Hakka history
The ancestors of Hakkas originated in the Central Plains and migrated from the Central Plains to the south, which is a branch of the Han nationality in southern China. Because I am in a foreign land, I call myself "Heluolang" because I am attached to my hometown Heluo (Luohe Valley centered on Luoyang). On the one hand, Hakka culture retains the mainstream characteristics of Central Plains culture, on the other hand, it contains the cultural essence of local ethnic groups. Hakkas often follow the example of talented men, inspire and educate their children and grandchildren, and learn from their predecessors who have made great achievements. Some people say: Where there is the sun, there are China people, and where there are China people, there are Hakkas. Others say: where there is sunshine, there are Hakkas; Where there is a piece of land, there are Hakkas who live in groups, work hard and reproduce. Hakkas are called "Oriental Jews" because they travel around the world, emigrate to the world, and there are many successful people in overseas business circles.
The first migration to the south was in Qin Shihuang's time. After Qin Shihuang unified China in 22 1 BC, out of political and military needs, he sent 600,000 troops to "explore the south". South of Qin Jun, it enters Ling Jie (namely Jieyang Mountain, now north of Jieyang County 150) from the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and reaches the border of Xingning and Haifeng counties. In 2 14 BC, Qin Shihuang sent another 500,000 troops to "defend South Wuling" (now Guangdong and Guangxi). These soldiers have long been "guarding the five ridges and living in miscellaneous places." After Qin's death, two groups of Qin soldiers who went south stayed in the local area and became the earliest Hakkas.
The second southward migration was in the period of "Five Chaos in China" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At that time, in order to take refuge, some Central Plains residents moved to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Later, due to the confrontation between the north and the south, about 960,000 people from the Central Plains moved south to both sides of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Part of the population flows into Gannan, and part of it enters Fujian and Guangdong through Ningdu and Shicheng.
The third southward migration was during the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty. First, the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty brought great disasters to the people, forcing a large number of Han people in the Central Plains to flee south. During the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, a large number of Central Plains Han people fled to Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi and other places. For example, the imperial clan Li Meng moved from Chang 'an to Bianliang, and then moved to Gubi Township in Ninghua, Fujian. In response to the Huang Chao Uprising, Gushi people Wang Xu and Wang Chao led 5,000 peasant rebels from Guangzhou and Shouzhou to Jiangxi, resulting in a sharp increase in the population along the border between Fujian and Jiangxi.
The fourth southward migration was in the late Southern Song Dynasty. Jin people invaded and built Yan, and some officials and scholars moved to Taihu Lake basin. Another part of the cremation or crossed Dagengling in the south and entered Nanxiong, Shixing and Shaozhou; Or along Hong, Ji and Qianzhou, and then from Qianzhou to Tingzhou; Or stay in counties in southern Jiangxi. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yuan Army went south in a big way, and a large number of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Song people fled to Hainan Island from Putian to Chaoshan along the coast of Guangdong.
The fifth southward migration was in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Because of the large population and limited land, the Hakkas living in southern Jiangxi, eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong migrated to Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Taiwan Province, central Guangdong and western Guangdong. This large-scale migration is called "Westward Movement" in the history of Hakka immigrants. The Hakka dialect in Sichuan is basically derived from this "westward movement". At that time, the population of Sichuan decreased sharply due to wars, plagues and natural disasters, and the Qing government especially encouraged immigrants to fill Sichuan from Huguang.
The sixth southward migration was during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the middle of19th century. At that time, in order to escape the war, some Hakkas migrated to South Asia, and some were lured into indentured labor and taken to Malaysia, the United States, Panama, Brazil and other places.
In addition to the above six large-scale relocations to the south, some Han people in the Central Plains also moved to the south due to droughts and floods, and some settled in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi because of relegation, business and study tours by officials in previous dynasties. However, not all the Han people who moved south became Hakkas, and only people from Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi departments and their own departments were called Hakkas.
According to statistics, Hakkas living in Chinese mainland are mainly distributed in Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, with a total population of over 50 million, accounting for 5% of the Han population. Abroad, Hakkas are mainly distributed in more than 80 countries and regions such as Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore in Southeast Asia, Japan and North Korea in East Asia, the United States, Canada and Brazil in America, and Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany and Austria in Europe, with a population of100000.
There are many reasons for Hakka immigration. The early days were mainly due to the pressure of disasters. Such as cruel wars, floods, droughts, insect pests and other catastrophic natural disasters and the epidemic of plague. Almost every large-scale war in the history of China has caused a great migration of Hakkas. According to historical records, there was a great migration of Hakka ancestors during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Imagine, in the long years, the "Five Hus and Sixteen Countries" were constantly at war and filled with sorrow. Can you survive if you don't escape? It is said that our ancestor Chen left his native land in western Henan at that time, moved to Jiangxi and finally settled in Ganxian. "The moonlight at home is how bright!" At first, our ancestors may just want to stay for a while, but they will get used to it. So he built houses, cultivated fields, raised pigs and cattle, and lived for a long time. From temporary residence to permanent home. In this way, you will always be a Hakka!
It is worth mentioning that there is also a special way of migration. It is said that in order to build Epang Palace, Qin Shihuang drove tens of thousands of "wooden guests" to Gannan to cut trees and rejuvenate the country, but they stayed there before they were exhausted. This is probably the earliest ancestor of Hakka people in Gannan.
The process of migration must be difficult and dangerous. Help the old and carry the young, travel across mountains and rivers, and settle in different places. Hakka ancestors cut through thorns and overcome many obstacles, "opening roads on every mountain and bridging bridges when encountering water." They finally survived and formed a thriving civil society with tens of millions of people today.
The last procedure of migration is to build houses and settle down. A Hakka elder said: "The most important thing to settle down is to determine the location of the house. How to decide? It depends on feng shui. This feng shui is not the superstitious feng shui that Mr. Geography said. Mainly take sunshine, look at the wind direction, close to the water source, close to the hard mountain, and choose the highland. It is an ideal choice to sit facing south, facing the sun and leeward, with firewood near the water and wide vision. "
People often admire Hakka people for their diligence, courage, perseverance and wit. As a clan group, Hakkas have naturally experienced more diverse and deeper social reality and production reality than other groups due to the long-distance migration of their ancestors, and they are bound to be tempered and nourished and accumulated more experience in dealing with the relationship with nature and social interpersonal relationships. As a result, a large number of politicians, scientists, writers and entrepreneurs have emerged in Hakka communities. ...