There is no specific treatment for this disease, mainly symptomatic treatment to prevent secondary infection of the skin, keep it clean and avoid itching. When herpes breaks or secondary infection occurs, 1% methyl violet can be applied locally, and calamine lotion can be applied to those who have not broken. Early use of 10mg/kg/ day or 8mg/kg/ day acyclovir for 5 ~ 7 days, or adding interferon, can inhibit virus replication. Daily intramuscular injection of vitamin B 12500 ~ 1000 ug also has certain curative effect. Effective antitoxin can be used when there is secondary infection, and hormone should not be used for chickenpox to avoid spreading the virus.
[Prognosis]
[prevention]
The prevention of this disease focuses on managing the source of infection and isolating patients until all symptoms break out. For the highly susceptible population with contact history, varicella-zoster immunoglobulin or high titer herpes zoster immune plasma can be injected within 3 days to reduce the risk of illness.
Isolate the patient until 7 days after all rashes scab or rash. Its pollutants and utensils can be disinfected by boiling or exposure. The susceptible population exposed to chickenpox should be kept for 3 weeks. Early use of gamma globulin (0.4-0.6ml/kg) or 5ml of herpes zoster immunoglobulin can significantly reduce the incidence of chickenpox and relieve symptoms. The live varicella virus vaccine developed in recent years is effective for the prevention of normal susceptible children.
References:
Prevention and treatment of chickenpox
Chickenpox is an eruptive acute respiratory infectious disease caused by varicella virus, which mainly occurs in children aged 2-6 years, and occasionally occurs in adults and infants. It is mainly transmitted by air droplets through the respiratory tract, and can also be transmitted through clothes, utensils and toys because of contact with blister meat in children's herpes, which is highly contagious. It can happen all year round, especially in winter and spring.
It takes 2 ~ 3 weeks for children to develop symptoms after being infected with varicella virus. Generally, patients have a fever for one day, accompanied by headache, anorexia, crying, restlessness, general malaise or cough, and then a rash occurs, which is mostly distributed in the head, face, trunk and armpit, with few limbs, palms and soles, showing centripetal distribution. At the beginning, the skin appears bright red macula or maculopapule with the size of rice grains to beans, and within 24 hours, round or oval blisters are formed, with redness around them, and the blisters are easy to rupture and fester. After 3 ~ 5 days, the blister gradually dries, first shrinks from the center, then scabs, and after a few days or 2 ~ 3 weeks, the scabs completely fall off and heal, generally leaving no trace. Conjunctiva, oropharyngeal mucosa and vaginal mucosa can be damaged at onset. Lifelong immunity can be obtained after illness. A few children have weak resistance and poor immune function, and may have hemorrhagic blisters and secondary bacterial infections, which may lead to encephalitis, pneumonia, myocarditis or other organ diseases.
Children with chickenpox are generally mild, with few complications, and often recover naturally within 7 ~ 10 days without special treatment. But be careful to prevent infection. Stay in bed during fever and rash, give sick children plenty of water, provide nutritious and digestible food such as milk, eggs, fruits and vegetables, and avoid eating spicy fish and shrimp. Prevent colds, especially don't blow; Wash your hands and face frequently, change clothes frequently and keep your skin clean; Pay attention to the cleaning and disinfection of clothes and utensils and pay attention to hygiene. The room should be ventilated frequently, and the temperature and humidity should be appropriate. Cut the nails short to prevent the child from scratching the rash and causing infection. If itching is serious, you can wipe the furnace dry stone lotion to stop itching, or take chlorpheniramine and other drugs; Herpes can be coated with gentian violet, and some anti-inflammatory ointment can be applied locally to existing infections, and berberine and sulfonamides can be taken when necessary; Do not use ointment such as Fusong and prednisone to avoid chicken pox all over the body. Children with persistent high fever, cough, headache, chest pain or herpes, reddish color, turbid blisters and diffuse abscess, cellulitis or lymphadenitis should be sent to hospital for treatment.
In order to prevent chicken pox infection, children should be isolated until the rash scabs. Children who have been exposed to chickenpox for 3 weeks are best isolated, and those who are weak can be injected with gamma globulin within 4 days after exposure. Try to take children to public places as little as possible during the epidemic.
Chickenpox is an acute infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus. It is common in children and highly contagious. The main route of transmission is droplets. Its characteristic is that the rash first appears on the trunk, then spreads to the face, and finally reaches the limbs, showing a polymorphic rash: macula, papule, herpes zoster and scab rash. Patients with chickenpox should be strictly isolated, rested, and the diet is nutritious and easy to digest. Wet the damaged skin with 2%-5% sodium bicarbonate, and don't scratch it with your hands. Apply antibiotic ointment to purulent skin. Antiviral therapy for people with immunodeficiency. Adrenal cortical hormone is prohibited.
Chickenpox (herpes zoster)
What is chicken pox?
This disease is a highly contagious disease caused by varicella zoster virus. Almost everyone suffers from this disease, usually in childhood. If you were not sick as a child, you are still sensitive and can be infected as an adult.
How to infect?
Contact with infected patients. The virus spreads through the air because of the patient's cough and sneezing, and can also be infected by touching the cloth and bedding used by the patient. The scab in the late stage of the disease is not contagious.
What are the symptoms?
Low fever, headache, loss of appetite. 1-2 days later, itchy blisters appeared on the skin, usually starting from the trunk and then spreading to the face and other parts of the body. In severe cases, blisters may appear on the head, armpits, eyelids and mouth, and then rupture and scab. The symptoms of adults are often more serious than those of children.
When do the symptoms appear?
Generally, it is 2 weeks after exposure to the virus, or 1 1-2 1 day.
How long is the infection period?
65438+ 0-2 days before blisters appear to 5 days after the first blisters appear. When all blisters are dry, they can be considered as non-infectious.
Is it necessary to isolate?
Yes After the first appearance of blisters, or until all blisters are dry and scabbed, patients should work or go to school in isolation for 5 days.
How to treat it?
Usually no special treatment is needed, and calamine lotion is often used to relieve itching. If the effect is not good, you should see a doctor.
Is there a preventive vaccine?
Yes Chickenpox vaccine has been approved for use in the United States. Consult a doctor.
How to avoid infection?
Avoid contact with patients, because early diagnosis of chickenpox is almost impossible. If there is danger, you can get a vaccine. Patients should be isolated until 5 days after the first blister appears, or until all chickenpox dries and crusts.
chickenpox
(chicken pox)
Chickenpox is a highly acute infectious disease in children, which occasionally occurs in adults. Have lifelong immunity. It is a primary infection caused by various herpes DNA viruses, namely varicella-zoster virus. It is characterized by fever and red maculopapules, herpes and scabs all over the body.
Etiology and pathogenesis
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is brick-shaped with a diameter of 150-200nm. Its nucleic acid is DNA, which has a three-dimensional symmetrical capsid and reproduces in cells. Patients are the only source of infection. VZV exists in respiratory secretions, herpes and blood of patients, and is transmitted by droplets or direct contact with blister fluid. As we all know, VZV virus can spread through medical devices. VZV mainly invades through respiratory tract, grows and reproduces on mucosa, then enters blood and lymph, and reproduces in reticuloendothelial cells for the second time, causing viremia and systemic diseases. The main damage site is the skin, occasionally involving internal organs.
clinical picture
treat cordially
Children should be isolated as soon as possible until all rashes scab. Children who have been exposed to chickenpox should be isolated for 3 weeks.
Systematic therapy
Mainly to strengthen nursing to prevent secondary infection and complications. Stay in bed during the fever period, and give adequate nutritional support and drinking water supply. Clinical symptomatic medication is the main method. People with high fever can be given calamine lotion for external use to relieve itching. Those with blisters can be coated with 2% gentian violet solution. If there are complications such as diffuse pustules, cellulite or acute lymphadenitis, broad-spectrum antibiotics should be used. Severe patients can be injected with gamma globulin intramuscularly. Do not use corticosteroids to prevent the spread and aggravation of chickenpox.
Patients with disseminated varicella with low immunity, neonatal varicella or varicella pneumonia, encephalitis and other serious cases should be treated with antiviral drugs as soon as possible. Cytarabine10 mg/kg d, intravenous drip. Or acyclovir 5- 10mg/kg, every 8 hours 1 time, with a course of treatment of 5-7 days, or add interferon A to inhibit virus replication, prevent virus spread, promote skin lesion healing, accelerate disease recovery and reduce mortality.