Liu Zhang is the son of Ada, a shepherd in Yizhou. After his father died, he inherited his father's position and became a shepherd in Yizhou. Liu Zhang is cowardly and suspicious, and Zhang Lu in Hanzhong is arrogant and doesn't listen to Liu Zhang's orders. So Liu Zhang killed Zhang Lu's mother and brother, and they became enemies. Liu Zhang sent Pang to attack Zhang Lu and was defeated. After the civil strife in Yizhou and the pacification, it was reported that Cao Cao was going to attack. Under the pressure of internal and external diplomacy, Liu Zhang listened to Zhang Song and Fazheng, welcomed Liu Bei into Yizhou, and wanted to use Liu Bei's strength to resist Zhang Lu and Cao Cao. Unexpectedly, this move is to lure the wolf into the room. Liu Bei backhand attack Liu Zhang, method is Liu Bei's servant. In 2 14, Liu Zhang had to surrender and was exiled to Jingzhou. Later, Sun Quan killed Guan Yu, got Jingzhou, took Liu Zhang as Yizhou Pastoral, and settled in Zigui, but soon died of illness. After the death of Liu Zhang, when his son Liu Chan was in trouble in Shuhan and other places, he was appointed as Yizhou secretariat by Soochow. Zhuge Liang returned to Wu after becoming Man Zi, and became an official of Soochow.
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The Image of Liu Zhang in The Romance of the New Three Kingdoms
General Shu. How did Han Yizhou's four sons of Ada die? State officials Zhao Wei and others. * * * Zhang Bao for the profit. Zhang killed Zhang Lu's mother and brother, so he held a grudge. Zhang Lingpang was the satrap of Brazil to refuse Zhang Lu. When Pang found that Zhang Lu was trying to take Sichuan, he reported to Liu Zhang urgently. Zhang sent another general to meet him. Song hated Cao Cao for underestimating his enemy, and advised Zhang to lead his predecessor into Shu. The ministers were forced to remonstrate, but Zhang refused. Later, the generals suggested that Zhang let the generals guard the pass closely to prevent the former leader from betraying. At first, Zhang refused to obey, but later, due to everyone's efforts to persuade, Governor Baishui of Yang Huaihe ordered the closure of Fucheng Water. Later, the Lord sent people to Chengdu to beg. Zhang gave very little, and the late master was furious, scolded the emissary, killed his generals Yang and Gao Er, and turned against Zhang. Jian 'an nineteen years, Ma Dingdu. Zhang is a suffering person. The late Lord ordered Zhang to pack up his belongings, Pei led the general to seal the ribbon, and ordered his wife to be a good wife and rest at the Nanjun police station, from then on.
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The Three Kingdoms attacked, but Zhang Lu was a little arrogant. Zhang killed Lu's mother and brother, so he became an enemy. Zhang Lei sent Pang and others to attack the state of Lu, and was defeated by [number]. Most of the places where Lu Bu went were in Brazil, so Xi was regarded as a Brazilian satrap and led troops to conquer Lu. After a while, Zhang Xiang became friends, Zhao Wei said that the soldiers were introverted, and the people were scattered and killed. Zhang had the final say, and the foreign language was also said. When Zhang Er heard that Tsao Kung had levied Jingzhou, he had established Hanzhong and sent Pu Yin to pay tribute to Tsao Kung from Hanoi. General Zhang Jia Wei Zhen, brother Pinko. Crazy diseases and old things. Sanzhang also sent a coachman to engage in Shu County. So he sent 300 troops with sundries to Cao Gong, and worshipped the Soviet Union as the prefect of Guanghan. Zhang Fu sent another driver to Zhang Song and Tsao Gong. When Cao Gong was appointed as Jingzhou, it was a complaint that my late master left and stopped recording. The encounter with Cao in Red Cliff's Romance of the Three Kingdoms is not conducive to Liu Zhang-Liang Zhenya.
, died of an epidemic. Loose return, rebellion to destroy Tsao Gong, and advised Zhang to commit suicide. Si Li said Zhang Yue: "Liu Yuzhou, the heart can communicate." Unexpectedly, Fafa was in contact with the old master to find it, and asked Zheng and Meng Da to send thousands of soldiers to help the old master defend it, so he returned it. Later, Fu Song said, Zhang Yue: "The generals in this state, such as Pang and Li Yi, are all arrogant. If you want to have foreign intentions, but you can't prepare the country, then the enemy will attack the outside and the people will attack the inside, and you will be defeated. " Zhang followed again, asking the Lord to send the law first. Zhang Zhuben Huang was interested in Qi, and engaged in the remonstrance of Guanghan Wang Lei from the county to the state gate. Zhang found nothing, so he went home to worship his ancestors. Ancestors went to Jiangzhou North, but Dianjiangshui opposed it. Eve, the voice is floating. It's been 16 years since I went to Chengdu for 360 miles. Zhang led more than 30,000 soldiers, and went to the meeting with a car and a curtain. My ancestors made the soldiers more smooth and drank happily for more than a hundred days. Zhang Zi gave it to his late master to win Zhang Lu, and then parted ways. On May 1, The Hero's Record said: Pang and Zhang are old, and they saved Zhang's sons from their plight. Therefore, Zhang Shanliang is virtuous and thinks that Brazil is a satrap, so he is authoritarian. Two heroes' notes: First, Nanyang and Sanfu people flowed into Yizhou households and received them as soldiers, named Dongzhou soldiers. Zhang Kuan and soft, no power. People in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty invaded and violently attacked old friends, and Zhang could not ban them. There are many laws and regulations, and Yizhou is quite disgusted. Zhao Yisu won the hearts of the people, and Zhang Ren used him. Because of the people's dissatisfaction and rebellion, Tang kindly asked Jingzhou for peace, and it was the most popular in Jingzhou, so he fought back with everyone. Shu county, Guanghan and Qianwei should all be suitable. When they entered Chengdu, the people of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty were afraid (threatened) and helped Zhang wholeheartedly. They were all desperate battles, so they broke the rebels and attacked Jiangzhou. Tang killed Pang Le and Yi Li and beheaded them. Emperor Xian of Han said in the Spring and Autumn Annals: When the Han Dynasty heard about the chaos in Yizhou, it sent Niu Xu, commander of the five senses, as the secretariat of Yizhou; Zhang Weiqing, I disagree. The third example: Wei Taitai visited the meaning of "old things" and replied: "Wen Chu Shi: things, nothing; Therefore, things are also; It's no use saying anything. " During the Spring and Autumn Period of the Fourth Han Dynasty, Zhang Song was told to see Tsao Gong, who was proud of cutting and didn't save Song. Songgui persuaded Zhang to commit suicide. Xi gritted his teeth and said, Qi Huan was a traitor in the Nine Kingdoms, and Cao Cao was arrogant for a while. He worked hard for decades and abandoned pitching. I don't care! It is based on the gentleman's humility, taking into account the following people, occupying high positions and maintaining humility. Love is close to things, so although it is expensive, people enjoy it; Deqia lives in groups, so the industry is wide and the world is more happy. Husband, so you can get its wealth, protect its merits, show its moment and pass it on to generations, so why be proud of it! Gentlemen all know that Cao can't be the master of the world. Said: Zhang Ying, 200,000 meters, rode a thousand horses and rode a thousand cars, and collected silks as a gift for Liu Bei. Next year, the ancestors will come to sprout and return to the south, where there are grams. In nineteen years, the city was besieged for dozens of days, and there were still thirty thousand chosen men in the city. The grain silk supported for a year, and the government and the people fought to the death. Zhang Yan said: "Father and son have been in the state for more than 20 years, and none of them has been kind to the people. The people have been fighting for three years, and those who are all soldiers are afraid of safety! " Then I came down from Kaesong and wept. My late master moved to the South County Public Security Bureau and returned all his property and General Pei's seal. Sun Quan killed Guan Yu, took Jingzhou, took Zhang as Yizhou shepherd, and settled in Zigui. After Zhang's death, Nan Zhonghao led an army in Antisense County and attached himself to Wu. Quanfu takes Zhang Zi's explanation as the secretariat of Yizhou, which is the first place to make friends and benefit. Zhuge Liang, the prime minister, pacified the southern land, confessed the return of Wu, and was the official to the imperial history. At the beginning, Zhang's eldest son followed his wife, and so did Pang's daughter. The late Lord appointed Shu as the left general Sima. Zhang followed when he started his army. The late Lord thought he would be a corps commander. After Zhang Erzi, he was divided into Wu and Shu.
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Liu Zhang was born in Jingling, Jiangxia (now northwest of Qianjiang, Hubei). His father, Ada, was appointed as Yizhou secretariat at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ada died and Liu Zhang succeeded Yizhou. He is generous and has no ambition. He only knows how to protect the environment and doesn't know how to stay away. In the 16th year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), when Cao Cao attacked Hanzhong, Liu Zhang was afraid that Cao Cao would threaten himself, so he welcomed Liu Bei into Shu to refuse Cao Cao. Later, it was replaced by Liu Bei. Xian Di moved to Chang 'an, thinking that he would be the captain of a car and gave orders to Shu, leaving nothing behind. In the first year of Xingping, Wei Yan was the messenger of the army and the general of Zhenwu, and he was in charge of Yizhou animal husbandry. Jian 'an nineteen years, Liu Bei, moved to public security. Sun Quanke Jingzhou thought that Yizhou was grazing and was in Zigui. Chen Shou, the author of the Three Kingdoms, commented on Liu Zhang: "Zhang is not a hero, but according to troubled times, it is natural to take advantage of the enemy. It is not regrettable to see it confiscated. " Liu Zhang does not have the talent and ambition to win the world, but it is not without merit. His father Ada died of illness. His men knew that Liu Zhang was gentle and kind, and * * * chose him as his successor. Later, Liu Zhang led Yizhou animal husbandry, and Zhang Lu repeatedly provoked him. In a rage, Liu Zhang killed his mother and brother, and they became enemies. William Feng version of Liu Zhang
Cao Cao conquered Jingzhou and wanted to attack Zhang Lu. Liu Zhang wanted to make friends with Cao Cao, but Zhang Song encouraged Liu Zhang to make friends with Liu Bei because Cao Cao snubbed him and resisted Cao Cao wholeheartedly. Then he provoked the relationship between Liu Zhang and the military commanders with outstanding military exploits, in an attempt to make chaos inside and outside West Shu and give Liu Bei an opportunity. Huang Quan, the chief bookkeeper of Yizhou, knew Zhang Song's intention and remonstrated with Liu Zhang. It's a pity that Liu Zhang didn't accept this letter, but treated Liu Bei with sincerity. Give him soldiers, food and supplies to help him attack Zhang Lu. Zhang Song and Fazheng urged Liu Bei to take turns attacking Liu Zhang. Liu Bei's army turned, but poor Liu Zhang couldn't stop it. Liu Bei surrounded Chengdu all the time. In fact, there were still 30 thousand elite soldiers in Chengdu at that time, and the food and grass were enough for one year, and the officers and men fought to the death. However, Liu said: "The father and son have been in Dengzhou for more than 20 years and have no kindness to the people. The people have been fighting for three years. How can those people outside the grass be safe? " Then I surrendered in Kaesong, and the crowd shed tears. Liu Bei, with all his possessions, shocked General Print. Although Liu Zhang is weak and has no definite view, he also has a kind heart. When he was a shepherd in Yizhou, he made Sichuan rich and the people lived and worked in peace. Instead of launching a large-scale war, he implemented a standard benevolent policy. How can it be said that it is "unfriendly to the people"? Kaicheng's surrender is enough to show his kindness. Moreover, Liu Zhang is not a hedonistic and bohemian person. If you were born in peacetime, you will be a good minister who benefits one side. The rule of Shu has never been fixed, so Chen Shou's evaluation is biased. In fact, from the beginning, Liu Bei had the intention of killing Liu Zhang, fearing that he would lose the heart of the world. After Zhuge Liang advised Liu Bei to strictly manage Shu, some people's anger was suppressed Heroes are born in troubled times, and many talents are buried. It can only be said that Liu Zhangsheng was born in the wrong era and was overshadowed by the glory of many heroes in troubled times. He is kind and understands the sufferings of the people, which is unmatched by many ancient lords. Liu Zhang's failure lies in listening to others' words, not his own opinions. But what was really useful to him was not adopted. It was also he who made Liu Bei's hegemony. His character doomed him to be a hero in troubled times, and he could only be partial, which is really regrettable!
Edit this paragraph, Liu Zhang's loss state.
Liu Zhang, whose real name was Yu Ji, was a stepfather of Yizhou in the first year of Xingping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (194). Yizhou was seized by Liu Bei in the 19th year of Jian 'an (2 14) and ruled Yizhou for 20 years. His activities influenced the politics of the Three Kingdoms in the late Han Dynasty to some extent. So far, there is no monograph on Liu Zhang in academic circles. People's evaluation of Liu Zhang is basically determined by Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Dui": "Liu Zhang is dark and cowardly, ... people are rich and don't know how to cherish it, and the wise think of the wise." Liu Zhang became a symbol of fatuity and incompetence. First, Liu Zhang lost because of "man's plan": at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos. Liu Zhang is located in Yizhou, a land of abundance, with outstanding people and rich resources, which is enough to sustain itself and even achieve great success. However, Liu Zhang is more conservative in Yizhou.
You can't make a difference in the process of your country. In front of Liu Bei outside, you are passive and bullied everywhere, and Yizhou will eventually be handed over to others. What is the reason? Compared with the heroes in the late Han Dynasty, Liu Zhang was "weak" and "unafraid" [1] (quoted from Di Xian Chun Qiu, Volume 32, Biography of the Ancestors). The main manifestations are: (1) I don't know the geographical situation of Yizhou soldiers, I can't try to repair Zhang Lu in Hanzhong, and I lost the barrier to the north of Yizhou, which made Yizhou under the threat of foreign enemies. (2) Lack of psychological quality in major military struggles. Although Yizhou is a "land of geomantic omen", Liu Zhang does not believe in his own strength, so he wants to help Cao Cao against Zhang Lu, who is not better than him. When Cao Cao threatened himself, he invited Liu Bei to help him get into Sichuan smoothly. (3) Lack of sufficient military personnel. Liu Zhang quickly organized a series of military actions against Liu Bei after he realized Liu Bei's sinister intentions and beheaded Zhang Song angrily, but all ended in failure. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" contains: At the beginning of Liu Bei's struggle for Yizhou, he said:' The army of the general of Zuojun attacked me, with less than 10,000 soldiers and no soldiers attached. The wilderness valley is the capital, and the army has no trenches. The plan is to drive Brazil and Zitong people to the west of Fushui, and their granaries and wild valleys are burned out, so they wait. If you arrive, please call, don't promise, you have no money for a long time, but after one hundred days, you will go by yourself, and you will be deaf when you walk and bump. Zheng Du's plan was a good way to resist Liu Bei, but Liu didn't use it. On the contrary, Zheng Du was expelled. What happened to Zheng Du not only shows that Liu Zhang didn't listen to advice, but more importantly shows that Liu Zhang is "brilliant" and lacks military acumen, so he is no match for Liu Bei at all. In fact, Liu Zhang is not without military talent, as evidenced by his suppression of several large-scale Yizhou rebellions during his reign in Yizhou. At that time, people regarded Liu Zhang as "dark and weak" and "not martial", not only because of Liu Zhang's "generous" and "gentle" weak personality [1] (Volume 3 1 Liu Ermu's Biography and Hero's Note), but also because he did not work hard in the troubled times when he advocated "seeking for others". The outstanding performance is that Liu Zhang is determined not to leave, only to protect one state. Protecting Yizhou and observing the world is the policy set by Liu Zhang's father Ada. Liu Ermu's "History of the Three Kingdoms" contains: "I don't see the political decline of the (Han) spiritual emperor, and there are many royal families who want to avoid the world." ..... Assistant Guanghandong helped himself privately, saying,' The capital will be chaotic, and Yizhou will divide the emperor'. I am more interested in Yizhou. "It happened that the profit was in turmoil, and the court took Ada as the messenger of the army and led the profit grazing. After Ada entered Yizhou, tens of thousands of Dongzhou soldiers put down the unrest in Yizhou, killed Yizhou strongmen, established a separatist regime, and then ignored the world situation outside Yizhou. Quote "Legend of Heroes": Ada started his army, not asking about things, Dong Zhuo, and defending the country. " This undoubtedly limits their own development. Wang Fuzhi commented in Volume 9 of Zi Zhi Tong Jian: "Although Yan was appointed as a shepherd, the Han family was in peril, and the storm was boiling, and Mo Wen was ashamed. Cutting soil is good at this, and people with lofty ideals are also unscrupulous. " After Ada's death, Liu Zhang, who inherited Yizhou's pastoral position, basically followed his father's policy of "sitting in peace". "Safety" has its rationality in a certain sense, such as avoiding unnecessary consumption of one's own strength in disputes. However, in the era of separatist annexation at the end of the Han Dynasty, we were satisfied with "self-protection", without lofty goals and positive actions, and finally we could only "be a fish". Warlords such as Gongsun Zan and Liu Biao are typical examples, while the negative examples are Cao Cao's unification of the north and Sun Quan's separatist regime to the east of the Yangtze River. Liu Zhang's "job security" led to his conservative and backward behavior, which made him dim in the world trend. When Liu Bei tried his best to seize Yizhou, Liu Zhang was at a loss. Instead, he opened a door to rob and eventually ruined his legacy. It can be said that Liu Zhang's loss is due to "man-made efforts" in a sense. "The Biography of Ada in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "Zhang Can kept his temper and kept his plan first, but he was able to keep pace with the times, but he lost his sharp instrument and was quietly reprimanded. The so-called sheepskin sees the leopard and is afraid. " Indeed, the general trend of the world does not allow Liu Zhang to pass and accumulate strength. However, it is not impossible to give full play to the subjective initiative of "seeking for others", strive for progress and keep a conservative corner, and it is not impossible for Yizhou people to be rich and powerful and land is dangerous. But Liu Zhang is dark in the general trend of the world, and he doesn't know tactics. Wang Fuzhi's History as a Mirror (Volume 9) says: "Commentators say:' Liu Zhang is weak', the weak are weaker than the strong, and those who are dark are darker than fraud." At the end of the Han Dynasty, Liu Zhang obviously fell behind the times, and lost as "the principle of nature" [1] (Volume 3 1 Biography of Liu Ermu). Second, Liu Yizhou has made achievements: for Liu Yizhou, Zhuge Liang said: "People value money, and they don't know how to scrimp"; "Liu Zhang is weak, self-conscious, with many years of kindness, law, restraint, mutual understanding, good governance, coercion, punishment, Shu people, authoritarian indulgence, this way and this, and gradually replaced by Ling. Pets with a position are extremely disabled; Because of this, it is slow to exhaust, so it is harmful. " [1] (Volume 35 "Biography of Zhuge Liang" quoted by Ji Shu) It is generally believed that Liu Zhangyu is weak and "has too many decrees" [1] (Volume 3 1 Biography of Liu Ermu). Because Yizhou was under the rule of Liu Zhang, Liu Zhang was devoted to the people of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and could not unite with the indigenous people of Yizhou. Yizhou indigenous landlord group has always had a bad impression on Liu Zhang, and Liu Zhang has never been able to get more support from them. Not only the contradiction between foreign landlords and indigenous landlords has not been resolved; Even there are contradictions between Liu Zhang himself and his senior officials. Liu Zhang has neither enough strength to control arrogant generals nor the ability to select or reuse outstanding talents [2][3](p78-79). In my opinion, this is only one aspect of the problem. After all, Liu Zhang is not as incompetent as Zhuge Liang explained. For example, from the perspective of economic development, his achievements are not inferior to those of Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang. As we all know, Zhuge Liang ruled Shu, and Yizhou even developed remote areas, but the economy of Shu Han did not rise as a whole, and production did not develop as it should. Take the population as an example. In the first year of Liu Bei's Zhangwu (22 1), there were 200,000 households with a population of 900,000, and in the first year of Liu Chan's Yanxing (263), there were 280,000 households with a population of 940,000. If this figure is generally credible, the number of Shu Han people has only increased by 40,000 in more than 40 years, which may include some conquered backward tribes, so it can be said that the population of Shu has basically not increased, which is enough to reflect the stagnation of Yizhou's social economy under the rule of Shu Han. In addition, on the eve of Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition in the fifth year of Shu Jianxing (227 years), he said in the "Model": "This is a dangerous autumn" [1] (Volume 35, Biography of Zhuge Liang). Zhuge Liang said that it is true that the late ruler Liu Chan should try to cheer up, but it also shows that Yizhou is no longer a situation of "enriching the country and strengthening the people". Zhuge Liang declared in an assassination order: "Today, the people are poor and the country is empty, and the only capital to defeat the enemy is Jin Shuer." [4] (Volume "8 15" Cloth Department) It should be noted that this is a period when Shu Han's national strength is relatively strong. Compared with the period when Liu Zhang was in charge of Shu, the economic situation of "Yizhou was tired" and "only looking to Shu Jin Sui" was obviously backward. Zhuge Liang once told Liu Bei in Xiangyang that Yizhou was "rich for the people" [1] (Volume 35 Biography of Zhuge Liang). Pang Tong once said to Liu Bei: "Yizhou is rich and powerful, with a household registration of one million." [1] (Volume 37 Biography of Pang Tong quotes Kyushu Chunqiu) That is to say, the effect of Liu Zhang's governance of Yizhou is universally recognized. This is not only related to the fact that Yizhou suffered less war damage at the end of Han Dynasty, but also related to Liu Zhang's rule of Shu. According to "Three Kingdoms Liu Zhang's Theory of Employing People": After Liu Bei won Yizhou, he made great use of Yizhou's talents. "Take what Huang Quan, Li Yan and others used, Wu Yi and others all married Zhang, Peng Yang refused, and Liu Ba hated it in the past, so they all showed their responsibilities and did their best." The Yizhou talents used by Liu Bei are basically members of the former Liu Zhang Talent Group. Peng Yang, especially abandoned by Liu Zhang, was later abandoned by Liu Bei and even killed. This shows that when Liu Zhang was in charge of Shu, he was able to know people and employ people, and he also tried his best to win over and unite the indigenous people in Yizhou. This should be an important reason for Yizhou's political stability and economic development under Liu Zhang's rule. Although there are no direct historical facts in Historical Records to illustrate Liu Zhang's achievements in governing Shu, Liu stabilized Yizhou and developed Yizhou, it cannot be said that he was incompetent and reactive. To say the least, although there were some civil strife in Yizhou under the rule of Liu Zhang, the political situation remained stable, which showed that Liu Zhang still had certain political talents. Liu Zhang still has a certain "people-oriented" thought. When we examine Liu Zhang's words and deeds, we can always get a glimpse of his people-oriented thought. Aside from other reasons, (1) Welcome Liu Bei to Sichuan is based on protecting the environment and protecting the people. (2) When Zheng Du proposed to defend Liu Beijun, Liu Zhang thought: Never heard of refusing the enemy to protect the people, but never heard of immigrants avoiding it. "[1] (Volume 37, True Facts) shows that Liu Zhang refused to accept Zheng Du's policy because he was unwilling to work for the people. (3) Liu Zhangju surrendered to Liu Bei in Chengdu because he didn't want to hurt the people. When Chengdu was well-fed and well-fed, and the subjects expressed their willingness to stick to the city, Zhang Yan said:' Father and son have been in the state for more than 20 years, and they have no gratitude to the people. The people have been fighting for three years, and the people in the grass can't feel at ease! ""[1] (Volume 3 1 Biography of Liu Ermu) In this regard, it is not in line with the reality that Liu Zhang ruled Yizhou. Ye, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said: "Although Liu Zhang is black and timid, the country is rich and the people are strong, and he is nurtured with kindness and does not offend." [5] (Volume 28 "Shu Zhang") Wang Fuzhi in the Qing Dynasty bluntly said that Liu was not "faint" [6] (Volume 9). Indeed, Liu Zhang is certainly not a monarch, but it cannot be attributed to a bad monarch, let alone a tyrant. Therefore, when Liu Bei compared the capture of Yizhou to a crusade, he was immediately refuted by his subordinate Pang Tong [1] (Volume 37 Biography of Pang Tong). Liu Ermu's Biography of the Three Kingdoms quoted Zhang Qiyue as saying: "Liu is weak, keep good words. He is also a disciple of Song Xianggong and Xu Yanwang, but he is not the master of no way. " Looking back at Zhuge Liang's evaluation of Liu Zhang, he said that "Liu Zhang is weak" in his book Longzhong Dui, in order to establish Liu Bei's confidence in attacking Yizhou; After the occupation of Yizhou, Liu Zhang's rule over Yizhou should be completely belittled, and more is to defend his harsh laws. Third, Liu Zhang's rule of Yizhou is still popular today: in the thirteenth year of Jian 'an (2008), Zhuge Liang wrote "Longzhong Dui", saying that Liu Zhang ruled Yizhou, "the wise think wisdom." Later, in the process of Liu Bei's plot to benefit the state, Liu Zhang's talented officials such as Zhang Song and Fa Zheng actively planned to welcome Liu Bei to Shu. Li Yan, Fei Shi, Xu Jing and others who surrendered or wanted to surrender because of resistance in the battle of Liu Bei's capture of Yizhou were "wise men" whom Zhuge Liang called "even a wise man has a thousand worries". On the other hand, there are more "smart people" supporting Liu Zhang. Huang Quan, Liu Ba and other "wise men" opposed Liu Zhang's welcoming Liu Bei into Sichuan. "Biography of the Three Kingdoms Huang Quan" said: Huang is the main book of Qi, and he is brave. "General Zuo (Liu Bei) has a nickname, so please come here today. If you want to meet him in the trilogy, you will be dissatisfied with him. If you want to be polite to your guests, then a country will not tolerate two kings. If the guest has the peace of Mount Tai, the Lord is in danger of laying eggs, but he can close the border until the river is clear. " In addition, The Biography of the Three Kingdoms of Liu Ba quoted the Biography of the Sages in Lingling: "Zhang sent the law to welcome Liu Bei, and (Liu) Ba Jian said:' Prepare it, the public will harm it, and it is not allowed to enter. "In addition, Wang Lei refused to accept Liu Bei because he hung at the door to protest against Liu Zhang. In addition, in Liu Bei's military action to capture Yizhou, many brave men fought for Liu Zhang. The Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Wang Lian said: "The first Lord set out to March south, and (the king) even sealed the city, but he did not surrender." Yan Yan and Liu Zhang, the prefects of Ba County, are willing to be beheaded generals [1] (36 (Biography of Zhang Fei) after being captured after failing to resist. In addition, The History of the Three Kingdoms quoted Yi Bu Jiu Za Zhu as saying: "Liu Zhang sent Zhang Ren and Liu! Leading a good soldier refused to defend the late master of Fucheng, but he was broken by the late master and retreated to Luocheng with Zhang Zi. Ren Lebing came out of Yanqiao and lost again. Birdman When the late Lord heard of Ren Zhongyong, he ordered his troops to drop, and Ren rebuked him, saying, "I will no longer serve the two lords. Is to kill it, the first Lord regretted it. "Even when Chengdu was besieged and Liu Zhang was in the most difficult moment, the whole city's soldiers and civilians also expressed their loyal opposition. When Liu surrendered to Chengdu, the soldiers and civilians shed tears. All these are enough to show that Liu Zhang has a deep popular base in Yizhou and won the hearts of the people. He is by no means a lonely man. This also reflects from one side that in the eyes of Shu people, Liu Zhang may not be the "wise king". Because of this, despite Liu Bei's deliberate efforts, the occupation of Yizhou took many twists and turns and paid a considerable price. For example, the battle of Los Angeles took a year, which damaged the military commander Pang Tong and made it difficult to win. In addition, according to historical records, Liu Bei entered Sichuan at the invitation of Liu Zhang in the sixteenth year of Jian 'an, and actively won the hearts of Sichuan people. The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Pang Tong said: "Yizhou Mu (Liu Zhang) and his predecessor Fu Hui made a unified plan and said,' If we meet now, we can hold on, and then the general will decide on a state without fighting.' The late Lord said,' When I first entered another country, I didn't have my trust, so I had no choice'. "From then on, liu bei" thick tree kindness, in order to close the heart "[1] (volume 32" Biography of the First Master "). Liu Bei dare not and cannot win Liu Zhang. On the contrary, it will take a long time to "cultivate goodness and win the hearts of the people." This not only shows that Liu Bei's banner of "Imperial Palace" is eclipsed by the real "Imperial Palace" Liu Zhang, and Liu Bei is cautious, which also shows that Liu Zhang has not lost the support of the people in Shu. In a word, Zhuge Liang's so-called "wise men have different opinions" is not in line with the reality of Liu Zhang's governance of Yizhou. After all, Liu Zhangzhi Yizhou is still popular. Liu Zhang's governance of Yizhou is not "the people are rich and the country is strong but do not know how to love the people", but has a certain "people-oriented" thought and has made great achievements; Liu Zhang fell to Yizhou, not because he was ignorant and the people of Yizhou opposed his rule, but mainly because he was in the era of competing with others at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Liu Zhang's military ability is average, he is not good at "asking for help" and he doesn't know the result of the world situation. To some extent, Liu can be described as "a capable minister in the world and a mortal in troubled times". Zhuge Liang's evaluation of Liu Zhang is biased, even unfair.