Chinese name: Kong Qiu
mbth: Confucius
alias: Confucius, Zhong Ni
Nationality: China
Nationality: Han nationality (Huaxia)
Birthplace: Luyi (now Nanxin Town, Qufu City)
Date of birth: September 28th, 551 BC
Date of death: April 11th, 479 BC
Occupation: thinker, writer, Educator
Belief: Confucianism Yao Shunyu Tang Lao Zhuang Zhou Wenwang Zhou Gong Zhao Gong
Major achievements: creating a Confucian school
compiling the Spring and Autumn Annals, revising the Five Classics
establishing private schools, breaking the traditional aristocratic education
Representative works: Spring and Autumn Annals and Ten Wings
Father: Shu Liangge < Yan Hui? Min Zikai? Ran Geng? Ran yong
politics? Ran you? Zhongyou
words? Slaughter? Duanmu Ci
literature? Yan Yan? Bo Shang
Personal story Confucius' surname is Kong (grandfather's word Kong, taking it as his surname), and his name is Qiu, with the word Zhong Ni, ranking second in the family. He was an ancient writer, thinker, educator, politician, social activist, ancient literature collator and editor of Confucian school in China. He was praised as the founder of Confucian school by later generations and ranked first among the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World" judged by UNESCO. According to legend, he edited Poems and Books, ordered Rites and Music, prefaced Zhouyi and wrote Chunqiu. He was engaged in preaching, teaching and dispelling doubts all his life, and was honored by China people as "the most holy teacher, a model for generations to come". Confucius' disciples and their re-disciples recorded Confucius' words and deeds and thoughts, and
39 portraits of Confucius were made into The Analects. In the view of heaven, Confucius did not deny the existence of ghosts and gods, but he was skeptical about them and advocated "staying away from ghosts and gods." Confucius and Mencius are also called "Confucius and Mencius", and their thoughts are also called the Tao of Confucius and Mencius. Confucius was honored as "the most holy" and "the king of vegetarian food", while Ceng Zi was a saint and Mencius was a "sub-saint". Confucius is proficient in Zhouyi, and is said to be the author of Ten Wings. Confucius was the first person in ancient China to break through the religious attitude towards natural landscapes. I love nature more. Nature includes disasters, earthquakes, tornadoes, the extinction of dinosaurs, etc., and natural landscapes are good feng shui forever. He put forward the famous aesthetic proposition that "the wise enjoy water and the benevolent enjoy Leshan" (The Analects of Confucius is Yong Ye).
The ancestral home of Confucius was the imperial clan of Shang Dynasty, and was sealed in Song State (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) in Zhou Dynasty, so he can be said to be a noble descendant of Yin Shang (Huaxia). After the Three Supervisors Rebellion, Duke Zhou named Shang Zhouwang's ordinary brother by the order of Zhou Chengwang, and Wei Zi, a well-known official of Shang Dynasty, started in Song State. After his death, he was buried in Song State's hometown (now Suiyang District, Shangqiu City) and built a Wei Zi Temple. After Wei Ziqi died, his brother Wei Zhong (the ancestor of Confucius) ascended the throne. Statement 1: After Confucius' sixth ancestor, Confucius' father Jia, descendants began to take Confucius as their surname. Because of the poor family, they were unable to repay their debts and forced to flee to Lu. Statement 2: It was because his great-grandfather Kong Fangshu was at odds with Fahrenheit, the minister in charge of the Song State, and left the Song State and moved to Lu State.
family background
Confucius' father, Shu Liang Ge (Shu Liang is the word, Ge is the name), is a famous warrior in Lu. Shu Liangge married Shi Yaoying first, gave birth to nine girls but no son, and his concubine gave birth to a son, Meng Pi (the eldest son is called Bo, and the eldest son is called Meng), but he has a foot disease. Under the circumstances at that time, neither a woman nor a disabled son should inherit. In his later years, Shu Liangge was married to the third daughter of Yan's family abroad, and gave birth to Confucius. Because he prayed in Niqiu before his birth, he was named Qiu, ranking second, so the word was called Zhong Ni (according to "Explanation of Confucius' Family Language and Original Name", Shu Liangge had nine daughters but no children. His concubine gave birth to Meng Pi, the word Meng Pi Bernie, who was ill. So he proposed to Yan. Yan's family has three daughters, whose youngest son is Zheng. ..... privately pray for the mountain of Niqiu, and give birth to Confucius, hence the name "Qiu Zi Zhong Ni". When Confucius was three years old, Shu Liangge died of illness. After Shu Liangge's death, Shi and Shu Liangge's family didn't like Confucius and his mother, and didn't treat them well. Yan Zhizai had to leave with Confucius, move to Qufu Queli, raise Confucius alone, and live a poor life. At the age of seventeen, Confucius' mother also died. Confucius got married at the age of 19, and married the daughter of the official family of the Song State (some say Zhu Guowu's family). The following year, he gave birth to his only son, Kong Li. Kong Li died before Confucius and had a posthumous son Kong Ji.
Confucius lectures (8 pictures) Confucius' family is quite poor. Because of the troubled times, the benevolent policy advocated by Confucius has no room for display, but during the three months of governing Lu, the powerful Qi was also afraid of Confucius' talents, which shows that Confucius is worthy of the title of outstanding politician. Political dissatisfaction made Confucius devote a large part of his energy to education. Confucius used to be a scout in Lu, then traveled around the world with his disciples, and finally returned to Lu to concentrate on teaching. Confucius broke the monopoly of education and started a pioneer of private school, with as many as 3, disciples, of whom 72 were sages, and 72 were famous sages. Many of the seventy-two people are pillars of senior officials in various countries, and they have continued their glory for the Confucian school. Confucius and Natural Landscapes Confucius and Natural Landscapes Confucius was the first person in ancient China to break through the religious attitude towards natural landscapes. I love nature, and I love natural landscapes even more. The Analects of Confucius is Yong Ye: The benevolent enjoys Leshan, and the wise enjoys water.
personal achievements in editing this paragraph
Confucius had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Although he "spoke without doing anything", he was already known as "the saint of heaven", "Mu Duo of heaven" and "the eternal saint" when he was alive, and he was one of the most knowledgeable scholars in the society at that time. Later generations honored him as "the most holy" (a saint among saints) and "a teacher for all generations", and thought that he had compiled Poems, Books, Rites and Music, prefaced Zhouyi (called the Ten Wings of the Book of Changes, or Yi Zhuan) and wrote Chunqiu. The Analects of Confucius is one of the classic works of the Confucian school, which was compiled by Confucius' disciples and their descendants. It mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and embodies Confucius' political opinions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles. The Analects of Confucius, Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius are also called "Four Books". There are twenty articles in the popular Analects of Confucius. The language of The Analects is concise and profound, and many of its remarks are still regarded as wisdom by the world. Moreover, in ancient times, Confucius was the first person children worshipped when they entered school.
Emerson, an American poet and philosopher, thinks that "Confucius is the glory of all nationalities in the world". British historian and philosopher Dr. Tonby said that only China's Confucianism and Mahayana Buddhism can save human society in the 21st century. He has many disciples, such as Zi Gong, Zi Lu and Yan Hui. Mencius, revered as "the sage of Asia" by later generations, is a disciple of his grandson Kong Ji (Zi Zisi). The most famous one is Guan Ju. The 12th Chinese Book of Primary School published by People's Education Press has included Confucius' Journey to the East. At present, the 12th Chinese book of the primary school published by Jiangsu Education Press has included "Confucius Wandering in Spring". Confucius' famous words have been included in Exercise 7 in the 12th Chinese Book of Primary School published by Jiangsu Education Press. Now the 1th Chinese book of Changchun Edition has included Four Analects of Confucius. Political career
Confucius sculptures (6 pieces) Confucius was extremely intelligent and studious when he was young. By the age of 2, he was already very knowledgeable and was praised by people at that time as "erudite and courteous". At the same time, little-known is that Confucius < P > in Kong's film and television works inherited the bravery of his father Shu Liangqi, who is 9 feet 6 inches tall, more than 1.9 meters today, specifically 196.8cm. "Historical Records Confucius Family": "Confucius is nine feet long and six inches long, and everyone calls it a' long man' but it is different." The arm strength is extraordinary, far from the image of a weak scholar that later generations think. Moreover, Confucius was an extraordinary drinker and was said to have never been drunk. But Confucius never prided himself on being brave and drinking. Since he was in his twenties, Confucius wanted to take a career, so he was very concerned about world affairs, often thinking about many problems in governing the country, and often expressing some opinions. By the time he was 3 years old, he was already famous. In the twentieth year of Lu Zhaogong, Qi Jinggong summoned Confucius when he visited Lu, and discussed with him the problem of Qin Mugong's hegemony, from which Confucius got to know Qi Jinggong. In the 25th year of Lu Zhaogong, there was civil strife in Lu, and Lu Zhaogong was forced to flee to Qi. Confucius also left Lu and went to Qi, where he was appreciated and treated well by Qi Jinggong. He even prepared to seal the fields around Nixi to Confucius, but was blocked by the doctor Yan Ying. In the 27 th year of Lu Zhaogong, the doctor of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. When Confucius heard about it, he asked Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old, and I can use it." Confucius had to flee back to Lu. At that time, the state of Lu was actually in the hands of the doctor's retainer, and it was called "accompanying the minister to run the state affairs". Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave it up until Lu Dinggong was appointed as Zhongduzai in 9 years, when Confucius was 51 years old. Confucius ruled Zhongdu (now Wenshang County) for one year, with outstanding achievements, and was promoted to a small sikong, and soon he was promoted to a big sheep herder, taking photos and taking care of the state of Lu. In the 12th year of Lu Dinggong, Confucius took measures to weaken Sanhuan (Ji Sun, Shu Sun Shi and Meng Sun Shi were descendants of Lu Huangong's three sons, so it was called Sanhuan. At that time, the state power of Lu was actually in their hands, and some retainers of Sanhuan controlled Sanhuan to varying degrees) (that is, the castle built by Sanhuan was demolished). Later, the actions of the three capitals were abandoned halfway, and the contradiction between Confucius and Sanhuan was also exposed. In the 13th year of Lu Dinggong, Qi sent 8 beautiful women to Lu, and Ji Sun accepted female music. The monarch and his subjects were obsessed with singing and dancing, and ignored state affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon Lu held a suburban sacrifice, and after the sacrifice, he did not send the meat to Confucius as usual, which showed that Ji did not want to hire him any more. Confucius had to leave Lu to find a way out in a foreign country and began a journey around the world. This year, Confucius took his disciples to Weiguo first, and Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. According to the salary standard of Lu, he was given a salary of 6, yuan, but he was not given any official position and was not allowed to participate in political affairs. Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 1 months. Because someone slandered him in front of Wei Linggong, Wei Linggong became suspicious of Confucius and sent someone to publicly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius left Weiguo with his disciples and planned to go to Chen. When passing through Kuangcheng, I was besieged by people for 5 days because of misunderstanding. I fled Kuangcheng, arrived in Pudi, and met the noble uncle of Weiguo who launched a rebellion and was besieged again. After his escape, Confucius returned to defend the country. Wei Linggong was very happy when he heard that Confucius and his disciples had returned from Pudi, and went out to meet him personally. Since then, Confucius has left the country several times and returned to it several times. On the one hand, Wei Linggong was good or bad to Confucius; on the other hand, after Confucius left the country, he had no place to go and had to return. In the second year of Lu Aigong (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left the country and passed through Cao, Song and Zheng to the state of Chen, so people who sent laborers besieged Confucius and his disciples in the middle of the road, not relying on the village in front and the shop in the back. After eating all the food they brought, Zi Gong finally found the Chu people, and Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, and Confucius and his disciples were saved from death. Confucius returned to Weiguo at the age of 64, and was welcomed back to Lu at the age of 68 with the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, but he was still respected but not used. Lu Aigong was 16 years old, and Confucius was 73 years old. He fell ill and died. When Confucius was 62 years old, he once described himself like this: "He is also angry and forgets to eat, he is happy to forget his worries, and he doesn't know that he will be old." At that time, Confucius had led his disciples to travel around the world for nine years, and went through hardships. Not only did he not get the appointment of governors, but he almost died. However, Confucius did not give up because of difficulties, and he was still optimistic, stuck to his ideals, and even knew that he could not do it. Confucius said, "Being unjust, being rich and expensive is like a cloud to me." In Confucius' mind, doing justice is the highest value of life. When there is a contradiction between the rich and the poor and morality, he would rather be poor than give up morality. However, his peace and happiness can not be regarded as not seeking wealth, but seeking to maintain the Tao, which is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Rich and expensive, people want what they want; If you don't take the road, you won't get it anywhere. Poverty and meanness are what people hate; If you don't take the road, you won't go. " "Rich and available, although the whip, I also do it. If you can't ask for it, do what I want. " Never tire of learning and never tire of teaching others. Confucius is famous for his eagerness to learn and shows great interest in all kinds of knowledge. Therefore, he is versatile and knowledgeable. At that time, he was famous and was almost regarded as an omniscient saint. But Confucius himself did not think so. Confucius said, "If you are holy and benevolent, how dare I?" Never tire of it, never tire of teaching people. " Confucius learned that there is no regular teacher. Whoever has knowledge and what he doesn't know will worship him as a teacher. Therefore, he said, "In a threesome, there must be my teacher. Choose the good one and follow it, and change the bad one." Confucius was upright in nature and advocated going straight. He once said, "If I am to others, who will ruin my reputation?"? If you have a reputation, you have to try. Simin also, the reason why the three generations went straight. " "Historical Records" recorded that Confucius had asked Lao Tzu to be polite when he was in his thirties. When he left, Lao Tzu gave a message: "Smart and thorough, close to the dead, and good at discussing people. Debate the vast number of people who are in danger, and those who are evil are also. Those who are sons should not have their own, and those who are ministers should not have their own. " This is Lao Tzu's kind reminder to Confucius, and it also points out some faults of Confucius, that is, he looks at the problem too deeply and speaks too sharply, hurting some people in position and bringing great danger to himself. With the idea of being kind to others, Confucius founded the moral theory with benevolence as the core. He is also a very kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous. "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "The beauty of a gentleman is not the evil of an adult, but the villain is." Bow from the thick and thin blame others ",etc., are his life criteria.
Editing this paragraph's ideological system
The core of political thought is "courtesy" and "benevolence". In the general plan of governing the country, he advocates "governing by virtue" and using morality and ethics to paint a portrait of Confucius.
Governing the country is the noblest way to govern the country. This strategy of governing the country is also called "rule by virtue" or "rule by courtesy". In fact, this strategy has broken the traditional credo that courtesy is no less than Shu Ren's, and has broken an original important boundary between the nobility and the common people. Confucius' theory of benevolence embodies the spirit of humanity, while Confucius' theory of ceremony embodies the spirit of ritual system, that is, order and system in the modern sense. Humanism is the eternal theme of mankind, which is applicable to any society, any era and any government, while order and institutional society are the basic requirements for establishing a civilized human society. This humanitarianism and order spirit of Confucius is the essence of China's ancient social and political thought. Economic Thought Confucius's economic thought is mainly about valuing righteousness over profit, and "seeing what is right is right"