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Dear listeners, Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Xi 'an, west of China, is one of the largest, strangest and richest royal mausoleums in the world. As one of the burial pits of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is as famous as the pyramids of ancient Egypt, and is called the eighth wonder of the world. In this programme, I will introduce the World Heritage Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and Terracotta Warriors, and then introduce the Royal Mausoleum of Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Qin Shihuang was the first emperor in China feudal society and a controversial historical figure in the history of China. Qin Shihuang was the first emperor to unify China. He adopted a series of measures such as unifying currency, writing and weights and measures to promote social, economic and cultural development. At the same time, in order to prevent the invasion of the northern minority regime, he also built the Great Wall to guard against the enemy. These measures made Qin Shihuang a famous politician in the history of China. On the other hand, Qin Shihuang was very cruel and extravagant. In order to imprison people's thoughts, he once took the barbaric act of "burning books to bury Confucianism", burning books that did not conform to his ruling will, and even burying some scholars who had different ideas from him alive to safeguard the rule of the Qin Dynasty. In addition, during Qin Shihuang's reign, he wasted money and manpower and built his own mausoleum and other luxurious palaces for his own enjoyment.
Soon after Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he began to build his own mausoleum. He used 700,000 people from all over the country to repair his tomb, and it took nearly 40 years before and after. Until his death, the tomb was not finished. The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located in Lishan Mountain on the outskirts of Xi, Shaanxi Province, China. The cemetery covers an area of 56 square kilometers. The base of the mausoleum is approximately square. The bottom is 350 meters long from north to south, 345 meters wide from east to west and 76 meters high. The mausoleum is pyramid-shaped as a whole. Archaeologists in China discovered through exploration that there are more than 500 burial pits, tombs and tombs of grave repairers around the mausoleum. There are bronze chariots and horses pits symbolizing the riding of Qin Shihuang, stables pits symbolizing the raising of horses by the imperial court, and terracotta warriors and horses pits symbolizing millions of heroes in the Qin Dynasty.
Qin terracotta warriors and horses are called the eighth wonder of the world, and its discovery is very accidental. 1974, the local villagers were going to dig a well, and a large number of pottery fragments were dug up. The villagers didn't care and prepared to get rid of the pottery. A cultural relic protection worker was at the scene. After seeing the pottery fragments, he realized that it was a major discovery and immediately reported the situation to the county cultural relics bureau officials. In this way, the Qin terracotta warriors and horses that shocked the world were unearthed. At present, 500 terracotta warriors and horses have been unearthed in the excavated terracotta warriors and horses pits, including wooden chariots 18 and pottery horses 100. These terracotta figures are tall, with an average height of about 1.8 meters. Their lifelike shapes and different expressions reflect the superb carving skills of the Qin Dynasty.
Qin terracotta warriors and horses are deeply loved by people all over the world. Many foreign tourists came to China from Wan Li to visit the Qin Terracotta Warriors. When visiting China, some national politicians also proposed to visit the Qin Terracotta Warriors. Former US President Ronald Reagan once praised Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses as a miracle of mankind.
At present, China does not intend to excavate the main tomb of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum because of the cultural relics protection technology and the better protection of it by the China government. In recent years, more than 50,000 important historical relics have been unearthed in the burial pits of tombs, including many rare treasures such as bronze chariots and horses. These bronze chariots and horses were discovered by archaeologists in China in 1980. The main body of bronze chariots and horses is made of bronze, and some of them are made of gold and silver ornaments. All parts are assembled into a whole by mechanical connection technology. Bronze chariots and horses are exquisitely designed, half the size of the real thing, completely imitated and carefully produced, which truly reproduces the driving style of Qin Shihuang.
Judging from the connotation of these burial pits and the relevant records in Chinese history books, the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is the reappearance of the Qin Dynasty, and Qin Shihuang wants to continue his rule after his death. But unexpectedly, only three years after his death, the Qin Dynasty was overthrown by the peasant uprising. However, this mausoleum, which is the largest among the tombs of China emperors and contains the most treasures, lasted for more than 2,000 years and became a "witness" to the history of China. In view of the great historical value of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, 1987, the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit were listed as World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO.
Listener friends, what I introduced to you above is the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and the Terracotta Warriors.
Listener friends, China feudal dynasty advocated thick burial. Once the emperor reached the summit, he spared no expense to build a huge mausoleum for himself and his family. Imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties, which is listed as a world cultural heritage, is one of the representatives. Imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties, which is listed as a World Heritage Site, includes the Ming Tombs, the Qing Dongling Mausoleum and the Qing Xiling Mausoleum.
Located in Zhongxiang City, Hubei Province, the Ming Tombs were built in the middle of16th century, and were the tombs of the Ming emperors 12. The Xianling Mausoleum covers an area of about 4 square kilometers. In this vast area, all the mountains, water systems and forest vegetation are uniformly laid out and arranged as the constituent elements of the mausoleum. The natural hill behind the mausoleum is Zushan, which is the support of the mausoleum and the mountains on both sides are used for environmental protection. The middle platform is lined with buildings and meandering Jiuqu River. The hill in front is Pingshan, and the Ming Tombs are laid out according to the system of front facing and rear sleeping. The so-called front yard and back bedroom is to imitate the layout of the palace before death. The first half is the office area and the second half is the living area. The former dynasty of Ming Xianling Mausoleum was composed of Lengen Gate, Lengen Hall and the left and right affiliated halls. The back bedroom consists of Fangcheng, Minglou, Shenghao Monument, Baocheng, Baoding and underground Gong Xuan. The former is the activity center for holding daily sacrifices, and the latter is the resting place of the master's coffin. The uniqueness of fairy lies in its drainage system-Jiuqu River. The river cleverly siphoned off the water flowing from the mountains around the mausoleum. According to the topography, Jiuqu River is equipped with dams to collect water and discharge flood, and there are clear water surfaces in each section, which purifies the environment in the mausoleum area. Although the Ming Tombs attached great importance to the drainage and flood discharge in the mausoleum area and excavated or used natural rivers to form the Royal River, the Royal River in Xianling was unique because of its perfect drainage system and sound system.
The Qing Dongling Mausoleum is one of the royal cemeteries of the Qing Dynasty, the last feudal dynasty in China. It is located in zunhua city, Hebei Province. The Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing Dynasty was first built at 166 1, and the Ding Dong Mausoleum of Empress Dowager Cixi was finally built at 1908. Construction activities lasted for 247 years. The site selection, planning and design of the Qing Dongling Mausoleum made full use of China's traditional geomantic theory, and strived to embody the cosmology of "harmony between man and nature", and integrated the humanistic spirit into nature, thus creating a lofty, great and immortal image. On the scale and quality of the building, we strive to be magnificent, spectacular and exquisite, so as to embody the idea of the supremacy of imperial power and show off the royal style and majesty, thus becoming a symbol of the materialization of imperial power. There are 15 mausoleums here, and there are * * *16,654,38+0 people, including emperors, queens, princes, princesses, etc. Among them, there are many people who have an important influence on history of qing dynasty, such as Empress Xiaozhuang Wen, a female politician in the early Qing Dynasty. Kangxi and Qianlong, the saints who created the "prosperous time of Kanggan"; Empress Dowager Cixi, who ruled China for 48 years, listened to politics twice in the late Qing Dynasty. These figures played an important role in the historical stage of the Qing Dynasty, dominated the destiny of the country and enjoyed a high reputation at home and abroad. Their tombs are rich in connotation and contain rich historical information.
The 15 mausoleums of the Dongling Mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty were designed and arranged according to the traditional concepts of "respecting the middle", "orderly aging" and "respecting the lower". All the Shintoism of the imperial tombs are connected with the Shintoism of the imperial tombs in the current dynasty, and all the Shintoism of the imperial tombs are connected with the Shintoism of Xiaoling on the central axis of the tombs, thus forming a huge branch system, and its inheritance relationship is very obvious, expressing the wishes of the rulers for life and death. It has been nearly 400 years since the earliest construction of the mausoleum of the Eastern Qing Dynasty, and nearly 0/00 years since the latest construction, which not only reflects the whole process of the evolution of the mausoleum regulations from the early Qing Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, but also records the history of the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty from one side. Qing Xiling is located in Yixian County, Hebei Province, only 100 kilometers away from Beijing. It is the second largest royal mausoleum in Qing Dynasty. Qingxi Mausoleum was founded in 1730 and completed in 19 15, lasting 185. There are 16 ancient buildings and 402 ancient buildings in Lingqu. These buildings are basically modeled after the Qing Palace, which is the Forbidden City in Beijing. While strictly observing the strict hierarchy, they are not bound by the code system and have strong creativity. Take Tailing Mausoleum, the earliest and largest mausoleum in Qing Dynasty, as an example. Its layout and shape are most in line with China's concept of "Feng Shui". The first three exquisite stone archways and Dahongmen in Tailing constitute the general portal of Xiling. At the same time, the stone archway in front of Dahongmen has changed the rule that there are only/kloc-0 seats in royal tombs in previous dynasties, and it has been increased to three, which is more exquisite and exquisite in materials and techniques; Nanmu carving in the mausoleum hall broke through other oil painting methods in Qingling, and adopted a new technology of waxing on logs, which was magnificent. Other buildings, such as stone students and Fangcheng, also show superb artistic level.
The royal tombs of Ming and Qing Dynasties were listed as world cultural heritage in 2000. World heritage experts said that the royal tombs in Ming and Qing Dynasties are not only valuable material for studying the laws and regulations, funeral system, sacrificial ceremonies, architectural techniques and crafts of tombs in Ming and Qing Dynasties, but also a typical example for studying ancient China's politics, economy, military affairs, culture, science and art, with important historical, artistic and scientific values, and are the precious heritage of the Chinese nation and all mankind.