Areas designated by the state to protect special natural environment, natural resources and ecosystems. The protected objects also include cultural relics with special significance.
Nature reserves are the general name of special areas designated to protect precious and endangered animals and plants and various typical ecosystems, protect precious geological sections, provide places for nature conservation education, scientific research and publicity activities, and carry out tourism and production activities in designated areas. Also known as "game reserves" and nature reserves. Nature reserves are often concentrated distribution areas of some rare and precious animal and plant species, stopovers for migratory birds' breeding, wintering or migration, and concentrated production areas of some wild related species breeding animals and cultivated plants, with typical or special ecosystems; It is also often the location of scenic natural scenic spots, geological sections with special protection value, fossil producing areas or glacial remains, karst, waterfalls, hot springs, craters and meteorites.
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Countries around the world have a long history of setting aside certain areas to protect precious animals, plants and their habitats, but the first national park approved by the US government 1872-Yellowstone National Park is generally regarded as the earliest nature reserve in the world. Since the 20th century, the cause of nature reserves has developed rapidly. Especially after the Second World War, many international organizations have been established around the world, engaged in the publicity, coordination and scientific research of nature reserves, such as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and the Man and the Biosphere Program of UNESCO. At present, the number and area of nature reserves around the world are increasing, and they have become one of the symbols of a country's civilization and progress. In ancient China, there was a simple idea of nature conservation. For example, the book "Yi Zhou Shu's Large-scale Articles" says: "In March in spring, trees and grass grow on the mountains, so there is no need to climb an axe. In Xia San, Kawasawa did not get into the net, so he became a fish turtle. " Record. The government takes measures to close hillsides to facilitate afforestation, and people often spontaneously delimit some areas where firewood cutting is not allowed, and formulate a number of village rules and regulations for management. In addition, the so-called "Shenmu", "Fengshui Forest", "Shenshan" and "Longshan", although superstitious, have objectively played a role in protecting nature, and some have begun to take shape as nature reserves. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the establishment of nature reserves has been developed. By the end of 1988, 460 nature reserves at all levels had been established, accounting for about 2.4% of the national territory. Among them, Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve in Jilin Province, Dinghushan Nature Reserve in Guangdong Province, Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province, Fanjingshan Nature Reserve in Guizhou Province, Wuyishan Nature Reserve in Fujian Province and Xilingol Nature Reserve in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region have been listed as international biosphere reserves by UNESCO Man and Biosphere Program.
The role of nature reserves
(1) provides a place for human beings to study natural ecosystems.
② Provide the natural "background" of the ecosystem. Provide evaluation criteria for the consequences of human activities.
③ It is a natural laboratory for various ecological studies, which is convenient for continuous and systematic long-term observation, reproduction and domestication of rare species.
④ It is a living natural museum for publicity and education.
⑤ Some areas in the reserve can carry out tourism activities.
⑥ It can play an important role in water conservation, soil and water conservation, environmental improvement and ecological balance.
Types of Nature Reserves in China
According to the object and purpose of protection, it can be divided into six types:
(a) nature reserves for the purpose of protecting a complete and comprehensive natural ecosystem. For example, Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, which mainly protects temperate mountain ecosystems and natural landscapes, Wuyishan Nature Reserve, which mainly protects subtropical ecosystems, and Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, which protects tropical natural ecosystems.
② Nature reserves that mainly protect some precious animal resources. For example, nature reserves such as Wolong and Wang Lang in Sichuan mainly protect giant pandas, while nature reserves such as Zhalong in Heilongjiang and Xianghai in Jilin mainly protect red-crowned cranes; Sichuan Tiebu Nature Reserve mainly protects sika deer.
③ Nature reserves for the purpose of protecting rare relict plant and endemic vegetation types. For example, Guangxi Huaping Nature Reserve mainly protects Cryptomeria fortunei and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest; LAM Raymond Nature Reserve and Liangshui Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang mainly protect Korean pine forests; Fujian Wanmulin Nature Reserve mainly protects subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest.
(4) Nature reserves and national parks that mainly protect natural scenery. Such as Jiuzhaigou in Sichuan, Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve, Lushan Mountain Nature Reserve in Jiangxi and Yushan National Park in Taiwan Province Province.
⑤ Nature reserves that mainly protect unique geological sections and special landform types. For example, Wudalianchi Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang mainly protects modern volcanic relics and natural landscapes; Tianjin Jixian Geological Profile Nature Reserve protects precious geological profiles; Shandong Linqu Shanwang Wanjuan Biofossil Reserve, which protects important fossil producing areas, etc.
⑥ Nature reserves whose main purpose is to protect the coastal natural environment and natural resources. Taiwan Province Province mainly includes Danshui Estuary Protection Zone, Yanglan and Su Hua Coastal Protection Zone. Dongzhai Port Reserve and Qinglan Port Reserve in Hainan Province (to protect the unique mangroves on the beach), etc.
Due to the establishment of a series of nature reserves, some precious wild animals in China, such as giant pandas, golden monkeys, deer and alligators, have been initially protected, and some populations have been gradually developed. For example, the Breeding Research Center of Anhui Chinese Alligator Reserve has made a breakthrough in studying the wild habits, artificial breeding and artificial incubation of Chinese alligators, which has increased the number of artificially bred Chinese alligators to more than 1600 in a few years. For another example, the rare animal Elk, which was once lost from his hometown, returned to his hometown and established protected areas in Dafeng County, Jiangsu Province and Nanyuan, Beijing, for domestication and breeding. At present, the Elk Reserve in Dafeng County has the third largest population in the world. In addition, in the virgin forest of Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve, the original Camptotheca acuminata forest was found. Some rare tree species and plants have been propagated and popularized in different nature reserves.
1. What is a nature reserve?
A nature reserve is an area set aside in a certain space to protect natural resources.
Nature reserves are a general term, and there are actually many types because of their different purposes, requirements and conditions. According to the main objects of protection, nature reserves can be divided into three types: ecosystem type reserves, biological species reserves and natural heritage reserves; According to the nature of nature reserves, nature reserves can be divided into four categories: scientific research reserves, national parks (that is, scenic spots), administrative areas and resource management reserves.
No matter what type of protected area, its overall requirement is to give priority to protection. Under the premise of not affecting protection, scientific research, education, production and tourism should be organically combined to give full play to its ecological, social and economic benefits.
Second, the significance of establishing nature reserves
● Protect the natural background
Nature reserves retain a certain area of various types of ecosystems, which can leave a natural "background" for future generations. This natural "background" is the way to use and transform nature in the future, providing people with evaluation criteria and predicting the consequences of human activities.
● Protect species
Protected areas are storage areas of biological species, which can also be called repositories. It is also a refuge to save endangered species.
● Open up scientific research and education bases.
Nature reserve is an important base for studying the basic laws of natural processes and species ecological characteristics of various ecosystems, and it is also a place for observing the dynamic balance of ecosystems and obtaining the monitoring benchmark of environmental protection work. Of course, it is also a good place for educational experiments.
● Preserve the aesthetic value of nature.
The beauty of nature can make people feel relaxed, and a good mood can make people feel refreshed and ignite the enthusiasm for life and creation. Therefore, the beauty of nature is the source of human health, inspiration and creation.
Three. Types of Nature Reserves in China
Nature reserves in China can be divided into three categories:
The first category is the ecosystem category, which protects the ecosystem of the typical zone. For example, Dinghushan Nature Reserve in Guangdong Province, the protection object is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest; Gansu Liancheng nature reserve, the protection object is psammophyte community; Jilin Chagan Lake Nature Reserve, the object of protection is the lake ecosystem.
The second category is wild animals, protecting rare wild animals and plants. For example, Zhalong Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang protects precious waterfowl, mainly red-crowned cranes; Fujian amphioxus nature reserve, the object of protection is amphioxus; Shang Yue Nature Reserve in Guangxi, the object of protection is camellia.
The third category is natural relics, which mainly protect fossils and sporopollen producing areas, craters, karst landforms and geological sections with scientific research, education or tourism value. For example, Shandong Shanwang Nature Reserve, the object of protection is the origin of biological fossils; Zhangjiajie Forest Park in Hunan Province, with sandstone peak forest scenic area as the protection object; Heilongjiang Wudalianchi Nature Reserve is protected by volcanic geology and geomorphology.
Fourth, the protection methods of China Nature Reserve.
China has a large population and few natural vegetation. Different from some countries, nature reserves can't adopt the pure protection mode of leaving it intact and letting it develop naturally, but should adopt the way of combining protection, scientific research, education and production, and can also be combined with tourism without affecting the natural environment and protected objects of nature reserves. Therefore, nature reserves in China are mostly divided into three parts: core area, buffer area and peripheral area.
The core area refers to the place where the natural ecosystem in the protected area is not or rarely disturbed by human beings, or the area that has been destroyed, but is expected to gradually restore to the natural ecosystem. This area is mainly a protected provenance, a place to obtain natural background information, and an evaluation source for protecting and monitoring the environment. All interference is strictly prohibited in the core area.
Buffer refers to the peripheral area around the core area. It is an experimental and productive scientific research base, such as breeding, breeding and developing local endemic organisms; It is an area to study the material circulation and energy flow of each ecosystem; It is also the main facility base and education base of the reserve.
The peripheral zone is located around the buffer zone and is a multifunctional zone. In addition to the work similar to the buffer zone, it also includes a certain range of production activities, as well as a small number of residential areas and tourist facilities.
The zoning in the above-mentioned nature reserves not only protects biological resources, but also becomes a place where education, scientific research, production, tourism and other uses are combined to create wealth for the society.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) China nature reserve system
1956, China established the first nature reserve with modern significance-Dinghushan nature reserve. By 1993, China has established more than 700 nature reserves, including more than 80 national nature reserves.
China's nature reserve system is characterized by small area and many protected areas, with less than 50 protected areas exceeding 654.38+ 10,000 hectares; Diversified management of protected areas; The management level of most protected areas is low, with the number of protected areas at county and municipal levels accounting for 46% and the area accounting for 50.3%.