The content of "Qi Lue" is very rich, including Ji Lue, Liu Yi Lue, Zhuzi Lue, Poems and Fu Lue, Military Book Lue, Shu Shu Lue and Fang Ji Lue. The compilation summary (collection summary) summarizes the six strategies and explains the significance of the 38 major and minor categories in the six strategies. It is a brief academic history and provides a concise narrative of the origin and evolution of academic thoughts in the Pre-Qin and Western Han Dynasties, which is equivalent to a narrative example. "Qilue" abridges the narrative of "Bielu" and omits the table of contents, turning the 20-volume "Bielu" into the 7-volume "Qilue", so the word "Qilue" means "simple". Some scholars say that "Qilue" is an abbreviated version of "Bielu". "Seven Strategies" is actually divided into six major categories, which can also be called "Six Strategies". The contents of "Six Strategies" include Six Arts Strategies, Zhuzi Strategies, Poetry Strategies, Military Art Strategies, Shu Shu Strategies, and Fang Technique Strategies.
The Six Arts Collection includes Confucian classics and Six Classics readings (i.e. Confucian classics) from the pre-Qin to the early Eastern Han Dynasty. It is divided into nine categories: Yi, Shu, Poetry, Rites, Music, Spring and Autumn, The Analects of Confucius, Xiaojing, and Primary School. It records books 103 companies, 3123 articles. The Six Arts (Six Classics) are the Confucian classics. The Han Dynasty attached great importance to the Six Classics and ranked the Six Arts (Six Classics) first. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed hundreds of schools of thought and only respected Confucianism, and the Six Classics were promoted to official academic scholarship. "The Analects of Confucius" and "The Classic of Filial Piety" were used as textbooks for primary schools to recite in schools in the Han Dynasty, and as enlightenment textbooks. "The Analects of Confucius" and "The Classic of Filial Piety" are the exegesis books of the Han Dynasty; primary school is the basis for reading the scriptures, and it is impossible to read the scriptures if you are not literate. Therefore, "The Analects of Confucius", "The Classic of Filial Piety", and Primary School are classified into the Six Art Briefs. 411 chapters from 8 historical books including "Shiben", "Guoyu", "Warring States Policy", "Tai Shi Gong One Hundred and Thirty Chapters", "Chu Han Spring and Autumn", etc. are included in the category of "Six Art Briefs" of Spring and Autumn Period.
Zhuzi briefly collects the works of hundreds of scholars from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, divided into ten categories: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Dharma, Ming, Mohism, Zongheng, Za, Nong, and Novels, with 189 books recorded. 4324 articles. Sima Tan's "On the Essentials of Six Schools" divided the intellectual circles of the Warring States Period into six schools of thought: Yin-Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, Ming Dynasty, Legalism, and Taoism, representing the six major circles of influence in the intellectual circles of the Warring States Period. On the basis of Sima Tan's "On the Essentials of the Six Schools", Liu Xin's Zhuzilue added the four schools of Zongheng, Za, Nong, and Xiaoshu to become 10 schools. These 10 schools include ancient Chinese philosophy, economics, etc. science. In the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was mainly promoted, followed by Zajia. During the Warring States Period, the country was divided and there was an urgent need for talents, which gave rise to different doctrines and academic freedom. Among the scholars, Taoism produced the most pre-Qin works, followed by Confucianism and Yin-Yang School. Confucianism believes that the theories of various schools of thought are tributaries of the classics. If the Six Classics are used as a guide and the strengths of each school are absorbed, a comprehensive strategy can be achieved, so it is ranked second. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" says at the end of "Zhuzilue": "There are ten schools of thought, only nine of which can be seen. They all started when the king's way was weak, the princes were in power, and the rulers of the time had different likes and dislikes. Therefore, The skills of the nine schools come together and work together, each citing his own end, admiring his good deeds, and uniting the princes. Although their words are different, they are like water and fire. On the contrary, they all complement each other. "Yi" says: "The world has the same goal, but it is different, and there are many considerations." Nowadays, people from different schools have their own strengths and weaknesses, so as to understand their shortcomings. , It is also a branch and descendant of the "Six Classics". It makes people suffer from the Holy Lord of the Ming Dynasty, and they are all talented. Zhongni said: "If the etiquette is lost, you will seek the wild." Now that the saint has passed away for a long time, the Taoism is lacking and there is no way to improve it. Wouldn't those nine schools be like the wild ones? It can be summarized in all directions."
The poems and poems are included in the poems and poems composed by poems and poems, and are divided into poems by Qu Yuan and others, poems by Lu Jia and others, poems by Lieqing (Xun) and poems, miscellaneous poems and poems. , 106 books and 1,318 articles were recorded. Fu is a literary style that was particularly developed in the Han Dynasty. It uses extravagant techniques to describe things to express emotions. It can inspire emotions based on things, observe customs, and understand the simplicity and frivolity of the atmosphere. The poems and poems have only a major sequence and no minor sequence. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi·Summary of Poetry and Fu" says: "It is said: 'Reciting poems without singing is called Fu. If you can climb high and be able to write poems, you can become a doctor.' He is expert in the sense of words and creation, and his knowledge of materials is profound and beautiful, and he can do things with pictures. Therefore It can be called a senior official. In ancient times, princes, ministers and senior officials communicated with each other with subtle words. When they bowed to each other, they would always call "Poetry" to express their ambitions. Therefore, Confucius said, " If you don't study "Poetry", you will have nothing to say. After the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou Dynasty was corrupted, and singing and singing were not popular in other countries. Those who studied "Poetry" lived in common people, and the wise men lost their ambition and wrote poems... Wu set up a Yuefu to collect ballads, so there were eulogies of the Dynasty and Zhao Dynasty, and the styles of Qin and Chu were all inspired by sorrow and music. They could also observe the customs and know the thin and thick clouds. "It is not included in the six arts." A brief poem type, otherwise the proportion of length will be unbalanced.
The Book of War contains works on military theory and practice, divided into four categories: military strategy, military situation, military yin and yang, and military skills. Military strategy refers to strategy; military situation refers to tactics; military yin and yang refers to weather, medicine, geography, divination, etc.; military skills refers to the use of military technology and military skills. Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, wars have been frequent, so there are many military writings, which are separately called military books. In addition, the rulers of the Han Dynasty attached great importance to military books, and military books reflect the characteristics of the times. There are 53 books and 790 articles recorded in the Book of War, such as 82 chapters of "Wu Sun Tzu's Art of War", 89 chapters of "Qi Sun Tzu", 27 chapters of "Gongsun Yang", 48 chapters of "Wu Qi", and 2 chapters of "Fan Li" , "Bao Zi's Art of War" ten chapters, "Wuzixu" ten chapters, etc.
The numerology is slightly included in the works on yin and yang numerology, and is divided into six categories: astronomy, calendar, five elements, yarrow, miscellany, and form. The astronomy category includes astronomy and astrology (using theological superstition to explain celestial phenomena ); the calendar category includes calendars and celestial calculations; the five elements category refers to yin and yang and the five elements; the turtle category refers to divination books; the miscellaneous divination category refers to specific divination books on daily life, production, etc.; the form method category refers to terrain, feng shui, and physiognomy. Book. Arithmetic books include books on astronomy, calendars, divination, astrology, and mathematics, that is, books on natural sciences and applied sciences. These are closely related to people's daily lives, and some are books on feudal superstition. (Original author: Xia Shihe) Fang Ji Lue includes the works of fairy prescriptions, divided into four categories: medical classics, classic prescriptions (prescriptions), Fangzhong, and fairy prescriptions. Medical classics refer to books on pathology, physiology, and treatment principles, such as "The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic" (eighteen volumes), "The External Canon" (thirty-seven volumes), "Bian Que's Internal Classic" (nine volumes), etc. Jingfang (prescription) refers to a book on how to use medicine to treat diseases.
"Jingfang refers to the cold and temperature of herbs and stones, the severity of the disease, the taste of false medicine, and the appropriateness of the qi and sensation." The five bitter and six pungent elements cause the harmonization of water and fire, which can be used to unblock and relieve knots. On the contrary, if the conditions are not suitable, heat can be used to replenish heat, cold can increase cold, and the essence and qi are damaged internally and cannot be seen externally. This is the only loss. Therefore, the proverb goes: If a disease is not cured, it is often treated by traditional Chinese medicine. "Books referring to male and female in the room, such as "Mixi Zazi Dao" (twenty chapters), "Huangdi's Three Kings Yangyang Prescription" (twenty volumes), "Three Households in the Neifang You". Zifang" (seventeen volumes), etc. Immortals refer to books about taking elixirs and longevity, such as "Huangdi Qibo's Massage" (ten volumes), "Huangdi Zazi Bu Yin" (twelve volumes), etc. Fang Jiluo collected books on life, longevity, and reproduction related to medicine and health, with 36 books and 868 articles recorded. The ancients did not attach importance to science (technology) and looked down upon Shu Shu and Fang Techniques, so the two strategies (Shu Shu Lue and Fang Techniques) were ranked last.
3. The academic value of "Seven Strategies"
(1) The scientific classification method of "Seven Strategies"
"Seven Strategies" (also known as "Six Strategies" ") is divided into six major categories, and sub-categories are divided into sub-categories. There are 38 sub-categories. 33 of the 38 sub-categories have small order (all the sub-categories in "Poetry and Prose" are unordered). The six major categories have major order. The whole book has a general preface. The general preface, major preface and minor preface are all collected in the "Compilation". Narrate the academic origin through major preface and minor preface. Each category is divided into several families, volumes or articles, with 603 books and 13,219 volumes recorded. The classification method of "Qilue" is scientific: (1) It is divided according to academic nature, which is in line with the actual situation of academic development at that time. It is a major innovation in book classification. For example, Liuyilue is divided into objects of ancient books; Zhuzilue is divided into academic thoughts; The poems and poems are summarized according to the genre of the article; the military summary is divided into functions; the tactics and techniques are divided into majors. (2) Books of the same type are arranged roughly in order of time. (3) If the books are not in the same category, they are appended to similar categories and written separately. This is called the method of mutual synthesis. For example, the masters of military science and literature have "Mozi", while the masters of Zhuziluo and Mohism have "Mozi". (4) Those with the same academic nature are classified according to differences in ideological schools or genres. (5) A book can fall into two categories, and each other can be found in the two categories. (6) If there is an article in a book that can be classified into another category, it must be separated into another category and put forward separately to be classified into another category. This is called "differentiation method", that is, analysis and description, such as summarizing the Taoist "Guanzi" by Zhuzi. One of the articles "Discipleship" contains a description of the six arts and rituals. "Discipleship" talks about the regular rules that disciples should abide by, such as academic and moral conduct, becoming a deacon early, attending to guests when accepting duties, serving food, eating, sweeping, holding candles, serving students to sleep and reviewing lessons, etc., which are the rules for children to enter. The Rules of Moral Cultivation as a Teacher is the most comprehensive, complete chapter, clearest description, and oldest school rule in ancient my country. (7) Excerpt the narrative outline. (8) List the books without titles.
(2) "Qi Lue" has distinct levels and clear organization
The Liu Yi Lue is the academic summary, so it is placed first; Zhuzi is a tributary of the Six Classics, so the Zhuzi is slightly less In the second, a brief summary of poems and poems reflects that there were many poems and poems written at that time; a brief summary of military books reflects that the emphasis on military affairs at that time was focused on strategy first, then tactics, and then on relying on weather, location, and people as guarantees, and then on soldiers' proficiency in using weapons and achieving success. Victory; Shu Shu Lue and Fang Ji Lue reflect that science and technology were not valued at that time and science and technology were mixed with superstition. Shushu briefly talks about astronomy, calendars, five elements, turtles, miscellaneous fortune-telling, shapes and methods, and the order is from heaven to earth, from astronomy to geography; Fangji briefly talks about medical classics, Jingfang, Fangzhong, gods, and understands physiology , only then can diseases be cured with medicines, men and women who are not sick and healthy can give birth to offspring, and then seek longevity and become gods.
(3) "Seven Strategies" is a model of bibliographic works
"Seven Strategies" reflects the academic ideological status from the Pre-Qin Dynasty to the Western Han Dynasty and the level of scientific and cultural understanding at that time. The six categories of classification (six-point method) of "Qilue" laid the foundation for my country's book classification. "Qilue"'s pioneering contribution to my country's book classification is indelible. "Seven Strategies" pioneered the method of writing small prefaces to understand the academic origins, embodying the characteristics of scholarly analysis of chapters and examination of origins, and became a model of ancient Chinese bibliographic works.
(4) "Seven Strategies" reflects the general academic trend and achievements at that time
Six Strategies of Art reflects the emphasis on Confucianism at that time; "Zhuzi Lue" reflects the contention of a hundred schools of thought in the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period, and the early Han Dynasty ; Poems and poems reflect that there are many literary works and professional writers, and literature has never been independent to conscious independence; military books reflect that our country has always attached great importance to military affairs, and Emperor Wu paid more attention to the study of military science due to the needs of war; Shushulu and method The techniques reflect the achievements of our country's medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and calendar at that time.
4. The influence of "Qilue" on later generations
The book catalogs compiled in the Eastern Han Dynasty were all compiled according to the system of "Qilue". Bangu's "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" of the Eastern Han Dynasty The compilation was influenced by "Qilue", and "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" preserved 3/10-4/10 of "Qilue". The Three Kingdoms, Two Jin Dynasties, and Southern and Northern Dynasties respected the "Seven Strategies" when compiling their bibliographies, inheriting and innovating them.