Unit 1 Map Theme
1. Longitude gradient: the east degree increases to the east longitude, and the west degree increases to the west longitude.
2. Latitude gradual change: the degree to the north increases to the north latitude, and the degree to the south increases to the south latitude.
3. The shape and length of the weft: a circle parallel to each other. The equator is the circle with the longest latitude, and it gradually becomes shorter towards the poles.
4. The shape and length of meridian: All meridians are semicircles with equal length where the north and south poles intersect.
5. Judgment of east-west meridian: East longitude increases along the rotation direction, while west longitude decreases.
6. Judgment of north and south latitudes: The degrees increase to north latitude and south latitude.
7. Division of the eastern and western hemispheres: 20 W to 160 E in the east is the eastern hemisphere, and 20 W to 160 E in the west is the western hemisphere.
8. East-west direction judgment: bad arc law (for example, 80 E is east of1E and west of170 W).
9. Scale size and graphic range: the larger the scale, the smaller the range; The smaller the scale, the larger the scope.
10. Determination of the direction on the map: generally, "north to south, left to west and right to east"; A map with a beacon tower, the arrow pointing to the beacon tower points to the north;
On the map of latitude and longitude network, longitude indicates the north-south direction and latitude indicates the east-west direction.
1 1. Contour density: the denser the contour lines in the same map, the steeper the slope; The denser the isobar, the greater the wind force; The denser the isotherm, the greater the temperature difference.
12. Convexity and topography of contour lines: where the contour lines protrude to the high place is the valley, and where the contour lines protrude to the low place is the ridge.
13. Contour line and convexity of river: the convex direction of contour line is opposite to the flow direction of river.
14. the protruding direction of isotherm and ocean current: the protruding direction of isotherm is the same as the flow direction of ocean current.
Unit 2 Special Topics on Earth Motion
1. Celestial body types: nebula, star, meteor, comet, planet, satellite, gas and dust in interstellar space, etc.
2. The hierarchy of celestial body system: total galaxy-Milky Way-solar system-earth-moon system.
3. Planets are classified according to their characteristics: terrestrial planets (water, earth and fire), giant planets (wood) and distant planets (sky and sea).
4. Moon: (1) The front of the moon always faces the earth, and it also changes day and night.
(2) There is no atmosphere, so the temperature difference between day and night on the surface of the moon is large, with many craters, no sound and no wind.
(3) There are mountains, plains and volcanoes on the surface of the moon.
5. Reasons for life on the earth: stable lighting conditions, safe cosmic environment, suitable atmosphere and temperature, and liquid water.
6. The external structure of the sun and its corresponding solar activities: photosphere (sunspot), chromosphere (flare) and corona (solar wind).
7. Solar activity-sunspots (signs) and flares (strongest). The change period of sunspots is 1 1 year.
8. The influence of solar activity: sunspot-climate influence, flare-ionosphere-radio communication, charged particle flow-magnetic field-magnetic storm.
9. The influence of solar radiation: ① The main driving force to maintain the surface temperature and promote the water, atmosphere and biological activities and changes on the earth.
Solar energy is the energy we use every day.
10. Rotation direction: from west to east, counterclockwise from the North Pole and clockwise from the South Pole.
Speed: ① linear speed (decreasing from equator to pole to zero) ② angular speed (equal everywhere except pole to zero).
Period: ① sidereal day (real period is 23h56m4s) ② solar day (at 24 o'clock, day and night alternate week).
Significance: ① Alternating day and night; ② Different longitude places; ③ Deviation of horizontally moving objects (north right south left).
1 1, terminator line: along the direction of rotation, it transitions to the morning line at night and to the night line during the day (the height angle of the sun on the terminator line is 0 degrees).
12, terminator line and meridian: terminator line and meridian-vernal equinox coincide; The intersection angle between the termination line and the meridian is the largest-the summer solstice and the winter solstice.
13. Time calculation: required time = known time zone time difference+en route time.
14, time zone = longitude/15 (rounded when it is not divisible), time zone difference = time zone difference.
15, Universal Time: when the prime meridian (0) time is taken as the standard, it is also called Greenwich Mean Time, and it is also the time zone of the zero-time zone.
16, date division: east of zero meridian is "today" on the earth, and west is "yesterday".
17, international date line: the date of crossing international date line from west to east (not completely crossing 180 meridian) is reduced by one day, and the date of crossing from east to west is increased by one day.
18, Location of Satellite Launch Base:
Natural factors (① Meteorological conditions need sunny days; ② Initial rotation speed of the earth: it depends on latitude and topography; ③ Flat and open terrain);
Human factors (vast territory and sparsely populated, convenient transportation, meeting the needs of national defense security).
① Taiyuan: Strong technical force; ② Jiuquan: continental climate with many sunny days; ③ Xichang has low latitude and high initial launch speed;
④ Wenchang, Hainan: low latitude and high initial launch speed; Convenient transportation.
19, revolution speed: 65438+1early October-perihelion-fast, early July-perihelion-slow;
Significance: ① the change of day and night, ② the change of sun height at noon, ③ the change of four seasons, ④ the formation of five zones.
20, revolution and rotation formed the ecliptic angle (23 26'):
(1) the existence of the ecliptic angle-the movement of the direct point of the sun-the change of the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon-the four seasons.
The existence of declination angle-that movement of the direct point of the sun-the seasonal movement of the wind belt in the pressure belt-the formation of the Mediterranean climate and the savanna climate.
② Five-zone dividing line: tropical zone between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Cancer, temperate zone between polar circles of Tropic of Cancer and cold zone between poles.
(3) If the Huang Chi angle becomes larger, the tropics and frigid zones become larger and the temperate zones become smaller; If the Huang Chi Angle becomes smaller, the tropics and frigid zones become smaller and the temperate zone becomes larger.
If the ecliptic angle is zero, the sun will always shine directly at the equator, the world will be divided equally between day and night, and the Mediterranean climate and savanna climate will disappear.
2 1, the variation law of noon sun height: ① decreasing from the direct point to the north and south sides.
② Calculation of noon sun height = 90-△ (latitude interval between the direct point and the search point)
③ The noon height angle is the largest in the area north of the Tropic of Cancer from summer to Japan, and the smallest in the southern hemisphere;
During the winter solstice, the noon height angle in the south of Capricorn is the largest in a year, and the smallest in the northern hemisphere.
④ The area between the Tropic of Cancer-there are two direct opportunities-two maximums.
⑤ The higher the latitude, the smaller the midday sun altitude angle and the larger the building spacing.
22, the length of the day and night time distribution:
(1) In which hemisphere is the direct sunlight point, which hemisphere has long days and short nights. In the northern hemisphere in summer, the direct sunlight point is in the northern hemisphere, with long days and short nights.
(2) Which hemisphere the direct point of the sun moves to, the daytime in this hemisphere will become longer, and the daytime in the northern hemisphere is the longest on June 22nd, and the shortest on June 22nd, 65438+February 22nd.
③ The maximum day length between the Tropic of Cancer and the maximum noon sun height angle do not appear on the same day, such as Haikou City.
23. Latitude distribution of the length of day and night:
In summer in the northern hemisphere, the days are long and the nights are short, and the days are longer as you go north (the earlier the sunrise is, the later it is), such as Beijing > Shanghai > Guangzhou.
Winter in the northern hemisphere has short days and long nights. The farther south, the longer the day (the earlier the sunrise, the later the sunset). Such as Haikou > Guangzhou > Shanghai,
24. Day length = sunset time-sunrise time; Length of day =24 hours-length of night
Sunrise time = 12:00- day length /2 (or 0:00+ night length/2); The sunrise time at that point on the equator is 6 o'clock.
Sunset time = 12:00+ day length /2 (or 24:00- night length/2); The sunset time at this point on the equator is 18: 00.
25, the earth is a non-luminous, opaque sphere-the phenomenon of day and night appeared.
Earth's rotation-a sphere alternating day and night (the rotation speed period affects the temperature difference between day and night)
The rotating sphere tilted by the earth-the movement of the straight point, the change of the height of the sun at noon, the length of day and night-four seasons and five zones.
26. Typical seasonal phenomena
Geographical phenomena, time and season
Northern Hemisphere Summer Half Year Northern Hemisphere Winter Half Year
At the beginning of July, near perihelion, the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth's revolution are the slowest, and at the beginning of 1 month, near perihelion, the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth's revolution are the fastest.
At noon, the sun's height is around June 22nd, the highest in the north of the Tropic of Cancer, the lowest in the equator and southern hemisphere around February 22nd, 65438, the highest in the south of the Tropic of Cancer, and the lowest in the equator and northern hemisphere.
Days and nights are long, but short. Extreme days and nights appear in the Arctic Circle, and extreme nights appear in the Arctic Circle.
Isotope land isotherms all protrude to the north, land isotherms all protrude to the south, and the ocean is the opposite.
The pressure zone and wind zone move northward with the direct point and southward with the direct point.
Snow line, snow line up, snow line down.
The current in the North Indian Ocean is influenced by the southwest monsoon and flows clockwise and counterclockwise, and is influenced by the northeast monsoon.
The precipitation in China is influenced by plum wind in summer and less in winter.
In China, many rivers melt ice and snow due to high temperature, while the outflow rivers are affected by summer monsoon, and most rivers enter the flood season. Most rivers in Northeast China enter the dry season in spring and summer, while some rivers in the north of the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains have glacial periods, and some rivers are cut off.
China Monsoon Most parts of the country are affected by the summer monsoon from the ocean, and most areas are affected by the winter monsoon from the mainland, which is cold and rainy.
China's agricultural production is generally high in the country, and crops enter the growing period. The crop maturity system has gradually changed from three crops a year from south to north to three crops a year and then to one crop a year. Most crops in the north are in the wintering period, and the tropical areas in the south are rich in water and heat, which can produce anti-season vegetables and fruits.
Drought and flood (spring drought in North China, summer drought in Yangtze River), rainstorm, typhoon (strong wind, rainstorm, storm surge), cold wave, sandstorm, drought, blizzard and other meteorological disasters.
There are many landslides and mudslides in geological disasters.
Your 5 points are really sorry for others. Ha ha. I wish you good grades and a higher level. Study hard.