There are 3 1 stone carvings in front of the tombs of the Southern Dynasties, which can be divided into two categories: the tombs of emperors and the tombs of princes and nobles. Among the stone carvings in front of the tomb, Xiao Shun's mausoleum of Emperor Wen of Liang is the most intact. Among the tombs of princes and nobles, the stone carvings in front of the tomb are best preserved in the tomb of Liang Kangwang Xiaoxiu.
Time and ground stone carving of mausoleum
South Shinto Stone Pillar in October Village, Yaohuamen, Nanjing 1 Shijing 2 in Zhong Ping's Tomb in Wuliang, Hou Xiaojing
No.2 Stone Tablet 1 Xiaowai Tomb of Wu Wang, southwest of Ganjia Lane, Yaohuamen, Nanjing
Liang Poyang, the tomb of martyrs, and Shi Pi II, the east of Xiao Dan's tomb.
Kang Wangxiao, a primary school in Ganjiaxiang, Yaohuamen, Nanjing, repaired the tomb beams, stone skins, stone pillars and stone tablets.
Shek Pixie of Xiaorong Tomb in Zhangjiaku, Qixia Mountain, Nanjing
(The original biography is the tomb of Wuxian County, Xiao Ying City, Qi Huangong, but it is wrong. )
Liang Xinyu Kuanhou Xiaoying's Tomb Stone Pillar 1 Jiabian, northeast (east) of Nanjing Ganjia Lane
Stone pillar of Wang Xiaowei's tomb, No.2 Zhoujiashan, Liangjian County, Yaohuamen, Nanjing.
No.2, Nanshichong, Ganjia Lane, Nanjing, Shi Qilin, Changning Ling, Liu Yilong City, Song Wendi
Badou Mountain 1 JOE Village The Lost Stone Pillar of the Southern Dynasty Tomb
Houjia Road Jurong Xintang Huangmei Bridge Shibei No.2 and Shizhu No.2 Liang Nankang Wang Jian Xiaoji Tomb
Song Wudi Liu Yuchu Ningling Stone Qilin 2 Jiangning Qilinmen Qilinpu
An Minhou set up two tombs and two stone pillars to ward off evil spirits in the southwest of chunhua town, Jiangning.
Ma Shichong Huang Lu, Fangshang Town, Jiangning, Qilin 2, Wan 'an Shilin, Chen Baxian City, Chen Wudi
Tomb of the Lost Southern Dynasties, Shek Pixie 2, Shizhu 2, near Houcun Town above Jiangning.
Lost Stone Pillar of Southern Dynasties Tomb in Songshu Village, chunhua town, Jiangning 1
Lost Southern Dynasties Stone Pillar 1 Gengmugang, Guantang Town, Jiangning
Shi Bixie, Ben's Tomb of Qi Literature 2 Fangqi Temple, Jiangning Town
Stone brave comes from Chen Wendi Chen Qian Yongning Mausoleum 2 Jiangning Qilinmen Lingshan.
Liang Linchuan Jing Hui Hongling Mausoleum Stone Pi 2, Shizhu 2, Shibei 1 Jiangning Qilinmen Xianhemen
Qixiao Chengzhi Yong 'an Qilin 2 Danyang Northeast Lion Bay
Qitai 'an Lingshi Qilin 2 Zhaojiawan in the northeast of Danyang
Qi Jingdi Xiao Daosheng An Xiu Shilin Qilin 2 Danyang Northeast Jingshan and Xian 'ao
Tomb of Xiao Baojuan in Hunhou, Qidong or Xiao Baorong at the bottom of Shiqilin River in Gonganling 2 Jinjia Village, Jingshan, northeast Danyang
The Lost Mausoleum of the Southern Dynasties, Gargoyle 2, is located at the northern foot of Jingshan Mountain in the northeast of Danyang.
(Probably the tomb of Emperor Xiao of Yulin)
Stone exorcism in the lost tombs of the Southern Dynasties II (ditto)
(Probably Xiao's Mausoleum of the Abandoned Emperor Sea)
Shi Qilin 1 and Shizhu 1 in Jing 'anling, Xiao Ze, Emperor Wu of Qi, Sangu Temple in Jiarong Village, east of Danyang City.
Qi Ming Di Xiao Luan Xing An Shilin Qilin 1 Dongcheng Village, Xiaode Township, Chengdong, Danyang City
Liang Wendi, Xiao Shunzhi, Jianling Shi Qilin II, Shizhu II and Shibei II in Sanjiang Lane in the east of Danyang City.
Xiaoyan, Liang Wudi, practiced Qilin 1 Dongcheng Village, Danyang City.
Shi Qilin 1 Xiaogang, Liangliang (ditto)
Shi Qilin at the entrance of Qiliang Cemetery in Danyang No.2 Middle School, Donglingkou Town, Danyang
There are three main forms of stone carving in front of the tombs of the Southern Dynasties, namely, stone beasts, shinto stone pillars and stone tablets. They will now be described one by one.
1. Stone beast
The stone beasts in front of the tombs of the Southern Dynasties have certain rules, that is, there are horns in front of the tombs of emperors and no horns in front of the tombs of princes. The former is divided into two corners and one corner, called Tianlu and Kirin, and the latter is called exorcism. Both of them have wings, which is undoubtedly a kind of god beast. According to the information obtained at present, this beast was first seen in front of the Han tomb, such as the word "exorcism" on the stone beast in front of the tomb of Ji Houbao. Ouyang Xiu's Collection of Ancient Records also said: "Han Tianlu's words to ward off evil spirits are on the shoulders of stone beasts in front of the tomb of Zongzi." This tomb is in Nanyang, Henan Province today. But as early as the Zhou Dynasty, the bronze wares, that is, the carving of winged beasts.
In the stone carvings before the Southern Dynasties, some people thought that the one-horned person was Tianlu, the two-horned person was to ward off evil spirits, or those with horns were all called Kirin, and those without horns were all called to ward off evil spirits. According to the Records of Hanshu Biography of the Western Regions, Wuyishan left the country (according to the research of the Western Regions in southern Persia) "with peaches, lions and rhinoceroses". Meng Kang's note: "One peach is plucked, and one word is plucked, which looks like a deer, one corner is a deer (Tianlu), two horns are evil spirits, and a lion is like a tiger ..." Sima Biao's Continued Han Shu said: "Fu Ba looks like a forest without horns." "Atlas of Ancient Jade" says: "Double horns are called Tianlu, and no horns are called evil gods." Opinions vary. Now it is generally called lion, which was introduced to China in the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Emperor Ling built a palace in Luoyang, "casting the tomb of Tianlu Xiayi ...", and Tianlu was such a beast. Tianlu and Qilin in Han Dynasty were often called Tianlu Pavilion and Qilin Pavilion because they were cast in front of the temple. Therefore, people know that at first they were placed in front of the palace as decorations, and later they were placed in front of the grave. The stone beasts in front of the tombs of the Six Dynasties were closely related to those of the Han Dynasty, and some of them were influenced by the West. So in the Six Dynasties, this stone beast integrated the factors of China and other countries in the Western Regions. At the entrance of Nineveh Palace in Mesopotamia (now Mosul, Iraq), the ancient Assyrian empire in Central Asia, there is also a statue of a winged bull's head. There are many winged beasts in the statues carved in ancient Greece, such as winged lions, horses and cows.
2. stone pillars
Stone pillars, also known as Shinto stone pillars, were originally called Huabiao in the Southern Dynasties and stood in front of official temples, floating beams and postal kiosks [13]. It consists of three parts: the top is a round cover with a stigma, often a round lotus seat, which was a popular sculpture in the Six Dynasties. A small stone beast stands on the seat and is often carved to ward off evil spirits, which also belongs to the category of god beast; The middle part is cylindrical and round, with 24 to 28 straight melon ridges engraved on it. The square stone tablet on the stone pillar is decorated with a square stone with the same size and diameter as the stone pillar. Three monsters are carved on it, and a circle of rope braid is placed under the square stone pillar, which is very vivid. These animal images are very similar to the sculptures in Wuliangye in Han Dynasty and the tomb animals in Tang Dynasty. At the bottom is the column foundation, which is divided into two layers. The upper layer is carved with a pair of winged monsters (some people call them lizards) with beads in their mouths; The lower floor is a square stone, which is the same as the "corner stone on the column base" in Architectural French. There are reliefs on all sides, mostly animal images.
Stone pillars, or watches and huabiao, are now commonly known as stone pillars, which are different from the stone pillars in front of the tombs of the Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties. In addition to the stone pillars, the latter also has a Chinese watch, which stands next to the pavilion and in front of the stone beast. Hua Biao in Han Dynasty was also called Huan Biao, and Huan Ying in Three Kingdoms. The upper end of the column is inlaid with a small square tombstone, and the left and right columns are opposite. One is an original book, the other is an anti-book, or both are anti-books or both are original books, and the Shinto of the tomb owner is written. From the inscriptions on Shinto stone pillars, it can be confirmed that the imperial edict of Tian Liang in the Book of Rites of Sui Shu in the sixth year (AD 507) stipulated the burial system ... widex made a stone pillar, and it was only registered, indicating that its function was "registration", that is, it played the role of marking the identity of the tomb owner. "Sui Shu. The Book of Rites also records: "No gravestone can be built in any tomb ...", but from the example, there are gravestones in front of every tomb, which shows that the imperial edict only had legal effect on the working people at that time, and it had no practical significance to princes and nobles.
3. Stone tablet
Stone tablets existed as early as the Han Dynasty, and consisted of three parts: head, body and seat. The head of the tablet is laurel-shaped, the head of the tablet in the Six Dynasties is ten thousand-shaped, and the left and right dragons are braided on the ridge of the tablet. In addition to writing characters, the side of the monument is decorated with reliefs, mostly flowers and leaves of birds and animals, which is a new decorative technique. This kind of decoration is often divided into eight squares, each of which is engraved with patterns, and the content is birds, beasts, demons and animals, similar to the monsters on the stone pillars. The compartment was decorated with tangled branches of honeysuckle. The pedestal is a turtle with a high glans, which is quite majestic. Turtle seat also began in Han Dynasty, such as Liu Min tablet and Chinese character tablet. There is an article "Sketching from a Chair" in Building French Style, which is probably related to listing turtles, phoenixes and tigers as auspicious animals in ancient times. Except for the inscriptions in front of the tombs of Xiao Dan and Xiao Xiu, the inscriptions in front of the tombs of the Six Dynasties are unclear or no longer exist. These two tablets were written by Bei Yiyuan, a calligrapher in Xing Wu, and they are typical regular script of the Southern Dynasties, which can make up for the deficiency of the previous saying that "the south sticks to the north tablet".
There are few historical records about the system of placing stone carvings in front of the tombs of the Southern Dynasties, so it is difficult to get a complete picture. However, according to the arrangement of the existing stone carvings, it can be roughly determined that there are three kinds of six pieces. The mausoleum is a pair of stone beasts (one land, one unicorn), a pair of Shinto pillars and a pair of stone tablets; The tomb of princes and nobles is a pair of stone lions, a pair of Shinto pillars and a pair of stone tablets. This arrangement should be customized at that time. Judging from its species, there are no lions in the stone beasts in front of the imperial tomb, and the stone beasts in front of the tombs of princes and nobles are stone lions, without Tianlu or Kirin. Kirin or Tianlu represented the auspicious beast in ancient times, and only the emperor could enjoy it, which reflected the emperor's supreme power and majesty; Shishi is the king of all animals in the world, representing the incomparable glory of princes and nobles before their death. In this way, the difference between stone and beast basically reflects the difference of feudal rank and status in this period.
In addition, by observing the setting of Shinto stone carvings in front of the tombs in the Southern Dynasties, we can see that the arrangement of stone carvings is not in a straight line as before, but according to the terrain, which means that the arrangement of stone carvings and the size of carvings are completely integrated with the natural environment, reaching the realm of "harmony between man and nature", which should be related to the maturity of "Feng Shui" in the Southern Dynasties. The geographical environment and landscape form of the Southern Dynasties made the concept of taking advantage of anger concrete. Standing on the top of the mountain, overlooking the rolling mountains of vilen, I feel that there are thousands of Ma Benteng and the momentum of nature, so "the bones of the mountain, the branches of the mountain, the air follows [14]." According to the existing archaeological data, the stone carvings of Qi Tomb and Chen Tomb are in harmony with the environment. Taking the repair of Anling in Qijing, Danyang as an example, the stone carving in front of the mausoleum is 5 10m away from the mausoleum, and the Shinto between the mausoleum and the stone beast extends in an arc, which depends entirely on the mountain terrain. Although the bending of Shinto will not lead to the consistency between the stone carving and the Shinto orientation of the tomb, it still forms a central line with the tomb from the front of the stone carving. A certain height of stone carving echoes the back hill to protect the central tomb. The stone carving and the ecological environment of the mountain have reached an ideal harmony, and the front of the stone carving has formed the best visual effect, presenting the most ideal overall environmental design. This is the embodiment of the popularity of integrity art at that time.
On the one hand, the stone carvings in front of the tombs of the Six Dynasties inherited the pure and simple characteristics of the stone carvings in the Han Dynasty, on the other hand, they got rid of the inherent characteristics of the stone carvings in the Han Dynasty and turned to a vivid and ethereal direction, showing the ancient people's views on time and space, ecology, art and world outlook incisively and vividly, laying a solid foundation for the arrival of the peak of the stone carvings in front of the tombs of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which can be called the fine stone carvings in front of ancient tombs in China.
I hope it helps.