1. Graveyards of ancient princes: some can also be called imperial tombs, which were formed by power.
2. Clan cemetery: refers to the place where people with the same beliefs or ideologies are buried.
3. Family cemetery: refers to the place where people related to their families are buried.
4. Characteristic cemetery: refers to the cemetery set up to bury relevant personnel due to a specific event or war.
5. Public cemetery: refers to the place where people from all walks of life are buried after death. Generally speaking, there are no special requirements. Since 1860, in many countries, the custom of burying the dead in church cemeteries has gradually ended. Funeral went through a process, first private property, then church cemetery, and then cemetery. Today, it is buried in the memorial garden. Graves are marked with metal plates instead of traditional tombstones. /kloc-One of the biggest projects of this kind in the 0/9th century is the British Brookwood Memorial Park established by the London Cemetery Company. It has a private railway station in London and two such railway stations in the cemetery. It has its own telegraph registration and special burial areas of different religions, nationalities, societies and occupations. The forest lawn in California is perhaps the most famous of these facilities. In the United States, there are still public cemeteries, cooperative cemeteries, church cemeteries and large public cemeteries. For soldiers and their families, in addition to state, county and city cemeteries, the federal government also operates many national cemeteries in the United States and abroad. In modern cemeteries, land is sold by government agencies, religious groups, commercial organizations or other responsible institutions. The bereaved must pay a certain fee to make the grave cared for all the year round, as well as the cost of opening the grave and other work performed by clerks and supervisors.
According to official authoritative data, there are currently more than 2,000 operating cemeteries in China, and there are about 654.38+million public welfare cemeteries and columbariums.
201510/0 on October 20th, it was learned from the Beijing Green Ecological Funeral Construction Promotion Conference that in the future, Beijing will no longer build traditional tombstones, and build small land-saving funerals in cemeteries with an area less than 0.5 square meters and a tombstone height less than 0.5 meters according to local conditions. For traditional tombs whose lease contracts expire, in principle, they will not be renewed in the form of traditional tombs, and ecological land-saving transformation will be encouraged. Environmental hygiene considerations always affect the nature and location of cemeteries. For example, Romans and Jews thought cemeteries were dangerous, so they arranged cemeteries outside the walls of Rome and Jerusalem. The ancient Egyptians and China people also had this concern for environmental health. Christians, on the other hand, don't consider this. Their catacombs are both collective cemeteries and places of worship. When Christians are free to hold religious activities, they bury the dead in churches or cemeteries behind them. After the 6th century, overpopulation became a very common problem, so many secular authorities decided to restore the old Roman system, and the dead had to be buried outside the city walls. However, the land of the church is not bound by the secular environmental sanitation law; Therefore, during the Middle Ages and Renaissance in Europe, this problem became more and more serious.
By the middle of the18th century, the churchyard was overcrowded, and there was no place to bury the dead within the city boundaries. The consequences were already a concern for everyone. The basement of the church and the narrow space around the church are already coffins. Many of these places have become the source of disease, and frequent visitors will inevitably have disasters. In the churchyard, the buried coffins are built layer by layer, only a few feet (sometimes even inches) above the ground, and the ground is still rising, often even flush with the low windows of the church. In order to make room for new tombs, the sexton has to secretly move bones and partially decomposed bodies to other places, and sometimes dig another pit for burial in a planned way. The grave robbers took the excavated coffin nameplate, coffin handle and coffin nail for themselves and sold it as scrap iron. Therefore, residents near the churchyard often lose their health and look unbearable.
This situation in big cities and towns is only different in degree. In London, due to the large population and many dead people, this situation has attracted public attention in a more timely manner. After taking palliative measures more than once, 1855 finally closed all church cemeteries according to law, with a few exceptions. Previously, private enterprises had opened several cemeteries near London, but the funeral law of 1855 marked the implementation of the cemetery system in Britain and Ireland. Almost everywhere, graves within the town limits have been abolished. If there are graves in some places, we must ensure that they are harmless in various ways. Examination and acupuncture
When conducting feng shui inspection and acupuncturing in the cemetery, because hundreds of graves are arranged in rows in an orderly manner, many feng shui masters can't analyze the good or bad of one grave after entering the cemetery, and they can't tell the good or bad of two adjacent graves. Besides the right or wrong of Feng Shui theory, there is also a main reason for this problem.
In fact, checking the good and bad luck and acupoints of graves in cemeteries is the same principle as checking graves in non-cemetery locations. Only when the acupoints and graves are inspected at the cemetery site, all graves with the same pattern and shape as the acupoints around the acupoints should be regarded as nothing, nonexistent and level. However, those particularly high buildings, hills or graves must be sand, and those low pits or gullies must be water. In short, all the special things that stand out in the cemetery must be regarded as sand or water, while those graves with no characteristics and no special energy should be regarded as nothing.
That is to say, take the "cave" as the original heart, if there is nothing with special energy nearby, then start from the original heart and move outward until something with a special shape appears, and then talk about sand and water. Before something with a special shape appeared, all graves at that distance were considered as the ground level. As long as you turn this corner in your mind, the method of geomantic omen in cemetery is exactly the same as that in ordinary grave. As long as your geomantic theory is correct, you will never make an inquest or choose the wrong acupoints.
"Grab Feng Shui"
We know that the energy contained in anything is definite, not infinite. Similarly, the sand and water in the cemetery are certain, not infinite. In this cemetery with certain energy, the significance of "grabbing Feng Shui" is very important. Why do you say that? Let me tell you a truth first: there are 1000 kilograms of gold and silver jewelry in a cave, and at the same time 100 people set out from home to get the treasure in this cave. Who do you think is the best robber (you can't fight with each other, as long as it's your own)? Who do you think can't get it at all? It goes without saying that the first person who enters the hole grabs the most, and the last person who enters the hole definitely can't grab anything. Similarly, if there is a mine in front, the first person to step on it will suffer, and the people behind it will not suffer even if they step on it again. Of course, there is also the problem of finding caves or stepping on mines. Understand this problem, that is, you should be able to understand the importance of "grabbing feng shui" in the cemetery.
The reason why the cemetery "grabs Feng Shui" is this: In Feng Shui, we call the mountain [or river] Long Mai, which has many auspicious acupoints, many dangerous acupoints, and even more ominous ordinary acupoints. The purpose of our acupuncture is to absorb the energy contained in Long Mai. Everything has two sides: yin and yang. The energy contained in Long Mai can also be divided into auspicious energy and dangerous energy. If we point the acupoints at the points of auspicious energy, then we will absorb the energy of Long Mai Geely, and our future generations will flourish; On the other hand, if we point the acupoints at the point of dangerous energy, then what we have learned is the dangerous energy of Long Mai, and our descendants will be impoverished. And if we point the acupoints at the ordinary energy points without blessing or harm, then we will learn the Long Mai energy without blessing or harm, and our descendants will be ordinary people.
Therefore, if you want the descendants of the deceased to flourish, you must find auspicious acupoints on the Long Mai. In the cemetery, because many dead people are buried, it may be that Geely's acupoints have long been occupied by others. Even if Geely's acupoints can still be found, it is very likely that you found the treasure but were the last to enter the cave, and you will get nothing. In other words, if future generations want to be rich and prosperous, it is best not to choose a cemetery. However, then again, if you just want to ensure the safe and quiet life of future generations, it is good to avoid dangerous acupoints in the cemetery. If you are not the first person to enter the cemetery, if 80% of the cemetery is occupied by others, then even if you bury your ancestors in dangerous acupoints, there will be no particularly huge disaster, because most of the dangerous energy in Long Mai is absorbed by others, but if you are buried in the most dangerous one,
"Follow Feng Shui"
In the cemetery, if auspicious acupoints are found, it is best to find a way to investigate the basic family situation of other grave owners within three meters. The key is to investigate the basic family situation of these families since their ancestors were buried here. If these families have been rich and developed since their ancestors were buried here, and they have been buried for a long time [more than five years] or have given birth to children, it means that the auspicious energy here has been absorbed by others, so it is time to re-select the caves. When re-selecting caves, we can look at the bottom of these tombs first. Because the qi pulse flows from high to low, there is likely to be a lot of energy downstream, and this downstream acupoint will be more auspicious. Of course, whether there is energy downstream of these acupoints depends on the direction of Long Mai to determine the flow direction of qi pulse. In general, if the air vein flows deeper into the mountain, the energy downstream will be greater; If the air vein flows on the surface of the mountain range, there will be no energy downstream, and then some residual gas can be intercepted upstream. Throughout the country, "chasing the wind and water" things abound. The so-called "downstream water" means that if one family is either rich or expensive, many other families will bury their ancestors around this ancestral grave, thinking that they can "grab some good feng shui", but in fact, each family can't get what they want. Because of what? Because of what I said earlier. Therefore, if a feng shui master can see the flow direction of qi pulse, he can find acupuncture points around the ancestral graves of those small and expensive rich children, but in fact, more than 95% feng shui masters are bragging that they can see qi pulse. The best test for Yiyou is to take these masters to places where many graves gather [or cemeteries] and let them say, "If someone is buried first, then the people around you will be behind." If these masters are right, it proves that this feng shui master still has real skills, but one or two tests can't prove the master's level, and it takes at least five tests to draw a conclusion. Only when the master is 100% correct in more than five feng shui tests can he prove the master's level, otherwise he is a fake "liar feng shui master". After finding auspicious acupoints in the cemetery, we should first find out all the auspicious sand and water in the direction of the Eight Palaces and Twenty-four Mountains and record them in the notebook. Then, according to the theory of "people's position", it can be determined that these auspicious sand and water determine who has money [which generation is the first child], and then calculate which generation is the first child. Hurry up and investigate the ancestral graves within three meters around to see if they gave birth to "a generation in this birth order" after burying their ancestors here. If neither happens, bury your ancestors as soon as possible. After burial, if they are "the generation in this birth order", then if they catch up with Geely in the "time system", they will soon be rich on a regular basis. If a "generation of this parity" is born in a person's family, then his children can grab most of the energy of this auspicious sand and water, which is rich and expensive. Before and after Tomb-Sweeping Day, many people were troubled by the same problem. Most people who are not familiar with local funeral regulations think that buying a cemetery can keep the land use right for 70 years, just like buying a house. But in fact, in many places, the funeral regulations or public sacrifice management methods stipulate that the maximum service life of the tomb is 20 years.
According to Wang Hongjie, president of Shanghai Funeral Industry Association, there are four kinds of situations in terms of the nature of cemeteries: one is the background of state-owned assets, the other is the joint venture between state-owned assets and collectives, the third is private contracting, and the fourth is that the property management rights are all privately owned.
According to the regulations, the establishment of cemeteries requires the approval of local civil affairs, planning and land departments. Similar to the real estate industry, the ownership of land in the cemetery area is national or collective.
However, unlike the purchase of residential commercial housing, the provisions on the right to use the cemetery are rather vague. According to the Interim Measures for Cemetery Management promulgated and implemented by 1992, "an operating cemetery shall not charge a tomb management fee for more than 20 years at a time."
Therefore, Li Bo, deputy director of the Social Affairs Department of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, said that there is a misunderstanding in the formulation that "the use period of the cemetery is 20 years". The so-called "20 years" does not refer to the use period of the cemetery, but refers to paying the tomb protection fee for 20 years. As long as the tomb protection fee is paid on time, the cemetery can continue to be used.
According to the latest explanation of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the service life of a cemetery is related to the nature and service life of the land, generally 50 or 70 years. The work of renewing the lease of old tombs has been piloted one after another. The renewal date is calculated from the date when the tomb reaches the 20-year period. Generally, the procedures for renewing the lease for 10 years should be handled first.
Many cemeteries in this city have reached or exceeded the service life of 20 years, and major cemeteries often receive telephone inquiries from citizens. According to Wang Qi, director of the Funeral Management Office of the Civil Affairs Bureau, the Regulations of Beijing Municipality on Funeral Management stipulates that the protection fee for graves and ashes storage spaces will be paid in a cycle of 20 years, and can be renewed after expiration. Under normal circumstances, a tomb and ashes can be renewed for 10 years, and land lease fees and tomb management fees need to be paid for renewal. The former is 1.500 yuan per square meter according to the unified national regulations, while the latter is just beginning. The relevant person in charge said that only the tombs buried with ashes can be buried, and the methods of tree burial and body burial are still under study.
Before the completion of the cemetery, the owner protested that it was unlucky, and the person in charge of the village who was accused of choosing the flood discharge area without formalities said that it was an unauthorized act of autonomy. Because it is less than 50 meters away from the north gate of the community, the cemetery construction in Xiaodian Village, Jinzhan Township, Chaoyang has been opposed by the owners of Qingcui Garden. According to the owner, the cemetery is located in the flood discharge canal of Wenyu River, and a large number of trees have been cut down privately. Jinzhan Township and Xiaodian Village denied that cutting down trees affected flood discharge, saying that cemetery construction was an act of villagers' autonomy. The civil affairs department said that the construction of village cemeteries must be approved. There are 44 operating cemeteries, operating columbariums 10 and funeral parlours 15 in Shanghai. These 44 operating cemeteries occupy about 7500 mu of state-owned land. The existing cemetery resources in Shanghai are about 2000 mu.
Shanghai is one of the earliest cremation places in China, with a high cremation rate. The data shows that among the 65,438+200,000 people who die every year, about 70% choose the ashes tomb after death. According to China's funeral regulations, each tomb covers an area of 1.5 square meters. In recent years, most tombs in Shanghai have been controlled at the land-saving standard of 1 square meter (0.00 15 mu). According to conservative calculation, the annual funeral land in Shanghai is about 100 mu to 120 mu.