I. Geological Survey Bureau of Henan Province
(1) stratum
The strata in Henan Province are well developed, with outcrops in all ages from Archean to Quaternary. According to the basic geological factors such as stratigraphic development, sequence characteristics, sedimentary formation, paleogeography and the characteristics of tectonic magmatism and metamorphism, Luanchuan-Queshan-Gushi fault can be divided into two stratigraphic areas: North China and Qinling Mountains.
The stratigraphic area in North China has a double-layer structure. The basement strata are Archean Taihua Group, Dengfeng Group and Proterozoic Songshan Group. The caprock includes Mesoproterozoic Xiong 'er Group, Ruyang Group, Guandaokou Group and Mesozoic Triassic. The strata after Triassic belong to the sedimentary products of intermontane basins or fault basins in the post-platform stage. In the basement strata, the original rocks of Dengfeng Group and Taihua Group are volcanic-sedimentary rocks, and Songshan Group is a terrigenous clastic-carbonate rock combination of geosyncline. The Xiong 'er Formation in the caprock is a combination of intermediate (basic)-acidic volcanic rocks, Ruyang Formation, Guandaokou Formation to Middle Ordovician are a combination of marine terrigenous clastic rocks and carbonate rocks, the middle-upper Carboniferous is a combination of sea-land alternating Fe-Al rocks, carbonate rocks and coal-bearing clastic rocks, and the Permian-Triassic is mainly a combination of terrestrial coal-bearing clastic rocks and red clastic rocks. The Jurassic to Neogene in the post-platform stage is mainly composed of inland coal-bearing clastic rocks, gypsum-bearing salts and petroleum clastic rocks. The caprock has stable lithofacies and thickness, clear sequence and weak folds, and is basically free from regional metamorphism.
Qinling stratigraphic area is a long-term active zone. Except the Lower Permian to Jurassic strata, the strata in other eras are complete. From old to new, there are Archaean Dabie Group, Qinling Group, Xiahe Group, Maotang Group, Sujiahe Group, Douling Group, Xinyang Group, Sinian Group, (Yuanguyu-) Lower Paleozoic Erlangping Group, Cambrian to Carboniferous, Middle-Upper Jurassic to Quaternary in Guyu. Dabie Group is a volcanic-sedimentary rock combination, and Xinyang Group is a combination of clastic rocks, turbidite flysch, carbonate rocks and volcanic rocks. The Sinian system is divided into southern and northern regions. The Sinian in the northern margin of North Qinling belongs to the combination of magnesium carbonate rocks in rift basin, and the Sinian-Carboniferous in South Qinling belongs to the combination of geosynclinal clastic rocks, carbonate rocks and basic volcanic rocks. Erlangping Group in North Qinling belongs to marine spilite-quartz keratophyre assemblage, and belongs to coal-bearing molasse formation assemblage in fault basin in Carboniferous. Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata in Qinling area are distributed along the fault basin, mainly composed of continental volcanic rocks, coal-bearing clastic rocks, red molasses, gypsum-bearing salts, oil and clastic rocks. In short, in the Qinling stratigraphic area, there are mainly active sedimentary formations and metastable sedimentary formations. In each era, the strata have large sedimentary thickness, rapid phase transition, complex sedimentary construction and volcanic rocks developed. Most strata have suffered from regional metamorphism in different degrees, and even some Triassic strata have been affected by metamorphism, which reflects the evolution characteristics of long-term activity and multi-cycle development in this area.
(2) Structural features
Henan Province is located at the turning point of the East Qinling-Dabie Mountain fold belt, which spans two first-order structural units, the China-Korea paraplatform and the Qinling fold system. The evolution of geological structure has the characteristics of multi-cycle, multi-stage and unbalanced development. Since the New Archean, this area has experienced nine tectonic cycles: Songyang, Zhongtiaoshan, Wuwangshan, Jinning, Caledonian, Variscan, India, Yanshan and Himalayan, with Zhongtiaoshan Movement and Yanshan Movement as the turning points. It can be roughly divided into three tectonic development periods: geosyncline development period (Songyang mesozoic cycle), trough-platform coexistence period (Wuwang-Indosinian cycle) and continental margin active zone development period (Yanshan-Himalayan cycle). Accompanied by three stages of tectonic development, through Songyang movement and Zhongtiaoshan movement, a quasi-platform between China and North Korea was formed in this area. After this period, the Qinling area was still in the development stage of geosyncline, which lasted until the end of Carboniferous, and the development history of geosyncline ended after the Variscan Movement, forming a fold belt uplift; Yanshan movement brought China-Korea paraplatform into the resurrection stage.
Due to the unique structural position of our province, in the long-term and complicated geological structure evolution process, a series of structural characteristics with different levels, scales, characteristics and sequences were formed in the early stage, which were generally parallel to each other. With the increase of crustal consolidation, after entering the rigid fault block, the NE-NNS fault structure dominated, forming a series of Mesozoic-Cenozoic fault (depression) basins. The NW-nearly EW-trending faults and NE-nearly N-S-trending fault-depression belts constitute the basic structural framework in the province, which controls magmatic activity, metamorphism, and the formation and distribution of endogenous and exogenous deposits. There are six NW-EW deep fault zones in the whole province. Except for the Jiaozuo-Shangqiu deep fault zone, which is located in the Sino-Korean paraplatform area, the other five faults are all distributed in the Qinling fold zone, that is, the Luanchuan-Queshan-Gushi deep fault zone (the boundary fault of two primary structural units). Waxuezi-Yahekou-Minggang deep fault zone; Zhuyangguan-Xiaguan-Dahe deep fault zone; Mujiaya-Neixiang-Tongbai-Shangcheng deep fault zone; Xiguanzhuang-Zhenping-Guishan-Meishan deep fault zone.
Regional Geology of Henan Province (1989) divides Henan Province into two primary structural units, 10 secondary structural units and 28 tertiary structural units on the basis of comprehensive analysis of sedimentary facies, structural combination, magmatic activity, structural change, regional metamorphism and mineralization in various structural stages (see attached figure 1 for details). The characteristics of the main structural units are described as follows.
Sino-Korean paraplatform: The basement structure is complex, which is mainly manifested by complex linear folds and ductile-brittle shear zone structures distributed in groups (zones). The direction of the tectonic line is mainly northwest-nearly east-west, which is consistent with the direction of the main tectonic line in the whole province, and only the Lushan area is nearly north-south. The caprock is simple in structure, characterized by short axis wide gentle folds and fault block uplift or fault (concave) basin. The direction of the tectonic line is roughly bounded by the Jiaozuo-Shangqiu deep fault, and the north is NNE, and the south is nearly EW or NW.
Qinling fold system: characterized by long-term active deep faults, complex linear folds and the development of northeast -NNS fault (depression) basin formed in Yanshan period.
(3) Magmatic rocks
1. Overview
Magmatic activity is strong and widely distributed in the province. The exposed area of magmatic rocks is about 19000km2, accounting for a quarter of the bedrock area in the province. Among them, there are 445 intrusive rocks with complete rock types, mainly acidic rocks, followed by moderately acidic rocks, and the exposed area is about 1 1000km2. Volcanic rocks are also well developed, and both marine and continental volcanic eruptions are very strong. Marine eruption is dominated by intermediate-basic volcanic rocks, while continental eruption rocks are dominated by intermediate-acid rocks.
Magmatic activity is closely related to crustal evolution. The crust in this area has the characteristics of multi-cycle development, so the magmatic activity also has multiple stages and stages. From Archean to Cenozoic, there are magmatic activities of different scales, forms and causes in different geological periods. However, due to the imbalance of regional tectonic movement, the temporal and spatial distribution of magmatic activity is different. Large-scale volcanic activity is mainly concentrated in Proterozoic, which occurs in the depression area on the edge of the platform, mainly in intermediate (basic)-acidic volcanic rocks. Large-scale acid magma intrusion activities are concentrated in Paleozoic and Mesozoic, characterized by Qinling fold system and continental margin active zone, and produced by large bedrock. The general trend of magmatic activity and evolution is that with the development of the times, the intensity of magmatic intrusion changes from weak to strong, and the rock type changes from basic to acidic. Judging from the stage and scale of magmatic activity, it reflects that the magmatic activity of the Sino-Korean paraplatform in this province is far weaker than that of the Qinling fold system. Due to the close relationship between magmatic activity and geological structure, the main magmatic rocks in the area are generally distributed in the northwest belt, which constitutes a multi-stage and multi-rock combination structural magmatic rock belt.
2. Relationship between magmatic rocks and minerals
There are abundant endogenous minerals related to magmatic mineralization in this area, especially gold, silver, molybdenum, perlite, bentonite, zeolite and other minerals are among the best in China.
(1) Minerals related to intrusive rocks
① Minerals related to basic rocks and ultrabasic rocks
There are iron, titanium, nickel, chromium, platinum, serpentine and jade. Among them, iron, chromium, serpentine and dushan jade are of industrial value. Iron ore is distributed in ultrabasic rocks in Wuyang and other places, belonging to magmatic detachment deposits. Chromium, nickel and serpentine deposits are mainly distributed in Jinning and Caledonian ultrabasic rocks in Xixia, Tongbai and Xinyang areas. Cr-Ni deposit belongs to magmatic deposit, and serpentine deposit belongs to post-magmatic hydrothermal deposit.
Figure 1 Structural Zoning Map of Henan Province
(According to the regional geology of Henan Province 1989)
I- China-DPRK quasi-platform; Ⅰ? 1-Shanxi Tailong; -Taihang Mountain arch broken beam; —— Tieshan River arch breaks the beam; I2- Hua Xiong platform marginal depression; -Mianchi-Queshan sag and broken beam; -Lushan-Lushan arch breaks the beam; -Lushi Luanchuan is trapped and broken; Ⅰ 3—Songjitailong; Ⅰ 4-North China Depression; -Tangyin fault depression; —Yellow bulge inside; -Dongming fault depression; -Jiyuan-Kaifeng sag; -Tongxu bulge; —— Zhoukou sag; -Pingyu-Xiping bulge; -Zhumadian-Huaibin Depression; Me? 5- Lusitailong; -Heze bulge; -Yongcheng is trapped and broken; Ⅱ-Qinling fold system; Ⅱ1-North Qinling fold belt; -Hengjian-Huilongdi anticline fold bundle; -Erlangping-Liushanyan syncline fold bundle; -Zhaigen-Pengjiazhai anticline fold bundle; ? Xixia-Nanwan syncline fold bundle; —— North Huaiyang syncline fold bundle; Ⅱ 2-South Qinling fold belt; -Douling anticline fold bundle; -Jingziguan-Shigang syncline fold bundle; Ⅱ 3-Tongbai-Dabie fold belt; Ⅱ 4-Nanyang-Xiangfan sag; ? -Nanyang fault depression,-Xinye uplift; —— Xiangfan sag; Ⅱ 5-Huangchuan piedmont depression; -Lan Qing store uplift,-Pingchangguan-Luoshan sag; -Xianju bulge; -Gushi sag
② Minerals related to intermediate rocks.
Mainly iron ore. Formed a huge eastern period and Yanshan period. Caledonian iron deposits are distributed in the inner and outer contact zones of early Paleozoic diorite in Xixia-Biyang-Tongbai area. Yanshanian iron deposits are mainly distributed in the diorite contact zone in Anyang-Linxian and Lushi-Luanchuan areas. The genesis of the deposit belongs to skarn type.
③ Minerals related to shallow acid porphyry.
Mainly tungsten, molybdenum, lead, zinc and so on. Mainly in Yanshan period. It is distributed in strips along deep faults. Mainly distributed in Leimengou-Sandy Land, Lushi-Luanchuan, Nanzhao-Yunyang, Qiu Shu Wo-Xuanshan, Putang-Laotian, Mother Mountain-Liangshan and other places. It belongs to porphyry type, porphyry skarn type and cryptoexplosive breccia type.
④ Minerals related to plutonic granite.
There are copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, rare earth, fluorite, muscovite and other nonmetallic minerals. The main minerals are gold, silver and fluorite, and the associated minerals are mostly copper, lead and zinc. Polymetallic mines dominated by gold and silver are mainly distributed in Lingbao, Xiaoshan, Xiong 'er Mountain and Tongbai. The enrichment of gold and silver is closely related to the ancient ore source bed, and the large-scale granite rock mass activates and migrates the gold and silver in the ore source bed, and mineralization occurs in the favorable structural parts and physical and chemical conditions around the rock mass. The genetic type of the deposit is the middle-low temperature hydrothermal type after the stage of heavy lava magma. Fluorite deposits are distributed in Biyang, Tongbai, Xinyang, Luoshan, Guangshan, Xinxian and other places, belonging to hydrothermal deposits.
(2) Minerals related to volcanic rocks
The minerals related to volcanic rocks in this province are iron, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, zeolite, perlite and bentonite.
(1) minerals related to the volcanic rocks of the Mesoproterozoic Xiong 'er Group.
Xiong 'er Group is a set of thick syntectic andesite-rhyolite assemblage, belonging to weakly alkaline-calc-alkaline volcanic rock series. Distributed in Luanchuan, Songxian, Ruyang, Fangcheng and other counties. Copper, lead, zinc and gold deposits are all developed in volcanic rocks.
② Minerals related to Proterozoic-Paleozoic volcanic rocks of Erlangping Group and Maotang Group.
They are all mantle-derived spilite-quartz hornblende series. Erlangping Group belongs to calc-alkaline basalt-calc-alkaline tholeiite, which is closely related to copper polymetallic deposits and mainly distributed in Tongbai and Xixia. Maotang Group belongs to sodium-rich titanium alkaline basalt series, which is rich in crocidolite.
③ Minerals related to Mesozoic Cretaceous volcanic rocks of Chen Peng Formation.
This formation belongs to the syntectic continental andesite-rhyolite assemblage, which belongs to the calc-alkaline series and is characterized by rich potassium. It is closely related to a series of minerals such as perlite, bentonite, zeolite and alkali-containing glass raw materials. It is distributed along Xinyang, Guangshan and Pohe.
2. Division of main metallogenic belts and metallogenic series of deposits in Henan Province.
(1) General situation of mineral resources and division of main metallogenic belts in Henan Province
Henan Province is rich in mineral resources. Up to now, 106 minerals have been discovered, and 78 minerals have been proved. There are 49 species before 10 in China, and 75 species have been developed and utilized. The reserves of molybdenum, trona, crocidolite, perlite, kyanite and cast sandstone rank first in China. Coal, oil, natural gas, aluminum, gold and silver are the dominant resource minerals in Henan.
The spatial distribution of minerals in the province is mainly concentrated in the west of Beijing-Guangzhou Railway. The spatial distribution of endogenous minerals is mainly controlled by the secondary structure, fold belt and tectonic magmatic rock belt of the regional deep fault zone, so the mineral distribution of each metallogenic series and metallogenic subseries in the area is consistent with the direction of the regional tectonic line, and most of them are northwest-oriented. The spatial distribution of exogenous minerals is restricted by lithofacies, paleogeography, paleoclimate and other factors, and distributed in depressed or faulted structures.
The mineralization age varies with various mineralization ages. The metallogenic age of endogenetic minerals related to magmatism is mainly restricted by the evolution law of magmatic rocks, and the intrusion of ultrabasic rocks into acidic rocks is from old to new. Therefore, a series of mineral mineralization ages related to ultrabasic-basic magmatic rocks are earlier, mainly Songyang, Caledonian and Variscan. A series of endogenous minerals related to the mineralization of acid magmatic rocks have a late metallogenic age, mainly Yanshanian; A series of minerals related to intermediate rocks formed the huge Eastern Period and Yanshan Period. Minerals related to metamorphism and mineralization were mainly formed in Proterozoic. The main metallogenic age of exogenous minerals related to sedimentation is Paleozoic, followed by Tertiary.
According to different levels of tectonic units, metallogenic characteristics and mineral distribution laws, as well as strata, structures, magmatic rocks and other ore-controlling geological factors, Henan Province is divided into two grade II, five grade III and 12 grade IV metallogenic units. See Figure 2 and Table 1 for details.
The grade I global metallogenic belt generally corresponds to five metallogenic domains: Central Asia, Tethyan, Pacific Rim, Precambrian and Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun.
Grade II metallogenic belt is a metallogenic unit divided according to the characteristics of regional structure, magma, sedimentation, metamorphism and mineralization in Grade I metallogenic domain. Accordingly, Henan can be divided into two secondary metallogenic belts: the southern margin of North China Platform and Qinling-Dabie Mountain Fold Belt.
Grade ⅲ metallogenic belt is a deposit-rich belt formed in the secondary structural unit of Grade ⅱ metallogenic belt according to regional ore-controlling factors and different or similar mineralization. On this basis, the metallogenic belt in the southern margin of North China Platform is divided into two sub-belts, which are mainly endogenous minerals in Hua Xiong Platform Depression and exogenous sedimentary minerals in Luoyang-Anyang Block. The Qinling-Dabieshan fold belt is divided into the metallogenic sub-belt dominated by endogenous minerals in the North Qinling-Tongbai-Dabieshan fold belt, the metallogenic sub-belt dominated by endogenous minerals in the northern margin of the South Qinling fold belt and the metallogenic sub-belt dominated by exogenous minerals in Nanyang-Xiangfan Depression.
Grade Ⅳ metallogenic belt is a concentrated belt of ore deposits formed according to different structural parts in grade Ⅲ metallogenic sub-belt.
(2) Division of metallogenic series of ore deposits
The metallogenic series of deposits in Henan Province can be divided into seven grades, the sequence and connotation of which are as follows.
Metallogenic series combination (level 1): According to geological processes, it can be divided into three metallogenic series combinations related to sedimentation, magmatism and metamorphism.
Metallogenic series type (Grade II): refers to similar metallogenic series formed in similar geological and tectonic environments in different regions or periods, and also has its own time and regional characteristics.
Metallogenic series of deposits (Grade III): refers to the combination of different minerals and different types of deposits formed in different geological positions of a geological structural unit and a geological development stage, as well as in different geological evolution stages related to a certain geological process.
Metallogenic sub-series deposits (Grade IV): Due to the large geological structure area, relatively long formation time and high mineralization intensity of some metallogenic series deposits, there are certain differences in geological conditions in the geological structure areas where the metallogenic series deposits are located, and the mineralization has certain evolution laws in time and space. Mineralization has both * * * characteristics and obvious characteristics. The deposits formed under the geological and structural conditions in these areas belong to the metallogenic subsequence of the metallogenic series of deposits.
Type of deposit (Grade 5): In the metallogenic series or sub-series, it belongs to the same kind of deposit with similar mineralization type formed in a certain period representing the development of mineralization.
Ore deposit (grade 6): it is the basic composition of ore-forming series of ore deposits.
Genetic types of ore deposits (Grade 7): Sometimes, in a deposit, due to the changes of ore-forming materials, physical and chemical environment of mineralization and different geological conditions of ore-forming parts, various genetic types of ore deposits can be formed. Sometimes similar deposits may belong to the same genetic type.
(3) the principle of establishing metallogenic model of metallogenic series
The metallogenic model of (1) metallogenic series should reflect the geological and metallogenic characteristics of metallogenic units in the region spanned by the series, and establish the close relationship between the geological characteristics of deposits in metallogenic units, regional geological conditions and geological development history. The regional metallogenic model expressing metallogenic series has higher research content than the general metallogenic model, including the combination of different types of metallogenic models of different ore bodies and a group of deposits.
Table 1 Division Table of Main Metallogenic Zones and Metallogenic Series of Deposits in Henan Province
sequential
Distribution of main minerals and division of metallogenic belts in Henan Province.
(revised according to Geology and Mineral Resources of Henan Province, 1989)
(2) Determine the relationship between mineral types and mineralization types in the metallogenic unit where the metallogenic series is located and the formation of magmatic activity, sedimentation or metamorphic facies belts, as well as the restrictive relationship with regional, deep and local structures.
(3) Establish representative metallogenic models of ore fields and deposits in different regional metallogenic series, and form metallogenic model combinations of different metallogenic series deposits.