Ancient regional division

The division of places in past dynasties was different. Sometimes, the name of the same area has very different meanings. Some names were not available in ancient times. Now give a few examples to illustrate. State-According to legend, the Yuping flood in Yao time was divided into Kyushu, namely Jizhou, Yanzhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yangzhou, Jingzhou, Yuzhou, Liangzhou and Yongzhou. According to legend, Shun is divided into twelve states, namely, apart from Kyushu, Jizhou is divided into Bingzhou and Youzhou, and Qingzhou is divided into Yingzhou. Thus, the size of the territory is the same, but the size of the country is slightly different. By the Han Dynasty, the territory of China had become larger, so another Jiaozhou and another Shuofang were added. Later, Shuofang was merged into Bingzhou, and Yongzhou was changed to Liangzhou, and Liangzhou was Yizhou. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were thirteen states, namely, Li Si (directly under the central government), Yuzhou, Yanzhou, Xuzhou, Qingzhou, Liangzhou, Bingzhou, Jizhou, Youzhou, Yangzhou, Yizhou, Jingzhou and Jiaozhou. In the early Jin Dynasty, it was divided into 19 states, which increased by 6 states compared with 13 states in the Eastern Han Dynasty. (1) Divide Liangzhou into three states: Yong, Liang and Qin; (2) Divide Yizhou into three states: Liang, Yi and Ning; (3) Divide Youzhou into Youzhou and Heping State; (4) Divide Jiaozhou into Jiaozhou and Guangzhou. The theory of Kyushu was first seen in Shangshu: "Yu bid farewell to Kyushu, accompanied by mountains and rivers, and offered soil as tribute", and "spread eastward to the sea and westward to quicksand", which not only recorded the boundary division of Kyushu in detail, but also clarified the distribution of mountains and rivers, traffic products, soil and water control and tribute levels in each state, which was the earliest and most valuable geopolitical record in China. The significance of Kyushu is actually a popular area of different tribes and civilizations in ancient China. The influence of this model on today has its own context to follow. If we pay a little attention to and study the article Yu Gong, we will not only have a profound understanding of China's ancient civilization, but also have special guiding significance today. Therefore, many multinational companies should organize special personnel to study Gong Yu's chapters before entering the China market. From the later Han Dynasty to the end of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Zhou was basically a prison area [1] and sometimes an administrative area. However, since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the scope of the country has gradually narrowed. During the Tang Dynasty, there were more than 300 states in China, all of which were administrative regions. The so-called country in Song and Yuan Dynasties is basically the same as that in Tang Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the state was changed to the government, so it has the names of "Yanzhou Government" and "Yangzhou Government", and only a few Zhili States are directly under the province, and scattered States are subordinate to the government. County-county is an administrative region. There are 36 counties in Qin Fen, including Longxi, Yingchuan, Nanyang, Handan, Julu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, Liaodong, Hedong, Shangdang, Taiyuan, Dai Jun, Yanmen, Yunzhong, Langya, Hanzhong, Bajun, Shujun, Changsha and Qianzhong. Later, forty counties including Guilin, Xiang Jun, Nanhai, Minzhong and * * * were added. Since then, there have been counties, but the area has become smaller. It was not until the Sui Dynasty that the county was abandoned. In the Tang Dynasty, all counties were administrative districts. Abandoned county in song dynasty. State-the state is the territory of the princes and kings in the Han Dynasty, and it is also an administrative region. The area of the country is slightly equal to the county, so even the "county country" is called. Tao-Tao in the Tang Dynasty was a prison area, which was slightly equivalent to the state in the Han Dynasty. During the Zhenguan period, there were ten roads in China: (1) Guannei Road, namely the ancient Yongzhou; (2) Henan Road, namely Grain Rain, Yanzhou, Qinghai and Xuzhou; (3) Hedong Road, namely ancient Jizhou; (4) Hebei Road, namely Guyou and Hebei [2]; (5) Shannan Road, namely Gu Jing and Liangerzhou; (6) Longyou Road, namely Gu Yong and Liangerzhou; (7) Huainan Road, namely ancient Yangzhou; (8) Jiangnan Road, that is, south of ancient Yangzhou (now Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan and other provinces); (9) Jiannan Road, namely Guliangzhou (south of Jiange); (10) Lingnan Road, south of ancient Yangzhou. During the Kaiyuan period, it was divided into fifteen roads, that is, a capital city was separated from Guannei Road (governing Chang 'an) and a capital city was separated from Henan Road (governing Luoyang). Shannan was divided into Shannan East Road and Shannan West Road, and Jiangnan was divided into Jiangnan East Road, Jiangnan West Road and Guizhou Middle Road. Road-The road in the Song Dynasty was originally divided into tax collection and grain transportation areas, and later gradually became administrative divisions and military regions. At first, the whole country was divided into fifteen roads, and later it was divided into eighteen roads and twenty-three roads [3], which is roughly the same as today's provinces and regions. For example, Fujian Road, Guangdong Road, Guangxi Road, Hunan Road, Hubei Road, Shaanxi Road and Hebei Road. , and today's provinces, the region is roughly the same [4]. There was a road in the Yuan Dynasty, which was big in the Song Dynasty and small in the Yuan Dynasty, equivalent to the state capital. Province-originally the name of the government office. In Yuan Dynasty, Zhongshu Province was the central government, and it was divided into Zhongshu Province on the road (slightly equal to Zhongshu Provincial Office or Zhongshu Provincial Administrative Office), referred to as the province. Later, the province became the official name of the administrative region, referred to as the province. Fu-According to the system of the Tang Dynasty, most states are called Fu, because they all have the Governor's Office or the Governor's Office. Tang government belongs to Taoism, Song government belongs to Taoism, Yuan government belongs to Taoism, and some of them are directly under the central government. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the state changed to the government (see above). Army-Army is the administrative region of Song Dynasty, and an army is equal to a country or government, which is directly under the jurisdiction of the railway. The Pingding Army in Song Dynasty is the Pingding House in Qing Dynasty, and the Nan 'an Army in Song Dynasty is the Nan 'an House in Qing Dynasty. It can be seen that the military and state governments are similar. County-county is a local grass-roots administrative region. Counties in the Qin and Han Dynasties belonged to counties (there were also counties below the Han Dynasty), and later counties belonged to states or counties. When reading ancient books, we should pay attention to the situation of the same name in different places. For example, Shandong, during the Warring States Period, was called Shandong. This is because the six countries are located in Guanzhong area of Qin Dou, east of Hanguguan in Xiaoshan. Therefore, "Zhao Ce Warring States Policy" said: "The six countries refused Qin by themselves, and Qin did not dare to send troops to Hangu Pass to harm Lu." Jia Yi's "On Qin" also said: "Shandong is a hero, so the Qin family died together." However, Hanshu Scholars says that Fu Sheng has twenty-nine chapters of Shangshu, "To teach between Qilu and Qi, Qi Shi can speak Shangshu quite well, and the master of Shandong died without teaching Shangshu", but here Shandong refers to Qilu area [5]. Another example is Jiangnan. Biography of Historical Records and Huo Zhi says, "Changsha, Zhang Yu, Jiangnan." Refers to today's Huguang Jiangxi area. Today, in Jiangnan, the history book is called Jiangdong, and the Historical Records of Xiang Yu says, "If my father and brother in Jiangdong pity me, they will not see me." Another problem that needs attention is the so-called "yin" and "yang". Generally speaking, the south of the mountain is yang, the north is yin, the water is yang in the north and yin in the south. This is directly related to China's ancient geomantic theory. According to geomantic omen, the land with mountains in the north and water in the south is most suitable for building residential areas. Here is not only the sun of the mountain, but also the sun of the water, so it is called "the land of the sun". Most residential settlements in ancient China were built on such a "sunny land". It is for this reason that people named "a certain Yang" are everywhere in our country, and people named "a certain Yin" are hard to find. As for the specific place names, it is more common to refer to different places in different times. For example: thistle, before the Northern and Southern Dynasties, generally referred to today's Beijing (the former site is in the southwest corner of today's Beijing); Jizhou, after the Tang Dynasty, refers to the area of Jixian County in Hebei Province today [6]. Guilin in Qin dynasty refers to Wuzhou city in the Three Kingdoms period, south of Guixian county in Guangxi, and east of Liuzhou city in the Western Jin Dynasty. Guizhou in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Guizhou in the Tang and Five Dynasties and Guilin House in the Ming and Qing Dynasties all refer to today's Guilin. Regarding the establishment, causes and boundaries of ancient counties and cities in the Western Zhou Dynasty, you can consult the Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Place Names in China published by the Commercial Press. In addition, the ancient climate was warmer than today, with wide rivers and vast lakes. Many ancient rivers and lakes no longer exist today. When reading ancient books, you often encounter this situation. The solution to the problem can be found in the Atlas of Chinese History edited by Tan Qixiang, in addition to field investigation and verification. In addition, river diversion is also an important factor affecting geographical changes. People who like reading ancient books should have a general understanding of the diversion of several important rivers in ancient China.