What is "Feng Shui"? There are countless people who have defined Feng Shui since ancient times. Guo Pu, who first defined geomantic omen in history, said in his famous book "The Book of Burial": "When the burials are angry, the gas will be dispersed by the wind, and the boundary water will stop. The ancients gathered to stop it, so it was called Feng Shui. The method of geomantic omen is water first and wind second. It can be seen that the technique of geomantic omen, that is, the technique of knowing each other, is the core of people's choice of living or burying environment and dealing with the law of cosmic change, so as to achieve the goal of seeking good fortune and avoiding evil. Feng Shui can be divided into Yang Zhai and Yin Zhai.
Question 2: Why are the plaques hanging in ancient yamen different? 8. Calligraphy art of various plaques and couplets is an important part of China architecture. There are no halls, no plaques, no couplets, only bare beams and walls, which really lose the unique rhythm of China architecture. The vast majority of state and county officials are literati, even if they are not literati, they should pretend to be bookish. Naturally, they like dancing and writing, leaving their "Mo Bao" in a conspicuous place in the building. The lobby is the center of the yamen building, and officials like to write other names that can show their self-cultivation, carve plaques and hang them in front of the hall. For example, the "Mu Ai Tang", "Zheng Ping Tang" and "People's Hall" managed by the emperor's herdsmen; A "loyalty hall" showing loyalty to the monarch and the people; "Tijen Hall", "Rubao Hall" and "Xichun Hall" show loving the people like children. It is more elegant to quote classics as the name of the hall. Like The Analects of Confucius? In Liren, there is a saying that "the master's way is the way of loyalty and forgiveness", so the lobby of many state and county government offices is named after "loyalty and forgiveness hall". "History? There is a saying in Hao Tao Mo that "hundreds of teachers learn from each other", which means that hundreds of officials learn from each other and take turns teaching; And Jia Yi's "New Book" in the Western Han Dynasty? Jing Rong also has "the honor of the imperial court, and the teachers are naturally full of respect", which shows that officials are serious. So many county lobbies are called "teachers' halls". Historical Records, Lu Chunqiu, Huai Nan Zi and other books all record such a famous legend: Confucius' student (word base) once served as the "slaughter" (chief executive) in a single-parent place in Lu (now a single county in Shandong). He is conscientious and busy all day, fearing that he can't manage this place by himself. Brother Xue went to see him and said, "Dashun used to rule the world, playing banjo and singing Nanfeng songs. What's so sad about you governing such a small place? " Mickey couldn't get out of the hall after listening to the words, and the drums shouted, which was natural and peaceful. When the local people heard his singing, they unconsciously became calm and polite, and the single father really ruled. This story has been circulated for a long time in later generations, and "ruling the country with the piano" has become the ideal goal of state and county officials. Therefore, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many state and county officials named their halls "Tang Qin" even though their musical knowledge might not be as good as Wu Niu's, who longed for the moon. Their halls were full of wooden boards that beat people, counted the sounds of robbing people's wealth and weighed silver. There must also be plaques on the beams of the lobby, especially on the beams above the NuanGe, not to show the name of the lobby, but to show the character of state and county officials. For example, "love yourself and the people", "rites and music", "fairness and decency" and "a mirror hangs high" are widely used. The most common plaques are "Qin" and "Heaven, Heaven, Human Feelings and National Laws". "Qin" is the most common official plaque in ancient times, and any official office has such a plaque. Some of these three-character plaques are hung in the lobby, some in the lobby and the second hall, and there are almost no county government offices that don't hang these three-character plaques. This three-character tablet has a long history. According to Zhao Yi, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, "A Study on Jade Cong"? Textual research on "Shen Qingqin" shows that this three-character tablet came from Sima Yi in the Three Kingdoms period. It is said that Sima Yi once suggested that being an official should be clean, cautious and diligent. With these three virtues, are they still afraid of being cured? He asked the officials which of the three items was the most important. Some people say it is "bright", others say it is "diligent", but Sima Yi agrees that "prudence is the greatest". Since then, these three words have become the basic requirements for officials. Placards of "justice, humanity and national law" are often hung in the lobby and the second hall, which are related to the function of judicial trial. These three elements are the three elements that the county governor must refer to when presiding over the trial. Tian Li refers to the traditional ethical principles centered on the "Three Cardinals and Five Permanences", and it can also refer to some natural laws recognized by the society at that time. Human feelings refer to human nature, which can be the "loyalty and forgiveness" advertised by gentlemen, the public opinion advocated by gentlemen, and sometimes the local customs. National law, of course, refers to the formal laws of the imperial court. The lobby and the back office are often the places where the CEO rests after hearing the case. According to the theory of "retiring from government", county officials in Ming and Qing dynasties often like to name the hall or inner government as "retiring from the provincial office", "retiring from public office", "retiring from office", "saving the hall" and "thinking about the hall" and so on. Poetry >>
Question 3: What is the "new yamen style"? After the Spring Festival holiday, a word became popular-"new yamen style".
In recent days, People's Daily and other media have published a series of comments, such as "It is too early to rectify the" new yamen style "and" It is impossible to rectify the "new yamen style". In June 5438+this year 10, Chen Yixin, the new secretary of Wuhan Municipal Party Committee who parachuted into Hubei, ignited the hot word "new yamen style".
On February 16, People's Daily published a report "Chen Yixin: The new yamen style is a stumbling block to development", and extracted a speech made by Chen Yixin at the working conference on the construction of the government style in Wuhan, criticizing the "new yamen style".
It is worth mentioning that the "new yamen style" has attracted the attention of some media. 2065438+2005 10, People's Daily once published an article saying that the "new yamen style" of "good face, good entrance and no work" can make people bleed.
At this "opening the door" conference, Chen Yixin came straight to the point: "In recent years, the work style of our city has obviously improved, but the old problems of the work style of some units and cadres have not been fundamentally solved, and a' new government style' has emerged."
He listed four concrete forms of "new yamen style".
First, the service is not in place. The phenomenon of "the door is difficult to enter and the face is ugly" is obviously less, but the problem of "just laughing and not doing" has increased; The demand for food and cards is obviously less, but the phenomenon of "not greedy, not occupying, not doing business" has increased; Leading cadres' awareness of discipline, rules and service has been enhanced, but the problem of' difficult children' has increased, and the problem of people's difficulties in doing things has not been fundamentally solved. "
Second, make progress without taking the initiative. "Some are content with the status quo, blindly optimistic, and the problem of' lazy politics' is still quite prominent. Some people are used to using old thinking, old routines and old methods to grasp their work, and lack the ideas and abilities of reform and innovation. "
Third, the work is not implemented. "Some policies are based on the imitation of superiors, and the upper and lower levels are generally thick, lacking pertinence and not solving practical problems. Some jobs are only satisfied with meetings and documents. Some people don't want to face the problem directly and dare not' chew hard bones'. Some only pay attention to project approval and fund allocation, ignoring pre-investigation and post-supervision, which leads to the failure of public resource allocation and seriously damages the credibility of * * *.
Fourth, take the initiative to attack. "Some people are Taiping officials, afraid of taking risks and unwilling to reform. They are afraid of an accident and would rather not do it. Even if there is a higher-level document requirement, but there is no implementation rules, meeting minutes or leadership instructions, it will be dragged or held back. Some people are used to dealing with state-owned enterprises, but when they meet private enterprises, they hide away and fail to establish a "pro-Qing relationship." Some people are' invisible people', their work is not strict, and they rely on the' director to be in power' to manage their subordinates. "
Question 4: Why did the ancient yamen face south as early as the primitive society? Our ancestors built village houses facing south, and most of the houses discovered by archaeology face south. In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the direction of measurement was the first step in choosing the environment. Gong Liu says: the scenery is just a hill, it is yin and yang. Later, Chao Cuo, a politician in the Han Dynasty, suggested that when choosing a city site, we should consider the combination of Yin and Yang, taste the taste of its water springs and judge the suitability of its land, so as to arouse the strange world. Northern Yin, Southern Yang, Northern Yin, Southern Yang. The house faces south, not only for lighting but also for shelter from the wind. The topography of China determines that its climate is seasonal. There is a cold current in northwest Asia in winter, a cool breeze in the Pacific Ocean in summer, and the direction of monsoon changes all year round. Oracle Bone Inscriptions windy records, "historical records? The law book says: evil winds live in the northwest, and October is also. It's also November when the vast desert winds live in the north. The wind lives in the northeast, and the first month is also. The Ming people lived in the east and in February. The Qingming wind lives in the southeast dimension, also in April. The scenery is in the south, and it is also May. The cool breeze lives in the southwest, and it is also June. Occasionally, the wind will live in the west, and in September. There is a difference between evil wind and yang wind. Dogs can pass through the imperial court's book "Geographical Approval to the South". It is recorded that Pingyang is not afraid of the wind, but there is a difference between yin and yang. It is no harm that the warm wind from east to south is warm and warm, which is called yang wind. The cold wind from west to north is called Ming wind, and there is a blue case. Otherwise, the wind will blow the bones and the family will decline. This means avoiding the northwest wind. There are several ways to express the orientation of landscape painting: first, five actions are east, fire is south, gold is west, water is north and soil is middle; Second, the height of Bagua is south, the ridge is north, the earthquake is east, but it is west. Third, take Party A and Party B on the calendar as the east, Party D as the south, Geng Xin as the west and Gui Ren as the north. Take the son of the earthly branch as the north and the noon as the south. Fourth, the east is black dragon, the west is white tiger, the south is suzaku, and the north is Xuanwu. Or: Zuo Qinglong, Right White Tiger, Former Suzaku, Later Xuanwu. In short, the principle of facing south is to correctly understand natural phenomena, conform to heaven, gain the aura of mountains and rivers, be influenced by the brilliance of the sun and the moon, care for the body, cultivate sentiment and excel. From an architectural point of view, most of China is located in the middle and low latitudes in the northern hemisphere of the earth, and the southernmost point is 3 degrees 52 minutes north latitude, which is the Zengmu shoal in Nansha Islands; The northernmost point is 53 degrees 33 minutes north latitude, which is the main channel of Heilongjiang (Mohe County) north of Mohe. Throughout the year, the sun shines from the south, and the house facing south is naturally conducive to lighting and heating. From a cultural point of view, China culture pays special attention to the south. The ancient geography of China divided the land into Kyushu, and the early map drawing generally followed Zuo Dong's up, down, north and south, left and right directions, which is just the opposite of the coordinate orientation of today's map. It is derived from geography in the south, and the ruling power of emperors in past dynasties is called "the art of the south". In the Book of Changes, it is said that "saints listen to the world from the south and govern Daming", in the Book of Rites, it is said that "the son of heaven stands in the south" and Confucius said that "harmony can make the south" comes from the Analects of Confucius Yong Ye. It can be seen that the south means the symbol and dignity of the throne and power. Not only the buildings, but also the sitting directions of the characters are different. In the Hongmen Banquet of Historical Records of Xiang Yu: "Wang Xiang and Xiang Bo sit in the east; Father sits south, father, Fan Zeng also; Pei Gong sits in the north; Zhang Liangxi waits. " Therefore, there is a saying: "The eight-character yamen is facing south, so you can't get in without money.
Hope to adopt
Question 5: What do ancient notices mean? Sixteen Ancient Styles (3): Notices
Announcement is a downward official document displayed by the ancient government to the people. This style has existed since ancient times and is called "patent", "notice" and "Oracle". Shangshu has a patent of Tang Dynasty, which is probably the earliest notice in the history of China. But it was spoken at that time. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, in order to tell people about some will and important events widely and quickly, the government posted "notice" documents on the main roads under the jurisdiction of this yamen to show the people. Before the new official of the Qing Dynasty took office, there was a notice written in red paper in front of the yamen, which was called "red sign".
The writing of the "Notice" requires that "all oracles should be concise and to the point, not rhetoric, so-called women and children know." In other words, the "notice" should be simple and clear, and the language should be simple and clear at a glance.
Example 1:
Entry notice
Liu bang
The elders suffered from Qin's harsh laws for a long time, and the rumors abandoned the city. I have an appointment with the governors. The first one to enter the customs is Wang Zhi, and I am the crown prince. Make a pact with elders in three chapters: murder, wounding and theft. I learned how to get rid of Qin. The government and the people are as blocked as before. I'm here to help my father and brother, so don't be afraid! Besides, I am in charge of the army, and the princes have to restrain their ears when they arrive.
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Villagers have long been subjected to the harsh rule of law in the Qin Dynasty. Those who criticized the failure of state affairs were eliminated, and they whispered that they would seize the opportunity to behead the public in the downtown area. I agreed with the governors that whoever advanced to Xianyang would be king, and now I should be king in Guanzhong. I have an appointment with my father and others to legislate in three chapters: those who kill people will be sentenced to death, and those who hurt people will be sentenced to theft. In addition, all the harsh laws of the Qin Dynasty were abolished. The government and the people are fairly stable. The reason why I entered Xianyang was to kill the pests for my father and the people, not to be invaded and hurt. Don't be afraid! Besides, the reason why I am stationed in the overlord is to wait for the arrival of the vassals and formulate constraints.
Example 2:
No gift notice
(English, Swiss) Harry (name)
Accept the gift from the Ministry, the recipient will receive 40 yuan, and the recipient will be reduced by one. The law explicitly prohibits it. Every time people of all colors in the grain receive wages and send food, it is forbidden. Poor, so beggars' gangs follow the old customs, which is regarded as a common thing today. And your name flatters the government, which shows that there is indeed a demand. It shows that it is not easy for the people you want to protect the government. Now he pays little attention to his own career, taking private debts, taking advantage of many disciplines, taking advantage of others and doing whatever he wants. If it is pleasant, the neighborhood branch secretary will be anxious that week. Officials are paid, why do they succeed in making a fortune? It is not a shallow trap to be an official, to take the people, and to take one and take ten. In the future, anyone who delivers meals to the county gate with pay will be convicted with financial instructions. Although it is a gift from township officials, it must be reported to the public before it is put in. If it is loaded with other things, and the guard fails to search by mistake, the cangue will bear a heavy responsibility.
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Accepting gifts of local products from subordinates under its jurisdiction, the recipient will be flogged for forty times, and the participants will be one level lower than the flogging, which is explicitly prohibited by law. All kinds of people, such as grain chiefs and village heads, often send firewood and vegetables to their bosses, which cannot be stopped. The reason why feed can't be banned is probably that it has inherited the past ethos, and now it is regarded as a common thing. The gift giver is nominally flattering the government, but the implication is that there are other plans. He said that he had other designs, probably expecting that the government would not turn against him easily. Now, with a little courtship, one day I will undertake official business, extort money from private houses, collect more money and food, take advantage of others and be unscrupulous. If it's really good, give it to someone in need near you. Why do officials get paid and their wealth keeps increasing? Gifts for officials come from the people. It's not a shallow trap to give one gift and get back ten gifts. In the future, anyone who sends firewood and vegetables to the county government will be convicted of accepting bribes. Even if it is a squire's gift, the gatekeeper should report it first and allow it to be put in. The giver disguised himself as a county official with other things, and the gatekeeper who failed to find it will be severely punished by wearing a cangue.
Example 3:
Avoid rhetoric.
Hong Ren \
Heavenly Father, Heavenly Brother, Heavenly King, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, loyal minister and strategist, God helped Chaogang dry Wang Hong, God helped Chaogang praise Wang Meng, and he was loyal to Li two days before the temple. In order to announce the combination of government and learning at home and abroad, according to the documentary, the floating text must be deleted; Words are from the heart, and smart words are forbidden. Dear father and brother Tian, I have opened a heavenly grace and personally ordered me to be the master of the world, to follow the right path, to preserve the truth and discard the false, and to wash away the decadent wind. It was sent by my God before, and the documents and deeds of the previous generation were deleted. That is, the Six Classics and other books are also the school of Yu Bi. I don't care about hard work unless I am God. I'm afraid it will tempt people and disturb the truth, so I have to abandon the fallacy and follow the truth eagerly ... >>
Question 6: Why are there signs of "silence and avoidance" in ancient yamen, that is, scholars, farmers, workers and businessmen? Scholar first! And being an official is more than just learning! To be an official, you often paint yourself and die, not ordinary people! Self-promotion is a born aristocrat! Arrogant! And those escapes! Silence! Wait for a class to improve your status. There is only one class!
Question 7: What does the pattern on the wall behind the county magistrate in Qing Dynasty mean? Your question is not specific enough. ...
Or by the way, the purlin screens in the county halls are not all the same, and some are the sunrise on the sea, which is the majority. In a few places, besides seawater, there are cranes or unicorns, but unification means "aboveboard" or "mighty national kindness". There are animals, the crane unicorn is the auspicious beast, and it is also the symbol of courtiers in animals.
Question 8: What does it mean to have a big official and a small government? Autumn has come, and it quietly comes to me on the carpet paved with golden leaves, which makes people unprepared.
Autumn, although there is no enthusiasm in summer, no silver in winter, and no vitality in spring. But autumn has a faint dreamy atmosphere.
Autumn is a rainy season. Although autumn rain is not as light as spring rain, it also has its unique charm. As the saying goes, "an autumn rain brings a cold", which is true. The autumn rain lasted for several days. Raindrops are cool and dripping on hands, with inexplicable chill. Holding a small umbrella, walking in the autumn rain, watching raindrops roll down from the umbrella and stroking the slightly cold air is an alternative enjoyment.
Autumn is the season of falling leaves. Look! The original green leaves on the tree changed from green to golden. When the autumn wind blows, they even dance and fall like butterflies. Fallen leaves return to their roots, fly to their mother's feet, turn into dust and nourish the soil, ending a short and fulfilling life.
Looking at the fallen leaves and autumn rain, I can't help but sigh: Autumn, although you are not as vibrant as spring, everything you have is also a unique beauty that spring, summer and winter don't have!
Question 9: Why does the yamen face south? Lintong yamen faces north. It is said that a long time ago, the gate of Lintong County Yamen also faced south, just opposite Lishan Mountain. The people came to complain, the master asked for money, and the officers also blackmailed them secretly. Exactly: it is difficult to win without money, and it is unreasonable to have money; The light ones were thrown out of the yamen, but the heavy ones were put in prison with severe punishment. Later, the poor would rather be wronged than complain. At that time, there was a folk song: the human yamen faces south, and the lawsuit sends money. Money makes the mare go, but no money makes money lose. At that time, outside the west gate of the county seat, there was a gentleman with a poor family and a decent life, who made a living by writing complaints to others. Because the county magistrate argued with money, the complaint he wrote was useless, and no one asked him to write it in the future. He is determined to find a way to cure the county magistrate's illness and export gas for the people. One day, he came back from chopping wood in Lishan Mountain and stopped halfway up the mountain. Suddenly, he heard a "glug" sound from behind a big stone. He felt strange, so he pried open the big stone, and a stream of water rushed out and almost knocked him down. He hurriedly moved the stone back to its original place and the water was blocked back. He looked down the hill, facing the south gate of the county government, and he was very happy. He thought: if you pry open the stone in the dark and let the water wash away the yamen, wouldn't you be angry for me! So, that night, he pried open the stone and the flood rushed to the yamen, filling the county government like a mouse hole. The county government is in chaos. The master helped his wife climb into the room, and the chiefs, big and small, tried their best to climb the tree until dawn. The next day, the master sent someone to inspect, and when he got to the big stone, he couldn't find any clues. It turned out that the gentleman moved the stone back to its original place before dawn, so there was no trace. Later, the master broke a lawsuit to plunder the wealth of the people, and the flood rushed to the county government. The master had no choice but to ask God for advice, but he couldn't cure the water. One day, the gentleman who wrote the complaint came to the master's lobby and said to him, "I had a dream last night about Dayu, who was in charge of water conservancy." He asked me to give him a message. " The master quickly asked, "What is it?" The gentleman said, "He said that the place where you were an official was the place where he used to be in power. It is not easy for ordinary people to earn some money by farming and working in this place. You tried the case and looked at the money for no reason, which caused many unjust cases, so he released water to the yamen. In the future, cases should be decided by reason rather than money. If you rob the poor again, I will enlarge the water and wash you into the Weihe River in the north. I put a little water to sober you up a few times ago. " The princess was taken aback. Since then, the master has to finalize the case according to law, and no one dares to collect money again. After the second county magistrate took office, he blackmailed the people. When the old gentleman who wrote the complaint was old, he told his son the secret and asked him to replace him. His son is a brave and clever young man. One day, he heard that the master was blackmailing money again, so he came to the big stone and pried it open at once, leaving the water hole wide open. The flood washed the yamen again. People are very happy, saying that adults have appeared again. The master asked the chief, what is this? An old servant told him, "This is water sent by God Dayu. He saw the master solve the case with money, so he sent the water. The last master also called this a disaster. " The old official also added salt and vinegar: "Dayu God will not let us plunder the wealth of the people. He said that if it is light, it will rush to the county government, but if it is heavy, the floods will continue, and the officials who extort the wealth of the people will be rushed to the Weihe River to feed the turtles! " Hearing this, the magistrate was afraid and changed the south gate of the county government to the north. He is smart enough to think that he can escape the flood by changing the door like this. On one occasion, he searched for people's fat and used money to handle cases. As a result, the flood washed a big hole in the back wall and flooded the county government. This time, the master was completely fooled, so we must use all our money to build a Wang Yu Temple in Lishan. This temple is still here today. It is said that officials of various dynasties will follow the rules and abide by the law here later. Architecturally speaking, China is located in the middle and low latitudes of the northern hemisphere of the earth. All the year round, the sun shines from the south, so it is naturally beneficial to light a house facing south. From a cultural point of view, China culture also attaches great importance to the South. The ancient geography of China divided the land into Kyushu, and the early map drawing generally followed Zuo Dong's up, down, north and south, left and right directions, which is just the opposite of the coordinate orientation of today's map. It is derived from geography in the south, and the ruling power of emperors in past dynasties is called "the art of the south". In the Book of Changes, it is said that "saints listen to the world from the south and govern Daming", in the Book of Rites, it is said that "the son of heaven stands in the south" and Confucius said that "harmony can make the south" comes from the Analects of Confucius Yong Ye. It can be seen that the south means the symbol and dignity of the throne and power. Therefore, the ancient emperors, governors, Qing Dafu and state officials all sat in the north ... >>