What other bad habits did China have in ancient times?

Different types of marriage in ancient China: Yin marriage is said by "ghosts". Yin marriage, also called ghost marriage, is to find a spouse for the dead. Some boys and girls died for some reason after they got engaged, but they didn't wait until they got married. At that time, the old people thought that if they didn't get married for them, their ghosts would do mischief and make the family uneasy. So we must hold a wedding for them, and finally bury them together, become husband and wife, and be buried with their bones. In case there are solitary graves in the fields of men and women. There are also some minors who, out of love, parents or family elders think that they failed to choose a spouse for them before their death and should marry them after their death and fulfill their responsibilities. In fact, this is where people feel. In addition, in the past, people generally believed in Feng Shui in graves, and believed that the appearance of isolated graves would affect the prosperity of future generations of family houses. At that time, some Feng Shui gentlemen (called Kamen Yu in ancient times) strongly encouraged this kind of yin marriage in order to earn more money. Yin marriage mostly happens in nobles or rich families. There was marriage before the Han Dynasty. Yin marriage is forbidden because it consumes social manpower and material resources and is meaningless. "Zhou Li" said: "It is forbidden to move and bury, and it is forbidden to marry and mourn." However, this trend has never been eliminated. For example, when Cao Chong, Cao Cao's favorite son, died at the age of thirteen, Cao Cao hired the dead Miss Zhen as Cao Chong's wife and buried her with him. The song dynasty was the most popular period of yin marriage. According to Kang's Dream of Yesterday, whenever an unmarried man or woman dies, his parents will ask a "ghost matchmaker" to act as a matchmaker and then perform divination. When divination is approved, they will each make a shroud for the ghost, hold a wedding and bury the man and the woman together. "Biography of Yuan Nv" says: "If a son dies without a wife, he may be buried with the bones of his dead wife." "Biography of Ming Women" also contains: Yang died and his fiancee was martyred; Liu Bochun died, so did his hired daughter, and they were all buried together. In the Qing Dynasty, with the strengthening of chastity, this custom of female martyrdom was still very popular. It didn't disappear until the late Qing Dynasty. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, there were still remnants of the custom of yin marriage in Beijing, and some families held "happy events" for the dead to marry the dead, which were called "bones", and the two in-laws of men and women were called "bones". In earlier years, this kind of "wedding" ceremony was mostly held at night. Sometimes, when people are sleeping peacefully, they are suddenly awakened by the drums in the street. It turns out to be a "skeleton". Carrying a paper sedan chair, the leader is a single drum, a single number and a single suona. Others don't need this form, but still use eight sedan chairs and all the golden lamps as deacons. It turned out that they only married a photo of a woman. After 1930s, there was a ceremony of "civilized marriage", in which a western band led the dance, and four people in the back carried a movie studio for the funeral, with photos of the "bride" hanging inside. Wedding custom ceremony Because the wedding of the deceased is a mixture of red and white ceremonies, the parties have their own opinions, so the ceremony of yin marriage has never been established. Usually, the "goose cage", "wine sea", dragon and phoenix wedding cakes, elbows and happy fruits that men give to women are real, but clothes and jewelry are paper funerary objects. The dowry of a woman's dowry is usually paper. After it is delivered to the man, it is only displayed in front of the "groom" photo or memorial tablet for half a day, and some just walk around the man's yard, that is, under the guidance of drum music, it is sent to a nearby open space for burning. The above ceremony is not necessarily held in all women's marriages, but the wedding ceremony is essential. Today is a sunny day. Set up a shed to entertain relatives and friends and light a sedan chair in front of the door. In the happy room, "100%" God gives. There is a low table on the opposite side of the kang for the "groom" to take photos or set up a memorial tablet, with several plates of apples and dragon and phoenix cakes in front. There is also a big red flower with the words "groom" written on it with a ribbon. The photo or memorial tablet of the bride in the woman's boudoir is the same as before, and there is a big red flower with the word "bride" written on it. After the sedan chair arrives at the woman, the bride's photo or memorial tablet will be taken down by the bride-to-be's wife, and the sedan chair will be released by the married wife. At this time, the parents of the "bride" could not help crying loudly and chasing out of the house. This is not a happy occasion at all. After the wedding car returns to the man, the married wife will still take out the photo or memorial tablet of the "bride" and put it on the altar on the kang in the wedding room, side by side with the "groom". Tie the two photos together with a red head rope (meaning the old man holding the red line) and attach red and yellow silk. The newlyweds should also provide "a cup of wine", "children and grandchildren" and "longevity noodles" before their tablets or photos. Choose a good day to be buried in the future, the woman will be buried next to the man's grave at the time specified by Ling 'an, and the two coffins will be buried with the help of the trough. If the "newlyweds" have younger brothers and sisters, brothers-in-law, etc. Call them out and kowtow to photos or memorial tablets. The two in-laws congratulated each other. After the ceremony, choose a good day to be buried, and the woman can wake up. According to the time specified by the Yin and Yang Master, after the coffin is pivoted out, immediately pour a bucket of water into the pit and drop two apples. At the same time, raise the bonus notes. The man dug a hole by the grave, exposing the groove of the coffin of the "groom" and buried the "bride" to achieve the purpose of "husband and wife" being buried together. After the burial, wine and fruit are displayed in front of the grave, bonus paper money is burned, and a wedding is held. Parents and other family members of both men and women (that is, two in-laws) cried and said "great joy". From then on, it is convenient for men and women to communicate as in-laws. Generally speaking, the yin marriage also needs the introduction of the matchmaker, and the two sides can get the dragon and phoenix post by sending the door post and getting married in Shoutang. Because the dissolution of yin marriage is mostly one-off, there is no difference in size. Half of the gifts given by the man to the woman are real silks and satins, gold and silver treasures; Half of them are paper, cotton, clips and singlets, and there are two pairs of brocade boxes with earrings, bracelets, rings and hairpins. On the night of release, it will be incinerated at the woman's door or grave/%ce% ca% b5% c0% B7% C9% cf% C9/blog/item/8100a93f1660e1854e723/kloc-0. "Three-inch golden lotus" once became an important aesthetic condition for ancient women in China. However, when did ancient women's foot-binding begin? Why is the foot-binding called "Golden Lotus"? But it remains a mystery. First, the legend of the origin of foot binding: There are different opinions about the origin of foot binding. Some say it began in the Sui Dynasty, some say it began in the Tang Dynasty, and some say it began in the Five Dynasties. Some people even say that Yu's wife and da ji in Xia and Shang Dynasties were both small feet. It can be said that there are different opinions and no one can agree. China ancient myths and legends do have such traces. Legend has it that Dayu married Tu Shanshi's daughter and gave birth to a child when he was in charge of water control. Tu Shan barren woman is a fox spirit with small feet; He also said that da ji, the concubine of the late Yin Dynasty, was also a fox, or a pheasant, but her feet didn't get better, so she wrapped them in cloth. Because of da ji's love, all the women in the palace followed her example and held back. Of course, these are just folk myths and legends, and more of them contain additional romantic elements, which is not enough to prove that women bound their feet at that time. Foot-binding began in Sui Dynasty and also originated from folklore. According to legend, when Yang Di went to Jiangdu, he recruited hundreds of beautiful women to pull fibers for him. A woman named Wu Yueniang was chosen. She hated Yang-ti's tyranny, so she asked her father, who was a blacksmith, to make a lotus petal knife three inches long and one inch wide, and wrap it under her feet with a long cloth, and at the same time, the smaller the foot, the better. Then carved a lotus on the sole, and printed a beautiful lotus in one step when walking. Emperor Yang Di was very happy when he saw the queen, so he called her to his side to admire her little feet. Wu Yueniang slowly untied the foot cloth, suddenly pulled out a lotus petal knife and stabbed Yang Di. Emperor Yang Di flashed by quickly, but his arm was stabbed. Wu Yueniang saw that the assassination failed, so he threw himself into the river. Later, Emperor Yang Di issued a decree: No matter how beautiful a woman is, "foot-binding women will not be selected" in future beauty contests. However, in order to commemorate the mother of the moon, folk women have bound their feet. At this point, the wind of women's foot binding has intensified. Foot-binding began in the Five Dynasties and originated from concubines in Li Houzhu in the Southern Tang Dynasty. She is beautiful and versatile. She is good at singing and dancing. Li Houzhu specially made a six-foot-tall golden lotus, decorated with jewels and ribbons, and ordered her to tie her feet with silk to make them slightly bend into crescent shapes. Then she put on plain socks and danced on the lotus stage to make the dance more beautiful. Secondly, foot-binding has been recorded in the Song Dynasty. Some scholars pointed out through research that China ancient women's foot-binding rose in the Northern Song Dynasty, and China women did not bind their feet before the Five Dynasties. Su Dongpo, a poet in the Song Dynasty, once wrote the word "Bodhisattva Man" and lamented foot binding. "Don't cherish step by step lotus, worry about wearing socks to Ling Bo; I saw the dance in the air without a trace. Stealing the palace is as stable as Mount Tai, and it is a double drop; It should be hard to say that it is wonderful. It must be seen from the palm of your hand. " It can also be called the first poem dedicated to foot binding in the history of China's poetry. It should be noted that the writing of foot-binding poems depends on the appearance of foot-binding customs, which shows that foot-binding customs did appear in the Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, women's foot-binding became more common. Even at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, "little feet" had become a general term for women. However, in the Southern Song Dynasty, women's foot-binding was not popular, and it was mainly confined to the upper class, and the social concept of foot-binding was not accepted by everyone. At the same time, the custom of foot-binding spread from the north to the south, about the time when the Song Dynasty moved south. Foot-binding in Song Dynasty is different from the three-inch golden lotus in later generations. According to historical records, foot binding in the Song Dynasty was to "straighten" your feet without bending, which was called "getting on the horse" at that time. The shoes used are called "Wrong in the End", and the soles are very sharp and consist of two colors. At present, this kind of foot-binding shoes has been found in archaeology. From the archaeological findings, it is speculated that the feet wrapped by these shoes are bigger than those later. Mongolian aristocrats did not bind their feet after they entered the Central Plains for Jianyuan, but they did not object to the habit of binding their feet by the Han people. On the contrary, they still hold an appreciation attitude. In this way, the wind of foot-binding continued to develop in the Yuan Dynasty, and even the concept of not being ashamed of foot-binding appeared at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, women's foot-binding continued to develop in a slender direction, but there were still many people who did not, especially in southern Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Lingnan areas. In the Ming dynasty, the wind of women's foot-binding entered a prosperous period and developed rapidly in various places. When Zhang invaded Sichuan in the late Ming Dynasty, women were small and piled up into mountains, which were called Jinlianfeng. This shows that Sichuan women's foot binding is flourishing. This period has certain requirements for the shape of foot binding. Women's feet should not only be small, but also shrink to three inches, and they should be bowed and wrapped in the shape of corn. After the Manchu rulers entered the Central Plains, they strongly opposed the custom of foot-binding of Han people at first, and repeatedly ordered women to ban foot-binding. But at this time, the wind of foot-binding was hard to stop, and it had to be banned in the seventh year of Kangxi (1668). This incident was once rendered as "men refusing women"-the Qing soldiers entered the customs and had a "haircut order". Under the pressure of force, Han Chinese men finally had to give in, so men's haircuts were regarded as a symbol of surrender to the Qing court. At the same time, although women's foot-binding was ordered by the Qing court to stop, it did not achieve the purpose of prohibition, so there is a saying that "men drop women." This shows that the wind of foot binding is deeply rooted. Because of this, women's foot-binding reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty, and women from all walks of life, rich and poor, bound their feet one after another. Even some ethnic minorities in the northwest and southwest are infected with the custom of foot binding. At the same time, women's feet have received unprecedented worship and attention. During this period, the shape and size of feet became an important criterion to judge the beauty and ugliness of women. As a woman, whether or not to bind her feet and how to bind her feet will directly affect her personal lifelong events. At that time, people from all walks of life were ashamed of women's big feet and proud of women's small feet when they got married. The theory of "three-inch golden lotus" is deeply rooted in people's hearts, and even it is less than three inches. As a result, a woman who had to be held by others because her feet were too small to move appeared. Such a woman was quite popular at that time. 3. Why are feet called "golden lotus": When it comes to "three-inch golden lotus", people can't help asking why women's feet are called "golden lotus". What is the connection between Jin Ping Mei and Little Foot? For a long time, people have been interested in this question, but there has been no satisfactory answer. There is a saying that "Jin Ping Mei" is named after the story that Pan Fei, who was in a daze in the eastern part of Qi State in the Southern Dynasties, opened lotus flowers step by step. Dong Hunhou cut it into the shape of a lotus with gold foil, spread it on the ground, and let Pan Fei walk barefoot on it, thus forming a wonderful scene of "Lotus Walking Step by Step". But the "golden lotus" here does not refer to Pan Fei's feet. There is also a saying that Jin Ping Mei is named after the story of five generations of mothers dancing on the lotus platform. But the golden lotus here refers to the shape of the stage, not Niang's feet. In this regard, some scholars believe that Jiao Jiao is called Jinlian, which should be investigated from the aspect of lotus in Buddhist culture. Lotus emerges from the mud without being stained, which is regarded as a symbol of purity in Buddhism. After Buddhism was introduced into China, the lotus flower, as a symbol of beauty, purity, preciousness and auspiciousness, was also introduced into China and accepted by China people. In the auspicious words and patterns of China people, the lotus occupies a considerable position, which also illustrates this point. Therefore, there is no doubt that it is a good name to call women's football lotus. In addition, in Buddhist art, bodhisattvas mostly stand barefoot on the lotus, which may also be an important reason for linking the lotus with women's feet. Why do you want to add a word "gold" before "lotus"? This is because of the traditional language habits of China people. China people like to decorate precious or beautiful things with "gold", such as "golden mouth", "golden eye" and "golden hall". In the era of foot-binding, adding the word "gold" beside the word "lotus" became "golden lotus", which is also a kind of laudatory name to express preciousness. Therefore, later football fans often subdivide the noble, the cheap, the beautiful and the ugly according to their size. The golden lotus is within three inches, the silver lotus is within four inches, and the iron lotus is above four inches. So when it comes to the golden lotus, it must be a three-inch golden tongue, which is the so-called three-inch golden lotus. Later, Jinlian was also used to refer to foot-binding shoes, and Jinlian became the mystery of the ancient officialdom bad habit of "worshipping the door", which was a bad habit of China ancient officialdom. Its essence is a means of relying on power to win over and use each other to achieve the goal of mutual benefit and win-win: worshippers find an umbrella and amulet for their own cause; Worshipers can also get a valuable windfall and cultivate their own power. Worship the door is only to establish a nominal relationship between teachers and students. Pupils don't care about the seniority, age, character and knowledge of being worshipped as teachers, as long as they have power and influence. There are certain procedures for learning from teachers. After being introduced by others, you will submit a "student post" and pay a generous financial gift before you learn from the teacher. "Fake posts" should clearly write the names of both parties and voluntarily establish a teacher-student relationship. After worshipping the door, the protege can show off to others that he is a disciple of a certain powerful person, and from then on, he can stand tall in the officialdom with the power of his master. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Gan, one of the seven sons of Jian 'an, wrote in On 6 1: "It is better to have a well-known policy in the DPRK, saying that one's family was born in a rich family than to say that one's family was born in a rich family. A teacher without teaching is a teacher without teaching. However, it is useless. As for the attitude of attacking the maid-in-waiting concubines with her husband's ability, or bribing for self-consolidation, she relies on her ambition. " Hit the nail on the head and tell the essence of "worshipping the door". Those who volunteer to be "students" want to be attached to powerful people, and "teachers" also want to recruit students to make money. There is a main hall surnamed Zhou in the officialdom: "I have always been an official in Beijing and have never let go of my westernization." All the year round, he relies on his classmates and friends to help him with charcoal worship, ice worship, meeting people and other gifts. " In order to collect money, some officials even condescend to "worship the door", that is, they went to their recognized students' homes to forcibly worship the teacher. During Guangxu period, there was an assistant minister who lived in Hankou. A local rich man surnamed Zhou wanted his son to learn from him and prepared a silver coin of 100 yuan as a gift. Later, Zhou saw that the assistant minister lived frugally, suspected that he was a liar and hesitated. The assistant minister was worried that the cost would be too high and wanted to accept the apprentice as soon as possible. He was led by the introducer and went to Zhou Zhai in person, threatening Zhou to let his son go to the memorial ceremony, and the assistant minister went back with the money. In fact, it was popular to accept rich children as students as early as the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The biography of Xu Zhanchuan in Song Dynasty (6 1) said that he had "more than a thousand students, all of whom were sons of three wealthy families with excellent qualifications and gorgeous clothes". The teacher's intention is obvious. Officialdom in the late Qing Dynasty also had the rule of "breaking off diplomatic relations" and "handing in posts". If the protected person rises above the teacher, the protected person will hold a post and worship the teacher's door, calling it "farewell", telling the former teacher to dissolve the teacher-student relationship, and the teacher will return the post he received from the protected person to "hand in the post". Officialdom is cold, power is the master and power is the sun, which can be seen.