Tongguanshan copper mine consists of eight deposits: Songshushan, Laomiaoji, Xiaotongguan, Laoshan, Baoshan, Baixiangshan, Luojiacun and Bishan. Among them, Songshushan, Laomiaoji Mountain, Xiaotongguan Mountain and Bishan deposit are large in scale, and the proven copper reserves account for 80% of the total reserves in the region. Since 1950, the Tongguanshan copper mine has successively mined Songshushan, Xiaotongguanshan, Laoshan, Baoshan and Bishan mines, but the Laomiaojishan mine has been exposed and the Baixiangshan and Luocun mines have not been mined.
Tongguanshan copper mine is an old mine with a long reputation. After years of mining and smelting, especially since the founding of New China, the mining scale is quite grand. At present, the annual processing of ore is 6.5438+0.35 million tons, and the annual output of crude copper is 60,000 tons, which is equivalent to the national crude copper output of 654.38+0/8, and the annual output of electrolytic copper is 30,000 tons and sulfuric acid is 200,000 tons. It is a famous "copper capital" and one of the six copper-producing bases in China.
Tongguanshan copper mine is located in the northwest wing of Tongguanshan inverted short axis anticline. The core of anticline consists of Fentou Formation of Middle Silurian and Maoshan Formation of Upper Silurian, and its wings are Devonian Wu Tong Formation, Carboniferous Gaolishan Formation, Huanglong Formation and Chuanshan Formation, Permian Qixia Formation, Gufeng Formation, Longtan Formation and Dalong Formation, Triassic Yinkeng Formation, Longshan Formation and Nanlinghu Formation in turn. There is a Yanshanian complex rock mass in the northwest wing of the anticline, with an exposed area of about 1.5 square kilometers and an oval shape. The main rock mass is diorite. The formation of the deposit is related to the ore-controlling and shielding effect of anticline structure and favorable strata, especially to the intrusion of carbonate rocks and quartz diorite slurry in Huanglong Formation, Chuanshan Formation and Qixia Formation. This is a typical contact metasomatic skarn copper (iron) deposit.
Tongguanshan copper (iron) mine has a long history of discovery, development and utilization. According to historical records, during the Southern Dynasties (420-58 1), it was called "Tongguan Mountain" and had a copper smelter. During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty (AD 7 13-74 1), Tongguan Mountain was called "Liguo Mountain" and copper officials were set up to supervise the mining of copper mines. The poet Li Bai once described the grand occasion of copper smelting at that time and said, "The fire shines on the heavens and the earth, and the red star is in chaos." Li Guojian was established in Song Dynasty, Megan Du in Yuan Dynasty and Tong Guan Du in Qing Dynasty. It can be seen that the name of "Tongguan Mountain" is closely related to the production, mining and smelting of copper at that time, and it is also very consistent with the inscription "Han has good copper and goes out of Danyang" in the Han mirror.
Tongguanshan copper mine has a long history of development and utilization, and ancient mining pits, waste ore piles and ancient smelting slag are all over the mining area, which has attracted great attention from the geological and mining circles at home and abroad, and attracted the attention of people of insight, who have successively entered the area for investigation and survey. Among them, Richthofen, a German, lived in Tongzhi for eight years (1869); In the 31st year of Guangxu reign (1905), the British miner McQueen was sent by the British john kay. 19 15 Mining Technology Chief (Engineer), Zhang and Dersal Ge, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, Beiyang Government; 1965438+February 2007, Dinglan (Sweden), Mining Consultant, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce; 1923 Ye and Li Jie, Ministry of Commerce, National Government; 1930 institute of geology, Ministry of industry, Meng Xianmin; 193 1 year, Geological Survey Institute of Ministry of Industry, Sun Jianchu; 1932, Meng Xianmin and Zhang Geng, former Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 1933, Geological Survey Institute of Ministry of Industry, Xie, et al. The geological and mineral conditions in this area were investigated and studied to varying degrees. Among them, the authors with detailed work, materials or writings are: understanding of iron ore in this area, Swedish Ding Gelan's suggestion on attaching importance to understanding of copper ore in this area, Ye and Li Jie's research on the genetic types of quartz diorite and its contact metamorphic iron ore in this area, research on Permian in this area,1:25,000 geological map made by Sun Jian politicians, and1:2 made by Zhang Geng due to the corruption of Beiyang government and Kuomintang government at that time.
During the period of 1938, the Japanese invaders invaded China and Tongling fell. A mining base in Haoduan fell into the hands of Japanese bandits, plundering and exploiting iron ore resources at will, and the mined ore was continuously transported back to Japan. After being smelted by Bagan Iron and Steel Institute, it was found that the copper content was high and did not meet the requirements. At the same time, some people were sent to the mining areas, including Kamiyama Changyi, Nanmu Shilong, Tian Yanwu Ichiro, Kamiyama Yongshou, Sato Hiroshi, Guanyuan Province and Xiajing Ichiro, to carry out geological, geophysical and drilling work. Copper-bearing iron ore and copper-bearing pyrite were found in the depth of No.4 borehole in Laomiaojishan, and copper-rich ore bodies were found in No.0 borehole 10. According to the internal information of the Japanese invaders at that time, the Japanese exclaimed with surprise that "Tongguan Mountain was resurrected". Then turn to predatory exploitation of copper resources. By 1945, when the Japanese invaders were defeated and surrendered, Japan Huazhong Mining Company had drilled 26 boreholes in Laomiaoji Mountain, with a workload of several kilometers, dug a 65-meter drift and transported tens of millions of tons of ore. After the Japanese invaders surrendered, there were more than 1.400 tons of copper-rich ore (copper grade above 1.7%), 465 tons of ordinary copper ore and 370 tons of refined copper ore in this mine.
During the period of 1946, Peter Puvis and Frank Foward (Investigation Department of Huazhong Mining Co., Ltd.) came to this area to investigate copper mines and compiled the Investigation Report of Tongguanshan Copper Mine in Anhui Province, China.
1949, new China was founded, and Tongguanshan copper mine returned to the people's hands. Under the leadership of the people's governments of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China, the geological exploration in this area has entered a new historical stage. In September-June, 65438+ June, 65438+1October of the same year, the Mineral Exploration Department of the Ministry of Industry of East China Military Commission sent Zhang, Liu Zongqi and Zhao to Tongguan Mountain and other places to investigate copper deposits, and made a geological map of1:1000 deposit.
On June 25th, 1950, Zhang led six workers to Tongguanshan and set up Tongguanshan copper exploration team. In the same year, Yin served as the team leader, equipped with three drilling rigs, and drilled in Laomiaojishan according to the previous data and the clues of copper mine seen by the Japanese army under Laomiaojishan Iron Mine. In August, a copper-rich ore body was discovered during drilling, which opened the prelude to copper exploration in Tongguanshan area. By drilling in1952 * *16, the copper reserves of Laomiaojishan are calculated to be 60,000 tons.
On May 9th, 1952, the Geological Department set up Team 32 1, with Guo and Teng as the team leaders successively, and started further exploration of copper resources in this area. The main geological technicians at that time were Guo, Shen Yonghe, Duan, Li Xizhi, Chang, Zhu Anqing, Chen Qingxuan, Yang Qingru, Dong Nanting, Feng Zhongyan, Zhu, Zhang Shanzhen, Fang Yunbo and Ma Zhiheng. From July to September of the same year, trench exploration was carried out in Bijiashan ore section of Tongguanshan mining area, and a geological map of 1∶2500 was drawn. In June+10, 5438, trench exploration was carried out in Tongguanshan and Baoshan areas, and the geological map of 1∶2500 was drawn. At the same time, electrical and magnetic exploration and drilling engineering were carried out. The 1∶2500 deposit, 1.437 km2,1∶ 0/10,000 mining area, 1.808 km2 and1∶/10,000 regional geological mapping have been completed successively. We have also completed the short survey of 8. 19 square kilometers, the detailed survey of 13.76 square kilometers, the exploratory trench of 15 187.24 cubic meters, the shallow well of 88.6 meters, and the16 meters. The proven copper reserves are 260,000 tons, the associated sulfur reserves are 6.5438+0.943 million tons, and the original iron ore reserves are 2.02 million tons; Baixiangshan, Baoshan, Laoshan and Bijiashan deposits are controlled by sparse drilling. In order to meet the urgent needs of mine construction, Guo Yu and Guo Yu completed the Geological Report of Tongguanshan Copper Mine in Tongling, Anhui Province at the end of 1953. 1954 finish the finishing work in the first half of the year. In July of the same year, under the guidance of Guo, Zhu and others wrote a supplementary report.
1954 10 the state mineral reserves Committee decided to merge the two reports into a complete report and deal with some remaining problems, so the geological exploration report of Tongguanshan copper mine in Tongling, Anhui Province was compiled by Chang Yu 1955 in May. This report and the above interim report are the first detailed exploration results that can be used as the basis for mining design in Anhui Province. Mining practice has proved that the shape, occurrence and quality of the ore body delineated in the report are basically consistent with the actual mining situation, which has been well received by the mining department and provided reliable geological data for the development of copper mines in China. At this point, the exploration of Tongguanshan copper mine came to an end, and the 32 1 team turned to Jiangbei area and Tongling Shizishan and Fenghuangshan mining areas to continue the comprehensive investigation of copper-based minerals.
The main experiences of Tongguanshan copper mine exploration are as follows: ① The records of ancient place names, ancient mines, ancient smelting traces and ancient historical materials have played an important role in reminding future generations to look for copper in this area; (2) A large number of iron caps on the surface indicate that there may be large industrial ore bodies in the deep, which need further exploration; ③ The ore bodies summarized in the previous exploration stage are "one layer and one circle" on the plane and "branched" along the contact zone and favorable horizons on the profile, especially recognizing that the favorable horizons and ore bodies with Wu Tong Yingshi sandstone as the floor can leave the contact zone and enter the surrounding rock, which plays a decisive role in guiding the correct exploration of the deposit and making an evaluation as soon as possible; Geophysical exploration, as a new prospecting method, has done a lot of method tests and effect applications in this area, and it is one of the bases for conducting geophysical method tests earlier in China, which has played an important role in guiding the search for concealed ore bodies in this area. ⑤ The concept of "stratabound" mineralization was introduced late, which became the genesis of typical stratabound skarn deposits with China characteristics, and also had guiding significance for expanding the prospecting ideas in this area.
Since 1957, with the vigorous development of national economic construction, the demand for copper mines is increasing day by day. In April of the same year, Metallurgical Bayi No.2 Team began to conduct general survey and prospecting in Tongguanshan copper mine area. To 1958 * * the drilling workload is 0.9 1 10,000 meters, the exploratory trench is 20,000 cubic meters, the exploratory well is 2064 meters, the geological mapping 1: 1 10,000 square kilometers, and the geological mapping 1: 1 10,000 square kilometers. With the approval of Anhui Metallurgical Industry Department, it has obtained 50,000 tons of copper metal reserves and 4.33 million tons of iron ore reserves, making the accumulated copper reserves in this area reach 3 1 10,000 tons. It has played an important role in ensuring the expansion of mining and prolonging the mining life of mines.
1May, 959, Comrade Yang Huarong and Comrade Jiang discovered that there are Longtan Formation and Gufeng Formation on the surface of Luojiacun, west of Bishan, and their tectonic direction is also 55 NE, suggesting that there are copper bodies in contact with rock masses. On this basis, 1960 was put into geophysical exploration, and the magnetic anomaly was delineated by 0.03 square kilometers. Through drilling verification, although no industrial ore body was found in the contact zone with the rock mass, copper industrial ore bodies were found in the skarn and skarnized limestone of the Upper Permian Dalong Formation in three boreholes.
Laoshan Copper Mine, 1957 years ago, 4 boreholes were drilled by Team 32 1 of the Geological Department; During the period of 1958, Metallurgical Team 812 explored Laoshan deposit according to the third exploration type and calculated the copper reserves. According to the geological report of Tongguanshan copper mine in Tongling City, Anhui Province submitted by the Provincial Reserves Committee, Laoshan deposit belongs to the fourth category, which greatly reduces the original reserve level and the degree of exploration is far from meeting the requirements of mining design. Tongling Nonferrous Metals Co., Ltd. instructed its geological exploration team (formerly the 812 team) to make up the deposit. On April 5th, 1963- 1963, 10, 10, there were 5 supplementary boreholes, 7 shallow wells and 2 exploratory slots, and the data of mine roadway were compiled by Chen Wenyong and Tang Xinmin.
In Luojiacun District, when the Metallurgical Bayi No.12 Team verified the magnetic anomaly in 1960, three boreholes found copper bodies in skarn and skarnized limestone of Dalong Formation. In order to find out the extension and extension of the ore body, drilling was carried out again in April of 1965- 1967 for deep prospecting, and copper-bearing skarn was found under the fracture zone between Qinglong limestone and Longtan sandstone shale. At that time, it was the "Cultural Revolution", and Comrade Jiang, Zhou and others compiled and submitted the Geological Evaluation Report of Luojiacun District in Tongguanshan Mining Area. The drilling workload is 3,400 meters, 3 exploratory trenches have been completed, 3 shallow wells1well, and copper reserves are 0.5 1 10,000 tons. The discovery of this new horizon deposit is of great significance for finding similar deposits in Tongling area.
1980- 1984, the geological team of Tongling Nonferrous Metals Company conducted deep prospecting in the east of Bishan deposit, with a drilling workload of 470 1 m. 1984, Jiang Xinmin and Yang Qi compiled the Detailed Investigation Report of Deep Orebodies in the East of Bishan, and obtained 4,800 tons of copper reserves. June 65438+July 0985, reviewed by Nonferrous Metals Company.
From June 1978 to June 1990, the geological team of Tongling Nonferrous Metals Company began to look for deep ore bodies in the deep part of Songshushan-Laomiaojishan deposit, with a drilling workload of 9,400 meters. 1June, 1990, Wang Jianxin, Lin Jinglong, Yang Qi and Yang Fenglin compiled the Report on General Survey and Evaluation of Deep Orebodies in Songshushan Ore Section, and obtained copper reserves of 19000 tons and iron reserves of 840,000 tons.
In June1980-June10-July 1986, the geological team of Tongling Nonferrous Metals Company conducted prospecting work in the deep part of Luojiacun deposit, with a drilling workload of 7,000m. 1986, Zhou,, compiled the Report on General Survey and Evaluation of Deep Orebodies in Luojiacun Ore Section, and obtained 5000 tons of copper and 0/300 tons of iron ore. 1986 12 Non-ferrous metal company for approval.
In the early 1970s, the copper reserves in Tongguanshan mining area were less than 654.38+10,000 tons, and the mine output could only last for 4-5 years, so the mine was in an emergency. 1975 in may, the provincial metallurgical industry department held a prospecting meeting attended by production, exploration, scientific research and other units, and decided to strengthen the prospecting work in the mining area and set up a prospecting team in Tongguanshan mining area. The 8 12 team concentrated on five drilling rigs for construction, and the ore breakthrough rate was very high, thus opening up a new situation of copper prospecting in the old mining area; 1978 completed the field drilling construction, with a drilling workload of 32,800 meters and 63 holes. From 65438 to 0980, Gao Fuxin, Chai and Yin Shengji compiled the Geological Report on Deep Prospecting and Evaluation of Tongguanshan Copper Deposit (including Songshushan, Laomiaojishan, Baoshan and Baixiangshan) in Tongling City, Anhui Province, and calculated the reserves. 1983 provincial metallurgical geological exploration company reviewed the report and proposed amendments. 1June, 1984, Gao Fuxin, Zhang, and Xiao Haitao revised the above evaluation geological report and obtained 24,200 tons of copper reserves.
During the period of 1957- 1986, the August 12th geological team continuously discovered new concealed ore bodies in the deep part of the old mining area like Tongguanshan, which contributed to prolonging the mining of Tongguanshan copper mine.