19 12 to 19 13 During the trip to Europe, Xia Long (middle seat) and four * * international students took a group photo in gangtok, Sikkim on the eve of going to the UK.
Xia Long Duoji was born in a noble family in Sulong (now Dana, xietongmen county), and is a descendant of Su Qiongxi Raozaba (one of the three living Buddhas of ancient red religion). At the end of Qing Dynasty, he became Zikang Zaba.
19 14, four-level officials were ordered by * * to lead four young Tibetan aristocrats (Menchong Qinqin Raogongsang, Jeep Robwangdui, former Guo Baren Zengji, Guo Calva Solang Kampot) to study in Britain. This is the first time that * * has sent overseas students to study in Europe and America. Xia Long immediately went to England with his wife, and then went to France, Italy and other countries. During his stay in Britain, he was responsible for urging four overseas students to study, so that they could become talents in mineral exploration, electrical machinery, telegraph and military affairs respectively.
Reformists 19 17 returned to * * and were reused by 13th * *. 1920 was promoted to a sub-book, which was later called "sub-book Xia Long". 192 1, became the director (ordinary official) of Bashilikon (i.e. Grain Bureau), and the same director was Zhongyi Qinmo Sandanquan (monk official). He reformed the grain levy tax system, confiscated the land illegally occupied by nobles and temples, and increased the taxes of monks and secular lords, thus expanding the financial resources of * * Gaxia and winning the thirteenth place.
1923 was promoted to consultant and copy of Tibetan army command, and his power reached its peak. In the meantime, he reorganized the Tibetan army and expanded it to 12 generation. 193 1 was removed from the position of consultant of the Tibetan army command in 2000 because of his mistake in handling the dispute between Nepal and China, but he still served as a son. Bell, an Englishman, said in the Thirteenth Biography of the Dalai Lama, "By 1925, the Dalai Lama was more and more determined to abandon Britain and turn to China. In the same year, he appointed an official named Xia Long as the commander-in-chief of the Tibetan army. Xia Long is obviously anti-British, while our old friend and former commander-in-chief have always been pro-British. At this time, he has lost most of his power and was demoted. "
1930, Ms. Liu, the clerk of the Civil Service Office of the National Government, went to * * with a personal letter from Chiang Kai-shek to the 13th * * and met with senior leaders such as * * and so on. During Liu's stay in Lhasa, the couple had a particularly friendly relationship with Liu. Before leaving Lhasa, Liu said goodbye and put forward three suggestions to her: First, "Pray for the central authorities that the Tibetan government will not pursue * *, but it will be troublesome because of the stubbornness of the people." With cloud diplomacy, Tibetans will definitely take action in the Central Plains and will never show it alone. " Second, "I heard that the mainland's armaments are far inferior to those of the great powers, so please make more preparations to ensure that the interior is enough to protect the border and the exterior is enough to prevent aggression." Third, I hope that Liu "will continue to work hard for Tibet, and should also encourage the people of the Central Plains to pay attention to border affairs. I hope I will try my best to protect them. "
1933, after the death of 13th * *, supported 5th * * as the Regent.
After the Xia Long incident, after Xia Long returned to * * from Europe, he organized the "Happy Alliance". 1933 After the death of XIII * *, the organization actively carried out secret activities, arrested Tudeng Gongpei, who was favored by XX in his later years, and exiled him. They also tried to introduce western * * into * *, and proposed to cancel the de facto lifelong system of Galen, and re-elect every four years. Candidates must be nominated by the people's congresses. They believe that all government affairs should be conducted by all officials in the form of meetings, and should not be dominated by a few people. They also advocate that sages are in power, rewards and punishments are clear, and it is forbidden to sell officials and titles.
After several planning, they finally reported these suggestions to the regent of Gaxia through a petition. The contents of the petition mainly include: "First, please allow the construction of the 13th Dalai Lama Lingta; Second, search for the reincarnation of the 13th Dalai Lama as soon as possible; Third, in order to preserve the great cause of politics and religion forever, he accused Qimen Glen of many unfair facts. "
/kloc-at the beginning of 0/934, Longfu was attacked by heavy snow in "Gongtun, Qiu Ji", with the intention of "plotting to kill Garunqimen". Qimen reported the plot plan to Regent Rezhen, and then hid in drepung monastery. Rezhen ordered Gaxue and Longfu to be trapped in Potala Palace, and Longfu was put in prison. In addition to "murdering Galen", he was also charged with "* * * elements", "pro-Soviet elements", "wanting to launch the October Revolution in * *", "wanting to kill people and destroy religion", "hoping to get the position of a deputy regent and a throne like Pelopoulos" and so on. Gaxia immediately formed a jury, including Siren Langdun Gongga Qinrao Wangqu, commander-in-chief of the Tibetan army Langard, Wangqiu Taling, Lagnel Rukangwa, Tsewang Raodan and monk Danba Yang Chiang. During the trial, although the informant also testified in court, and some documents seemed to reveal that Xia Long tried to kill Qimen, Xia Long never admitted the accusation of "attempting to murder Galen", but only said, "We advocate that Galen candidates should be elected, and there is no intention to murder Galen at all." Finally, the jury sentenced Xia Long to gouge out his eyes and sentenced him to permanent imprisonment; His son is hereditary and will never be used; His wife was exiled; All the property was confiscated by Gaxia; The important contents of Xia Long's political reform were distributed to the remote Zongxi, but their property was kept. Later, because the case involved a wide range, more than 40 officials involved were dealt with lightly.
At that time, Regent Regent had talked to the people who came back, "I wanted to discourage the arrest of Xia Long, but Galen Qimen and others didn't listen to the call, so it was inconvenient to take a message to Xia Long. I can't go down by myself, so I am very helpless. " And said, "It was the nobles of the local government who insisted on punishing Xia Long Dorje. When Zben Xia Long was sent to me for signature by the eye-gouging verdict, I refused to sign it on the grounds that it violated the precepts of monks. I also helped them to determine whether Lalu Chivandorje was descended from Xia Long. I think as long as La Luneng keeps his official position, the Xia Long family will benefit, because it has been stipulated that the descendants of the Xia Long family are not allowed to be an official again. In this way, Laru's official position has not been revoked. " Because Rezhen refused to sign, Xia Long's verdict was finally signed by Si Long Langdun Gongga Wangqu.
Shortly after Xia Long's eyes were gouged out, Galen Qimen thought he had too many political enemies and hoped to find a backer. Rezhen then sent someone to Qimen to persuade him to resign, saying that no one was available at present, and he would definitely not be approved after resigning, which would enhance his prestige and become an "iron background". Qimen resigned immediately, but Rezhen chose to "allow resignation" among the three opinions submitted by Gaxia, and Qimen stepped down.
1934, Huang Musong, the Commissioner of Nanjing National Government who went to * * to pay homage to the 13th * *, said in the Report on Huang Musong's Entrepreneurial Enclave in Tibet that Xia Long was "the most powerful person against the Han Dynasty" and Xia Long's political reform was an activity of "pro-British factions trying to seize the local government of * *". This is an erroneous conclusion based on hearsay, but since then, some documents in Chinese mainland have continued this error, resulting in Xia Long and his reform not being evaluated realistically by Chinese mainland officials and scholars for a long time.
Old age life
1939, the Nanjing National Government sent Wu Zhongxin as an official of the central government. At that time, Xia Long, who had been blinded by punishment, learned of Wu Zhongxin's arrival and sent someone to give him a bronze Buddha. Wu Zhongxin sent his entourage, Zhu, home to offer condolences. Xia Long "thanked him" and said, "Since Chairman Wu came to Tibet, all Tibet has been jubilant, longan is blind, and it is inconvenient to move. It is a lifelong regret that he can't go to listen to instructions. A few days ago, I planned to let three children go to Hangyuan to pay homage. I'm afraid the Tibetan government will be suspicious, or it will be bad for beggars. I wanted to stop, but in my heart, I have always wished President Wu! " He said to Zhu: "It is the first time in the history of * * that the head of the central frontier defense organ has come to Tibet. I especially hope that President Wu Can will take this opportunity to make a decision ... As we all know, the central government cares about Tibetans, but Long is still willing to take the liberty to make suggestions to Chairman Wu. " He proposed, "It is a piece of cake for the central authorities to come to Tibet today and completely solve Tibet affairs! If the central government still regards * * as the territory of China, it is urgent to solve the Tibet issue. " He also said that he would do his best if time allowed. Xia Long was disappointed when he learned that Wu Zhongxin and his party only stayed in * * for about ten days.
Zhu said to:
Chairman Wu is well aware of Mr. Wu's personality and deeply admires his foresight. Therefore, I was sent here to express my condolences. Chairman Wu's thoughts on all Tibetans are pure, and he has the passion of patriotism and love for the people. They are all respected and cherished. At first, Mr. Wu was not elegant because of his position. Although Mr. Wu failed politically, in our view, this failure is a positive honor. Decades later, Tibetans will finally understand the spirit of Mr. Wu's sacrifice to improve Tibetan politics. This is Mr. Wu's immortal great cause. Fortunately, don't sacrifice his success or failure as a criminal.
1940, Xia Long Dorje passed away.