Records of Shanhaiguan: The danger of Guinea comes first from Tongguan and Shanhaiguan.
On Tongguan's strategic significance from its unique geographical location
Tongguan is located in the north of Tongguan County, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province. It has a long history and can be traced back to AD 196, the first year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to China's ancient geography masterpiece "Notes on Water Classics", the river flows southward and flows to Guanshan, so it is called Tongguan. The so-called Taoyuan in the Jin Dynasty was blocked, and the so-called Huayang in the Qin Dynasty was also blocked. There is water in the west and rivers in the northeast. The river flows from the northeast of Tongguan, and there is a long Sakamoto at the water's edge, which is called Huangjuan Sakamoto and is found in Henan Province. Next to Duxi, I want to ascend to Tongguan. ? Tongguan? Hence the name.
Geographically, Tongguan is bordered by the Yellow River in the north, Qinling Mountains in the south, Guanzhong Plain in the west and Hanguguan in the east.
Judging from the geographical location where the Yellow River meets the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains, there is a river between the Yellow River and the Qinling Mountains. Plateau? The unique landform in northwest China is platform-like, with a flat top and steep surroundings. Plateau? About 700 meters high, Tongguan was built on this garden, which means that to pass Tongguan, you need to pass through this tableland, but this is only theoretical, but it is not that simple in fact.
This is mainly because the north side of the tableland is close to the Yellow River and there is a deep ditch on the east side of the tableland. Yuanwanggou? There is a deep ditch in the west of the plateau called. No ditch? The Yellow River flows on the north side to scour the tableland, and the water in the east and west ditches scours the east and west sides of the tableland, forming a cliff under the scouring action of these three rivers. Natural barrier? The traffic between the north and south of Tongguan, that is, between the Yellow River and the Qinling Mountains, was completely cut off. There is only one way to Yuanshang, which is in the north of the Yellow River? Huang Xiangban? .
This ecliptic Sakamoto is also quite famous. According to the Water Classic Note, the river flows from the northeast of Tongguan, and there is a long Sakamoto near the water's edge, which is called Huangxiang Sakamoto. The so-called Huangxiang is to participate in this Sakamoto to promote Tongguan, and the so-called back to Tongguan to help Tongguan. From this record, we can see that this road is called? Close call? , why? Absolutely? Because? Huang Xiangban? It's only a few meters wide, like a driveway on the street. Why? Risk? Because the cliffs around this road are steep and steep, about 15 meters long. Is it a close call for Huang Xiangban to have it? One person guards it, and ten thousand people can't force it? The general trend, as Du Fu wrote in Tongguan Officials, even the clouds are fighting, and the birds can't surpass them. Stupid but self-controlled, how can you worry about western capital? Father-in-law sees the heavy place, and the bicycle is narrow. Hard work makes a halberd, and there is no end to using one husband.
So it can be seen that Tongguan is still guarding the natural barrier between the north and the south (Qinling Yellow River)? Huang Xiangban? This thoroughfare made it impossible for the north and south to cross the Yellow River in the south or the Qinling Mountains in the north to reach Tongguan, which was almost impossible under the technical conditions at that time!
Judging from the Guanzhong Plain in the west and Hanguguan in the east, Tongguan is located between Guanzhong Plain and Hanguguan, which is the most familiar. As one of the top ten famous passes in ancient China, it was very important for Qin in the Warring States Period. Qin rejected the six countries for hundreds of years because of this fortress, but later, due to the influence of sedimentation and undercutting of the Yellow River, the water level of the Yellow River dropped, the river channel was exposed, and the role of Hanguguan disappeared, so the heavy responsibility fell. Tongguan? My treat.
Tongguan also? Not responsible? With its unique geographical advantages, it guards the main roads of the three provinces of Qin, Jin and Yu, and becomes a barrier in Guanzhong to ensure the prosperity of Chang 'an. Millennium Xiongguan, Huaxia Jincheng? It's very famous in China.
Goat Tongguan Nostalgia: The peaks are like gathering, the waves are like anger, and the mountains and rivers are inside and outside Tongguan Road. Looking at the western capital, I hesitated. Sad Qin and Han dynasties, ten thousand palaces have been made of earth. Xing, the people suffer; Death makes people suffer.
On the military significance of Tongguan from the famous wars of past dynasties
Tongguan is very famous in China, known as? Qin locks the key? 、? Four throats? 、? One hundred and two levels? Tongguan's reputation is also attributed to several wars, because these wars have made Tongguan's military significance more prominent.
According to historical records, the first battle about Tongguan was in 2 1 1 year, also known as "Tongguan"? The battle of Weinan? . Cao Cao, Ma Chao and Han Sui were all governors at that time. The battle was led by Cao Cao, with 100,000 soldiers and several civil servants, while Ma Chao and Han Sui allied forces assembled 100,000 troops to defend Tongguan. There is almost no difference in the number of troops between the two sides. However, Ma Chao's allied forces, relying on the natural barrier that Tongguan was easy to defend but difficult to attack, repelled the invading Cao Jun many times, and Cao Cao finally won because he sent a partial division from Pujin Ferry in the upper reaches of the Yellow River to cross the Yellow River and raided Tongguan, and Ma Chao was defeated. Ma Chao's defeat was not Tongguan's fault, but inferior to Cao Cao's. Taking this opportunity, Cao Cao took control of Tongguan and unified the north.
Another famous battle about Tongguan took place in the Tang Dynasty? An Shi rebellion? Period. In 755, An Lushan was appointed as Anyang. Worried about the country? In the name of killing Yang by secret edict,150,000 people (so-called 200,000) rallied against the Tang Dynasty. In the imperial court, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered Gao Xianzhi and Feng Changqing to lead the army in counterinsurgency. In the same year, An Lushan was on a roll and captured Luoyang, while Gao Xianzhi retreated to Tongguan, unable to hold on, trying to consume An Lushan rebels at the risk of Tongguan.
Originally, judging from the situation at that time, Gao Xianzhi's sticking strategy was correct, which was in line with the correct decision of the war situation at that time. Because of the dangerous terrain in Tongguan, An Lushan was bound to fight a protracted war, and An Lushan, as a rebel, knew that it was unpopular and looked forward to a quick victory. However, Tang Xuanzong did not realize this, but listened to the false accusation of the prison army. In the name of losing a teacher? Gao Xianzhi, who fought at the front, was beheaded. After Gao Xianzhi was beheaded, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered Geshuhan, our envoy to Longyou, to lead 200,000 troops to guard Tongguan. Geshuhan is a wise man, and his operational policy in Tongguan is the same as that of Gao Xianzhi? Stick to Tongguan? Policy, but is there? Gao Xianzhi? As a lesson from the past, Ge had to write to explain that the Anshi rebellion was unpopular and should be given dignity. Within a few months, the thief collapsed and could be caught.
At first, Tang Xuanzong believed Geshuhan's suggestion, but later he listened to Yang's slanders and urged Geshuhan to make a complete break as soon as possible. After weighing the pros and cons, Geshuhan didn't want to be the second Gao Xianzhi, so he sent 50,000 soldiers to go through the customs to resist the enemy.
As soon as Tongguan came out, the final result must be clear to everyone. Goshuhan was wiped out in the army and was in the Ministry. Arrangement? Take refuge in the Anshi Rebellion. As a result, Tongguan fell, Tongguan fell, the gateway of Guanzhong Plain opened, and the capital Chang 'an became the bag of the rebels.
In the same year, Chang 'an fell, and Tang Xuanzong led hundreds of officials to flee.
According to today's latest war about Tongguan took place during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, which one is known in history? Tongguan Defence War? .
1937, after the Lugouqiao Incident broke out, the Japanese invaders launched a full-scale war of aggression against China. In just a few years, North China and South China have successively fallen, leaving only the northwest and southwest regions in China, which is the throat town in the northwest? Tongguan? Faced with unprecedented pressure, we held Tongguan, Shaanxi, Northwest China and most of China at that time.
Bombing Tongguan from the Japanese? Taiyuan fell? It has already started, that is, from 1937, 1 1 to 1945, and ended in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. Over the past eight years, Tongguan, a historic pass, has resisted Japanese bombing day and night. However, with Tongguan's unique geographical location and dangerous terrain, as well as the will of the military and civilians to unite as one, the Japanese army failed to surrender, and Tongguan still stood outside the Guanzhong Plain, making the northwest region never fall into the hands of the enemy.
Today, the war has gone away from us, and with the development of modern military technology, the military and strategic significance of Tongguan seems less obvious. However, the role of Tongguan in ancient and even modern China is still very obvious, and its long history is worth understanding and remembering.