full of cascading changes. The tower on the seat is a huge chalk bowl, shaped like a gourd; The upper part is a conical neck with 13 knot, which means that there are 36 small copper bells hanging around the patterned copper plate on the thirteen zenith. The wind blows the bell, and the sound is crisp and pleasant. There are eight copper towers on the copper plate, which are five meters high and weigh four tons. It is divided into brake seat, phase wheel, treasure cover and brake top. Baita Temple, Baita, is the earliest and largest pagoda of Tibetan Buddhism in existence. It combines the architectural style of the Sino-Nepalese stupa, which not only has rich Buddhist significance, but also adds magnificent momentum to the architecture of the Yuan Dynasty with its majestic and exquisite pagoda. After moving the capital to Beijing, new palaces and temples were built on the basis of the Yuan capital, and the city rules were more grand. Excellent craftsmen from the north and south gathered here to learn from others and create a new atmosphere and majestic style of the capital of the Ming Empire. The Forbidden City in Beijing was generally built in the early Ming Dynasty. Because of the fire and expansion, most of the halls in the Forbidden City were rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty. However, if you look closely, there are some complete individual halls of groups, such as ancestral halls and national altars, which are relics of the Ming Dynasty. The General Plan of the Three Halls of the Qing Palace in Panorama of the Forbidden City China Architectural History When visiting the Forbidden City, it is suggested to take a detour to see the Wen Yuan Pavilion, which is the largest royal library in the Forbidden City, except for the classic three halls on the central axis and six palaces on the east and west. It is also an important site for Liang Sicheng's architectural tour in Beijing. Plane and Frame of Wen Yuan Pavilion In the architectural history of China, Mr. Liang Sicheng made great efforts to inspect the Wen Yuan Pavilion behind the Wenhua Hall in Donghuamen of the Forbidden City. Wenyuan Pavilion was built in imitation of Tianyi Pavilion in Ningbo in 4 1 year. It is divided into upper and lower floors and six rooms wide, which are combined into one, and follows the implication of Tianyi Pavilion that "water is above the sky, and 60% of the land is occupied". The roof of Xieshan is covered with black glazed tiles, and the eaves are inlaid with green glazed tiles. The roof is decorated with green, purple and white glass, and the waves of Youlong are embossed. All the paintings are mainly in cool colors, creating an elegant, quiet and solemn atmosphere in the Royal Library. As for the pool in front of the building, it is a necessary material condition for fire prevention. It reflects the superb skills and level of court architecture in the Qing Dynasty in engineering design and architectural art. Emperor Qianlong of Wen Yuan Pavilion searched all over the world for ancient and modern books, and after compiling the Sikuquanshu, he ordered seven copies to be copied in that year, which were stored in Wen Yuan Pavilion in the Forbidden City, Wenshui Pavilion in Shenyang, Liaoning, Wen Yuan Pavilion in Yuanmingyuan, Jinwen Pavilion in Chengde, Hebei, Wen Hui Pavilion in Yangzhou, Wenzong Pavilion in Zhenjiang and Wen Lan Pavilion in Hangzhou. This is the so-called "four north and three south". Top view of the Palace Museum and temples in Ming Dynasty. The ancestral halls and social altars located on both sides of the Forbidden City are ancient buildings separated from the Forbidden City by a wall. Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, followed the "Zuo Zu You She" system in the Book of Rites when building the Forbidden City. At the same time, the ancestral temple and the social altar built at the same time are opened to tourists today as the Workers' Cultural Palace and Zhongshan Park respectively. The social altar in Zhongshan Park The social altar in Zhongshan Park is the place where the emperor offered sacrifices to the gods of land and grain. The square platform made of white marble in the middle is covered with five-color soil, which comes from all over the country as a tribute, meaning "all over the world, not the land of emperors" Working People's Cultural Palace (Ancestral Temple) Working People's Cultural Palace (Ancestral Temple), the ancestral temple is the place where the emperor worships the ancestral tablet and sacrifices to his ancestors at the annual festival ceremony. It is worth mentioning that the main building, the Xiang Dian, is the largest existing gold nanmu palace in China, which is more than two meters higher than the Taihe Hall of the Forbidden City rebuilt during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. It can be said that the ancestral temple is one of the most intact Ming Dynasty buildings in China. Imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties in the Ming Tombs is another important architectural category inspected by Mr. Liang Sicheng. Ming Changling is one of them. Located at the foot of Tianshou Mountain, the Ming Changling Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Emperor Yongle and Empress Xu of the Ming Dynasty. The 8-kilometer-long Shinto in front of the mausoleum is combined with temple buildings and mausoleum buildings to form a building complex, which is integrated with the natural environment of Tianshou Mountain, with great boldness of vision and high artistry, which is rare for similar buildings in China. The general plan of the Ming Tombs in the architectural history of China Changling is the largest and most important one among the Ming Tombs. As the mausoleum of Emperor Yongle and his empress Xu, Changling is facing Tianshou Mountain, and its geomantic omen and architectural layout reflect the royal style. The main hall Yunen Temple is very domineering, and it is the largest existing wooden temple in China. The Yuanbao City behind the Ming building and the square courtyard formed by the front hall and the front building symbolize the "round place". The royal gardens in Qing Dynasty written by Mr. Liang are more plump. The most representative ones are the royal gardens in Beihai and the western suburbs. Panorama of Beihai Park Garden Beihai Park Summer Palace Kunming Lake Summer Palace Foxiang Pavilion Ancient Building Today, we reread the architectural history of China, accompanied by Mr. Liang Sicheng's words. When we appreciate the royal temples, palaces, tombs and gardens all over Beijing from the perspective of architectural aesthetics, we can pay more attention to architectural details. Slowly appreciate the beauty of traditional architecture in China. In this most beautiful season in Beijing, please ask Mr. Liang Sicheng to accompany us and take a walk again in this familiar and unfamiliar place. The Launching Ceremony of A Centennial Master-Liang Sicheng The Launching Ceremony of A Centennial Master-Liang Sicheng Statues of Liang Sicheng and Lin at the entrance of the former site of the China Construction Society in Lizhuang, photo source/Weibo producer, Midtown Development Research Institute/Elegant Zhengqi, Dabai Editor/Xinyi About us by China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, China Radio and Television General Station, China Academy of Art, Central News Recording Film Studio (Group The first season of "Centennial Masters" is divided into art, calligraphy, Peking Opera, drama, music and literature, with a total of *** 1 10 episodes. The second season of "Centennial Master" was kicked off by the article on architecture. "Centennial Master" has been shown on CCTV (1, 3, 4, 9, 10, Discovery Channel and International Channel), China Education TV, Beijing TV (Time and Expo), Chongqing TV, Zhejiang TV, Heilongjiang TV, Shandong TV, Henan TV, Gansu TV, Xinjiang TV, Qinghai TV and Gansu TV. The Centennial Master won eight documentary awards. For two consecutive years, Century Master was established as the "Documentary China" communication project organized and implemented by the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council Information Office, and was listed as the key documentary project of the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television in 20 18, which was the main theme propaganda and key topic selection project of the Central Radio and Television Station, and was funded by the National Art Foundation, the Chinese Literature and Art Foundation, the China Art Foundation, the Beijing Culture and Art Fund and the Beijing Culture Innovation and Development Fund. The series of "Centennial Masters" has been listed as the teaching material of elegant art in campus by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and the Ministry of Finance for three consecutive years. * * * The "China * * Member Network" of the Central Organization Department takes the art documentaries and books of "Centennial Masters" as video teaching materials and knowledge lectures. In 20 17, the video product of "One Hundred Years Master" was selected as an excellent publication recommended by the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television and the Office of the National Working Committee on Ageing to the elderly in China. In 20 18, the "Centennial Masters" series (volume 10) was awarded as an excellent national cultural heritage book in 20 17.