Is the source of China people's mysterious concept of death hidden in the graves of these ghost town residents two thousand years ago?
Fengduhan Group leaked the death password.
On October 6th, 2005/KLOC-0, a foggy morning, ding zhuang cun, Huinan Cemetery, sanhe town, where Chongqing Fengdu New County is located. Everyone held their breath—
A new Korean group is about to be established. An archaeologist is measuring. He recorded the dimensions of the tomb: about 3.6 meters long, 2.85 meters wide and 2. 1 meter deep. This is a convex rock pit tomb facing the Yangtze River, with a pyramid-shaped mound. The tomb is rectangular.
The following excavation work made archaeologists very excited. More than 50 pieces (sets) of funerary objects were unearthed in the tomb, including more than 40 pieces of coins from the New Dynasty, as well as Qin Banliang, Han Banliang, Wuzhu and various copper pots, Wuzhu coins, ironware, pottery pots, bowls, cups and buttons. Most of them are painted with Zhu and there are many pot lids. For archaeologists,
"This is the tomb of the Han Dynasty during the Xin Mang period!" Bai Jiujiang, vice captain of Chongqing Archaeological Team, carefully watched the unearthed coins and funerary objects, and initially judged: "This is one of the few tombs of the Han Dynasty unearthed in our city."
In history, Wang Mang's new dynasty only existed for 10 years, and the society was turbulent, so few monuments have been preserved so far. There were four monetary reforms in Xin Mang's period, and Daquan 50 should be the product of its monetary reforms, with a small amount of existence, and it is a treasure in the collection circle.
With the excavation work of archaeologists, Shi Baozhai tombs, brick-beam tombs and brick-chamber tombs of Banbianqiao appeared in front of people, and sections of ancient history began to surface.
The new town stepped on the ancient tomb.
The ancient city of Fengdu, which has a history of thousands of years, will be submerged at the bottom of the water because of the rising river. On the other side of the Yangtze River, Fengdu New Town covered with white tiles is opening a new history.
1958, the archaeologists of the Yangtze River Basin Committee first discovered the tombs of the Han Dynasty in Fengdu. "There were Han tombs at that time, but I didn't know there were so many," Guo-hong Li, director of Fengdu County Cultural Relics Management Office, told the reporter. 1993 Archaeological excavation of Cultural Relics Management Office found that the Han tombs in Fengdu were huge and extremely rare.
With the construction of Fengdu New Town, cultural relics workers launched a comprehensive cultural relics investigation and rescue excavation. "At that time, there were more than 1000 ancient tombs, but many of them didn't know. The bulldozers on the flat ground are constantly shoveling out, some are reported, and some are hidden and pressed. " An archaeologist said with a complicated expression, "Our hearts are bleeding and there is no way to save cultural relics."
"It can be said that Fengdu New County is actually built on the ancient tomb of the Han Dynasty." Guo-hong Li, director of the Cultural Relics Management Office of Fengdu County, said that there were several layers of Han tombs under the original 23-story Liang Zi half a meter deep soil.
Among them, the Huinan Han group discovered by archaeologists enjoys a high reputation. Hui Nan Han Group is located in Longhekou in the east and Xiaanxi along the river in the west, covering an area of 3.3 million square meters. After preliminary excavation, the unearthed cultural relics lasted more than 600 years from the early Western Han Dynasty to the late Southern Dynasty.
Why are there such large-scale tombs in Fengdu? Why are these people buried here on such a large scale? Does the large-scale tomb prove that it is a treasure trove of geomantic omen? Archaeologists cannot solve this mystery for the time being. According to common sense, there should be a relatively large Han dynasty city around Fengdu, but people have not found the remains of the city, and the source of the ancient tomb has become a suspense. Has anyone moved the dead from a distance and buried them here since the Han Dynasty?
Some people set their sights on the ancient city of Fengdu. Perhaps it is the city of the Han Dynasty under the criss-crossing streets and houses today? What will Seoul be like? Some people speculate that the life of Fengdu people in Han Dynasty was rich and peaceful, at least there was no major war. Because these tombs lasted more than 600 years from the Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
These Han groups are worth studying. The pit tombs, brick tombs and relatively rare urn tombs with the characteristics of each dynasty are intertwined; A large number of pottery figurines of the Han Dynasty have been unearthed here. These pottery figurines not only have various forms of music and dance figurines, neatly arranged warrior figurines, lifelike life figurines and so on. And there are all kinds of animal figurines closely related to people's lives at that time. More than a dozen Han horses with saddles unearthed are even more exciting to the archaeological community.
Many tombs in the Han dynasty were carefully repaired with square big blue bricks, and each blue brick had beautiful patterns. The owner of the tomb is surrounded by beautifully fired pottery figurines, and people hope that the deceased can enjoy happiness in another world.
At present, more than 10,000 precious cultural relics have been unearthed from this rare Han tomb. At the same time, the construction and development of the new city has also become a major obstacle to the protection and excavation of cultural relics.
The Mystery of the Tomb in Ghost Town
The "ghost town" fengdu is unparalleled and world-famous.
Fengdu people say that the living have capital, and the dead and ghosts also have capital. Fengdu is a ghost capital, and the dead in the world will be reported to Fengdu.
People in ghost towns say that people go to Fengdu market in the morning and ghosts go to market in the afternoon. At night, ghosts come out to wander around the city and enjoy the worldly happiness before they die.
Until now, Fengdu still carries out burial. There used to be a custom that people who died in neighboring counties came to Fengdu for burial. At the peak of Fengdu, there were more than 70 temples.
Because of this, the custom of burial in Fengdu, a "ghost town", has always been concerned by archaeologists. For archaeologists, "the excavation of Han tombs is meaningful for studying the burial customs in Xiajiang area at that time". From the discovery of Shi Baozhai's tombs, there are many mysteries in the tomb custom of "ghost town".
The distance between Tomb 2 and Tomb 1 in Shi Baozhai's tombs is only about 1 meter. Tomb No.1 was buried shallowly, and 15 funerary objects were unearthed. The convex tomb No.2 is like a big kitchen. In addition to bronze and iron, there are many pottery, including simple belly cans, folding shoulder cans, convex shoulder cans, boxes, bowls, retort, cans, spoons, lamps, handles and lids ... "Kitchen utensils" are all available. Why were so many similar items buried at that time?
Most of the surface of pottery is painted red, and after more than 2000 years, the color of these pottery is still very bright. Sporadic bone fragments and coffin ash traces were also found in front of the bottom of the well-preserved tomb. Whether these bone fragments are the remains of the tomb owner more than 2,000 years ago, experts say that there is no conclusion yet.
In Shi Baozhai's tomb, many clay pots have lids. The jar was filled with whole grains. Was it buried together? This has yet to be verified by experts.
But in the brick tomb of brick beam, archaeologists only found a copper coin, a silver ring and a wheel brick. What does the unearthing of these objects mean? Is it a proof of the owner's poverty, or is there another custom?
At that time, the owners of the tombs of Huinan Han Formation were mostly ordinary people, with a small number of small and medium-sized landlords. The location of Huinanhan Formation was a public cemetery at that time. These civilian tombs are all buried together by family. So, where will the graves of the rich and bureaucrats be hidden?
In the same corner of Huinan cemetery, there is a lonely narrow tomb. Archaeologists found a boy of about 7 or 8 years old buried inside, with almost no funerary objects. Will there be a sad story hidden inside?
And the magical toad pottery with a wizard standing on its back found in a tomb in rural China. What does this mean?
The world of Fengdu ghosts was conceived by people, but this idea is not groundless. Fengdu is indeed a strange place, and history has buried many puzzles in the cemetery, making it impossible to guess.
In fact, the Han tomb is the code to decipher history.
Grave robbers invaded Han Group.
"If a small black dot is used to represent a Han tomb on an A4 piece of paper, almost the whole paper will be covered with small black dots." Guo-hong Li, director of the Cultural Relics Management Office of Fengdu County, told reporters more than once: "The number of Han groups found in Fengdu is rare in the country."
These "underground" Han tombs have also attracted the attention of professional cultural relics theft gangs and local farmers, and the phenomenon of stealing cultural relics has occurred from time to time. In order to protect these huge Han tombs, the cultural relics department has made great efforts.
"1998 to 2003, the tombs of the Han Dynasty were stolen seriously." Guo-hong Li said that grave robbery is rare now, but he was very saddened by the theft of the tombs of the Han Dynasty in the past. In the past, several tombs with stolen holes were found at the same time.
Before 2004, this major archaeological discovery had to face an embarrassing question mark: what kind of invasion did the buried ancestors of Fengdu suffer?
200 1, 10, 1 1, the middle ages, the Han population.
Near the cemetery, archaeologists found a round hole with a diameter of about 40 cm. There are hidden traces in this cave, and the soil is fresh.
"This is a stolen hole, and the tomb thief is likely to come to rob the tomb." After observation, Guo-hong Li, director of the Cultural Management Institute, decided that this was the act of grave robbers coming to "step on the spot", and they decided to wait for grave robbers to appear.
The cultural relics institute and the archaeological team organized manpower to wait overnight. One day, two days and the third day passed.
On the fourth day, grave robbers appeared and the cultural relics department ambushed successfully.
"It's nothing. We also arrested four grave robbers at a time and were sentenced to more than six years in prison. " Guo-hong Li, the curator, told the reporter that they rescued more than 10 national precious cultural relics that time.
Shao Weidong, deputy director of the Three Gorges Office of the Municipal Cultural Relics Bureau, said in an interview that there are two main reasons for the theft of cultural relics in the reservoir area: First, the economic development in the reservoir area is relatively slow, and some local lawless elements have taken up the idea of cultural relics. Second, due to the dispersion of cultural relics, there are still problems such as police force and insufficient funds in supervision.
Under the current cultural relics system, it is difficult for cultural relics departments and police to crack down on grave robbery, and the huge benefits formed by the chain of cultural relics theft and sale are enough for some lawless elements to take risks.
Fengdu people say that many customs of life and death have disappeared, but now some mysterious legends are still circulating among the people. Will grave robbers hit a "ghost" one day? Archaeologists' discoveries in Fengdu are said to be enough to rewrite the history of Fengdu and the history of civilization in the Yangtze River basin. I hope these grave robbers won't make some kind of discontinuous fracture in our history.