During the Warring States period, there were many countries, and vassals fought for hegemony and separatist wars frequently. The vassal States adopted the strategy of "uniting the horizontal" in diplomacy and military affairs. Or "uniting the weak with Zhang Yi to attack the strong" to prevent the merger of powerful countries, or "Lian Heng" and "attacking the weak with the strong" to achieve the purpose of annexing land. As an outstanding strategist, Zhang Yi appeared on the political stage of the Warring States Period, which had a great influence on the situation changes in the merger wars of various countries.
According to the Records of Huayang Country, in 3 16 BC, "King Qin Huiwen sent Zhang Yi to destroy Ba, making Jiangzhou a city". That is to say, Yi Cheung once ordered Jiangzhou to be built into a * * * city in Yuzhong District of Chongqing. Although Zhang Yi himself left Jiangzhou in the second year, according to Chu's textual research, Zhang Yi's construction of Jiangzhou City belongs to the history of faith * * * See Ba County Records of the Republic of China * * *. Because "the map was destroyed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the people were fresh and native, so there was no old trace", the location of Jiangzhou City built by Zhang Yi was unknown. However, judging from Yang Xiong's description of Jiangzhou City in Shu Du Fu in the Western Han Dynasty, its city is probably between Chaotianmen, Wanglongmen, Siqianmen and Xiaoxiong in the main urban area of Chongqing today.
Recommended comment: Chongqing has a real "city" today because Zhang Yi built Jiangzhou City.
Zhang's introduction
In the ninth year of Qin Huiwen, that is, 329 years before * * *, Zhang Yi entered the State of Qin from Zhao Guoxi, and was appointed as a guest of honor by Qin for his outstanding talent, planning a strategic attack. The following year, Qin followed the example of Shanxi bureaucrats and began to set up a phase, calling it Xiangbang or, and Zhang Yi took this position. He was the first prime minister after the Qin Dynasty, the first of 100 officials, and participated in military, political and diplomatic activities. From then on, he began his political, diplomatic and military career.
After paying homage to the Prime Minister, Zhang Yi actively planned for the State of Qin. He used the technique of Lian Heng to force the Han and Wei governors to worship Qin, and captured Puyang with his son Hua * * * Sang * * *, and Wei * * * * now Xixian County, Shanxi Province. And lobbying, make Wei without a single soldier, the 15 county, including today's Shaanxi * * * South of Hancheng Shaoliang * * to Qin. In the 13th year of Qin Huiwen, 325 years before * *, Zhang Yi led an army to capture Wei * * * county in Shaanxi (now * * * county in Shaanxi, Henan). In this way, the Yellow River natural barrier was occupied by the State of Qin. With the continuous growth of Qin's power, Zhang Yi assisted Qin Huiwen as the king, and the power of Qin became stronger and stronger.
Su Zhangqin, Qin Yi, Wang Huiwen and Yuan Geng two years ago * * * 323 * * *, in order to confront Wei Huiwang's alliance policy and achieve the purpose of annexing Wei's territory, Zhang Yi used Lian Heng's strategy to meet Qi and Chu ministers in the southwest of Pei County, Jiangsu Province * * * to eliminate the anxiety of Qin's eastward advancement. Zhang Yi returned to the State of Qin from Sang Mu and was relieved of his post. During these three years, due to the alliance of Hui Shi and the failure of Chu, Wei had to take Zhang Yi as a phase in an attempt to attack Chu in conjunction with Qin and Han Dynasties. In fact, Zhang Yi's ultimate goal is to make Wei a leader attached to Qin. Due to Lian Heng's threat to other countries, Gongsun Yan, the state of Wei, won the support of Qi, Chu, Korea, Zhao and Yan in 3 19 years before the Qin Dynasty, and became. Zhang Yi was deported to the State of Qin. Qin Huiwen and Wang were re-appointed as Qin 3 17 years ago. In nine years, King Hui of Qin accepted Sima Cuo's suggestion and sent Zhang Yi, Sima Cuo and others to attack Shu, winning, and then destroyed Pakistan and Canada. In this way, Qin occupied a rich land of abundance and had a consolidated rear area, which provided favorable conditions for Qin's economic development and military war.
Qin Yuan Geng Twelve years ago * * * 3 13 * * Qin wanted to attack Qi, but he was worried that Qi would form an alliance with Chu, so he sent Zhang Yi into Chu to lobby. Zhang Yili said, "Chu is absolutely Qi, and Qin is willing to offer merchants in a land of 600 miles." Chu Huaiwang listened to his words, broke off relations with Qi, and sent people to Qin to receive land. Zhang Yi said to the envoy of Chu, "I have been with the king for six miles, but I have never heard of it for six hundred miles." The emissary of Chu returned to Chu and told Chu Huaiwang what Zhang Yi said. In a rage, Chu Huaiwang rose up and attacked Qin. Thirteen years ago * * * 3 1Z years ago * * * Qin defeated the Chu army in Danyang * * now north of Nandan River in western Henan, and more than 70 people, including Lu Chu and Qu Gai, captured Chu Hanzhong, took 600 miles of land and set it in Hanzhong County * * * now in Shaanxi Han Middle East * *. In this way, Bashu and Hanzhong of Qin State are connected together, which not only eliminates the threat of Chu State to Qin State, but also expands the territory of Qin State and strengthens its national strength. "Biography of Zhang Yi in Historical Records" said: "People in Sanjin often have accidental events, and those who talk about Qiang Qin are generally people in Sanjin." There is no doubt that Zhang Yi is one of the most outstanding.
After the death of Chu, Zhang Yi lobbied in Chu, Korea, Qi, Zhao, Yan and other countries in 3/1year before the 14th year of Qin Dynasty, so that Lian Heng of the five countries could take care of Qin. In the same year, Zhang Yi was awarded the title of Wuyi in Wu Xinjun.
On the basis of Shang Yang's political reform, Zhang Yi "resisted the vassals abroad", cooperated with Qin's agricultural war policy, lobbied the vassals with eloquent eloquence and cunning strategy, and made many achievements, becoming a decisive figure in Qin's politics, diplomacy and military affairs. In the ever-changing and treacherous environment, he mainly relied on diplomatic means and adopted Lian Heng's strategy to "disperse the followers of the six countries and make them take care of Qin in the west", which greatly expanded the national prestige of Qin and had a great deterrent effect in the vassal States. Jing Chun, a disciple of Mencius, praised him and said, "Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi are real men! Anger is the fear of the princes, and peace is the destruction of the world. " Zhang Yi used military and diplomatic means to make the State of Qin "rise from the land of Sanchuan in the east, join Bashu in the west, take the county in the north and Hanzhong in the south", which played a positive role in the hegemony and future reunification of the State of Qin. Fourteen years ago * * * 3 1 1 years ago * * *, Qin died and his son acceded to the throne. Zhang Yisu was dissatisfied and left the State of Qin for Wei. Died 309 years before Wei * * * two years ago.
Brief introduction of Zhang yi's life
First, the department is famous.
Zhang Yi, an old friend of Su Qin, is said to be the queen of Wei nobles during the Warring States Period. Worship Mr. Guiguzi with Su Qin. After Su Qin created the law of union and lobbied the six countries to unite against Qin, Zhang Yi used Lian Heng's technique to lobby the six countries to be pro-Qin and break up the union. Together with Zhang Yi, he performed the scene of chaos at the end of the Warring States Period. Qu Yuan angrily denounced Zhang Yi's second attempt.
According to Records of Historical Records, Zhang Yi debuted a little later than Su Qin. However, some scholars have verified that this is not the case, and she did not "meet" Qin. Relatively speaking, her career is relatively smooth. Legend has it that Su Qin hung the national seal of the six countries. Zhang Yi went to Su Qin and asked him to do something with him. Su Qin said, you are as talented as I am. Now, I want to seal the six countries. If you take refuge, you won't be reused. In addition, if I help the six countries to destroy Qin, I will be envied by others because of my great contribution. Now you should take refuge in the state of Qin and oppose my "alliance". Of course, the legend is not credible, but we can also see how influential Su and Zhang are.
In Su Qin, Zhang Yixi was highly valued by King Huiwen of Qin when he arrived in Qin, and made great achievements. In 328 BC, Zhang Yi officially became Qin Xiang and began to implement the "Lian Heng" strategy. He and the king of Qin agreed to go to Wei first, and strive to make Wei deviate from the Covenant of the alliance and get on well with Qin. When he arrived in Wei, he pointed out to Wang Wei that even brothers would still compete for property, not to mention that the six countries had their own "strategies" and the alliance could not last long. Wei is surrounded by other countries, with flat terrain and no danger to defend. Only by relying on Qin can we ensure safety. But Wang Wei didn't take his advice, so Zhang Yi secretly told the king of Qin to send troops to attack Wei. Under the strategy of combining hard and soft, Wang Wei finally gave up the alliance contract and turned to form an alliance with Qin.
Third, break the "vertical" with "horizontal"
After returning to the state of Qin, Zhang Yi took the initiative to ask the king of Qin to send an envoy to Chu to break the Qi-Chu alliance. When he met the king of Chu, he said that among the seven heroes today, Qin, Chu and Qi are the most powerful. Of the three, Qin is the strongest and equal. If Chu is allied with Qin, then Chu is stronger than Qi. On the other hand, if Qi first allied with Qin, Qi would be stronger than Chu. Therefore, the best way out for Chu is to form an alliance with Qin. He also promised that after Chu broke off diplomatic relations with Qi and formed an alliance with Qin, Qin would return more than 600 miles of commercial and Henan lands to Chu. Moved by the immediate interests, the king of Chu ignored the opposition of ministers, was sealed by Zhang Yi, broke off diplomatic relations with Qi, and sent one of them back to Qin with Zhang Yi to take back the land of Shang and Yu. Who knows that after returning to Qin, Zhang Yi pretended to hurt her foot and didn't show up for three months. When the king of Chu learned of this, he thought that he had not broken up with the State of Qi, so he sent people to the State of Qi to curse the king of Qi, who was furious and decided to form an alliance with the State of Qin. At this time, Zhang Yi told the accompanying generals of Chu that what he promised the king of Chu was not the six-mile commercial land, but his own six-mile phoenix instrument. The king of Chu was furious when he learned about it. He rose up hundreds of troops and attacked the State of Qin.
At the beginning of 3 12 BC, Chu sent troops to attack Qin and Han, sent Qu Gai as a "beggar's gang" to attack the merchants' land, and made the Lord Guo Jingcui as a "measure" to besiege the northeast department of Yuxian County, Henan Province. At that time, although I listened to Zhang Yi's deception and broke up with Qi, Qi did not flinch because of the confrontation between Qin, Han, Wei and Chu. Qi still besieged Wei Zhuzao today in Dongming, Shandong with Song * * *. Zhang Yi simulated Qin's attack on Zhao Tuqin and sent troops to fight back in three ways. East Road, under the command of a famous soldier, entered the Sanchuan area of North Korea from Hanguguan to help North Korea fight against the siege of Yong's family. In the middle of the road, Andy, the commander in chief, set out from Lantian * * * today's Lantian West * * in Shaanxi Province, passed through Wuguan, and went to Shanglu to counter the attacking Chu army. The West Road, under the command of Gan Mao, started from Nanzheng * * * and now Hanzhong, Shaanxi * * *, and attacked the Hanshui River Basin of Chu to the east, cooperating with Andy to capture Hanzhong, Chu. Mainly in the middle. First of all, Andy defeated the Chu army in Danyang * * * in the area north of Xiadan River in Henan Province, beheaded 80,000 people, and captured more than 70 people including Chu Qu Gai and Bi Hou Qiu, * * that is, "More than 70 people died in Tonghou", as Chu Ceyi said, then Andy attacked the west, and Gan Mao and his gang attacked the road eastward. Li Ji's illness in Donglu helped Andy defeat the beggar in Chu River Qu, so he was named Yanjun. He also helped Han and Chu and his men win, and then moved eastward to help Wei defeat Qi's army in Pushui area. Qi killed phonon * * * as his grandson, and Qi was defeated. Qin Jun, under the command of Li Chan, crossed Korea and Wei, and reached the northeast of Wei. Chu Huaiwang was furious at losing Hanzhong, so he sent troops to attack the State of Qin. He went deep into Lantian, but he was defeated again. Therefore, they attacked Chu, attacked Deng * * * now Xiangfan and Hubei * * *, and forced Chu to withdraw. Andy also joined the North Korean army to attack Chu, and gained the land of Shangcai today, southwest of Shangcai. In 3 1 1 year BC, the Qin dynasty further captured Zhaoling in Chu (now northeast of Luohe, Henan) and Qin Benji. General Qin Jun continued to help Wei attack Wei after defeating Qi's stone on Pu, and surrounded Wei's Pu, but Qin Jun died.
This is a great success of Lian Heng strategy implemented by Zhang Yi, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty. From then on, the State of Qin gained Hanzhong, which made Guanzhong, Ba and Shu a whole and eliminated the threat of Chu to the State of Qin. Since then, the State of Qin has extended to the Central Plains, occupying important strongholds east of Hanguguan and Wuguan, which is convenient for defense and enterprising in the Central Plains, so it has become powerful.
After two defeats, Chu had to cut two more cities and make peace with Qin. The king of Qin proposed to exchange the land of merchants for the land of Guizhou in Chu. The king of Chu actually replied that he would hand over the land of Guizhou as long as he got Zhang Yi, and personally punished him. Regardless of personal safety, Zhang Yi single-handedly bribed the King of Chu, bribing his favorite Shanxi businessman and his wife Zheng Xiu, which made the King of Chu change his attitude towards himself. Later, he suggested to Wang Jian of Chu that he could persuade the king of Qin not to be in the middle of Guizhou, and the governors of the two countries held each other hostage and became friends forever. The king of Chu was very happy about it. So, in this way, Qi and Chu also broke away from the "alliance" and formed an alliance with Qin.
After returning to the State of Qin, Zhang Yi immediately went to other countries, making them change from United against Qin to pro-Qin in Lian Heng. He was also named Wu Xinjun by the King of Qin. After Qin Huiwen's death, Qin Wuwang, who acceded to the throne, disliked Yi Cheung when he was a prince. Zhang Yi fled Wei and became Wei Xiang. Two years later, he died in 309 BC.
Zhang Yi, with her superb ingenuity and argumentation skills, disintegrated the six-nation alliance founded by Su Qin before his death. After his death, although the six countries broke away from Lian Heng and resumed their alliance, it could not last long. It can be said that Zhang Yi's skill of Lian Heng became the basic strategy of Qin to destroy six countries and unify the whole country.