The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang were discovered in 1974, and then a large museum was built here, which was opened on the National Day of 1979.
After the opening of the world's rare Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum, it quickly caused a sensation at home and abroad. It is regarded as an ancient miracle and one of the most important archaeological discoveries in contemporary times.
Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses amazed the audience with their huge scale, magnificent scenes and superb scientific and artistic level. With the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum, the ancient city Xi soon became one of the most important tourist cities in China. Tourists from home and abroad have come here. Most foreign heads of state and other distinguished guests visiting our country should put visiting the Terracotta Warriors on their agenda.
The Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is about 1.5 km east of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. There are three pits, one, two and three. The first pit was discovered by local farmers when they were drilling wells, and then the second and third pits were discovered one after another after drilling wells. The first pit is the largest, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 6 12m and a total area of 14260m2. There are about 6,000 life-size pottery figurines buried in this pit, and more than 1000 have been cleaned up so far. It is unbelievable to find such a large, numerous and lifelike pottery figurines in the ground.
Entering the hall of the museum, I saw thousands of life-size warriors lined up neatly at a depth of 5 meters underground, all in bronze, with a height of 1.8 to 1.97 meters. They are magnificent and daunting. There are 32 pottery horses as big as real horses. Ma Tao is a group of four horses, dragging wooden chariots.
Terracotta Warriors and Horses are arranged in three rows facing east, with 70 warrior figures in each row, ***2 10, which seems to be the vanguard of the military array. Followed by infantry and chariots, a total of 38 columns, each column is about 180 meters long, which seems to be the main body of the army array. On the left and right sides, there is a horizontal team facing the north and south. Each team has about 180 soldiers, which seems to be the two wings of the army. There is a column of warriors facing west at the western end, which seems to be the guardian of the army array. Some warriors and friends wear battle robes, others wear armor, and the bronze weapons in their hands are all real objects. Well-organized, team purge. Dozens of war horses hissed with their heads held high, ready to go. The whole army is ready to go.
The majestic military array represents Qin Shihuang's military achievements and dignity in order to accomplish the great cause of reunifying China.
The art history of these terracotta warriors and horses is very valuable. The creation of terracotta warriors and horses is based on real life, and its artistic techniques are delicate and vivid. The costumes and expressions of the Terracotta Warriors are different. There are many kinds of hairstyles, different gestures and different facial expressions. From their costumes, expressions and gestures, we can tell whether they are officers or soldiers, infantry or cavalry. There are veterans with beards who have fought many battles and young people who have just stepped into the battlefield. Ordinary figurines, as high as 1.96 meters, stand upright and concentrate on thinking, showing a firm and powerful appearance. The figure of a soldier, with his head slightly raised and his eyes looking straight ahead, looks high-spirited and childish. The soldier is wearing a shovel, holding a long handle and pressing the car with his left hand, which shows that he is a defensive soldier.
In a word, pottery figurines have distinct personality and strong characteristics of the times. These poems about horses and horses are a treasure house of sculpture art, adding luster to the splendid ancient culture of the Chinese nation and adding a glorious page to the history of world art.
Bronze weapons unearthed from Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit include swords, spears, halberds, machetes and a large number of crossbows and arrows. According to the test data, these Cu-Sn alloy weapons have been chrome-plated. Although they have been buried in the soil for more than 2,000 years, their blades are still sharp and shiny, which shows that they already had high metallurgical technology at that time, which is a miracle in the world metallurgical history.
199 1 years ago, the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum opened the No.1 pit. 199 1 September, No.3 pit was officially opened. The area of No.3 pit is only one twenty-seventh of that of No.1 pit. However, from the analysis of chariots, warriors and other artifacts unearthed from this pit, this pit may be used as the headquarters of pits 1 and 2.
Terracotta Warriors and Horses: The Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shihuang is a relic museum built on the original site of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit. Since its opening in June 1 979+1October1,it has been bathed in the spring breeze of the country's reform and opening up, and has made brilliant achievements through hard work, becoming a world-famous large-scale cultural relics museum. Terracotta warriors and horses are known as "the eighth wonder of the world" and "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 20th century". 1987 12. UNESCO has listed the Mausoleum of the First Qin Dynasty (including Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit) in the World Cultural Heritage List. It is not only the precious cultural wealth of China people, but also the precious cultural wealth of all mankind.
The establishment and development of the Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang experienced ups and downs and hardships, which condensed the painstaking efforts and sweat of many people. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses were discovered in March 1974. Local farmers accidentally found some fragments of pottery figurines when drilling wells in a desert with sand and gravel accumulation and many graves. After more than a year of careful exploration and trial excavation by archaeologists, it is found that this is a large-scale Terracotta Warriors Pit (No.1 Terracotta Warriors Pit), in which about 6,000 terracotta warriors and horses are buried. This great discovery caused a sensation and shock in China and the world. Due to the huge scale of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, the excavation work will last for several years or even decades. In this long period of time, how to protect this precious cultural heritage from wind, rain, frost and snow has become an important and worrying issue. At that time, our archaeologists had planned to build a temporary protective shed with bamboo poles and reed mats to solve the urgent need. Just as we were anxious about this, on August 26th, 1975, Wang Fei, then director of National Cultural Heritage Administration, flew to An to convey the State Council's decision to establish a Terracotta Warriors Museum here, and made it a national special project.
Preparations for the museum began at the end of 1975. 1976 In February, the personnel responsible for the preparatory work entered the construction site one after another, and ground was officially broken in September. At the beginning of the building, the national economy was on the verge of collapse, many large-scale construction projects were dismounted, the building funds were seriously insufficient, and it was difficult to raise building materials. However, with the strong support of the country, the builders finally overcame all kinds of difficulties through unremitting efforts. 1979 At the end of September, a magnificent hall of Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit No.1 covering an area of16,000 square meters was completed and opened to the public on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the founding of New China. The preliminary construction plan of the Terracotta Warriors Museum was drawn up in June 1975 and was approved by the state. At that time, only Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit No.1 was discovered, and Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pits No.2 and No.3 were discovered during archaeological exploration in the summer of 1976. This determines that the first-phase construction plan of the Terracotta Warriors Museum is incomplete. Terracotta Warriors Pits No.1, No.2 and No.3 are a group of tombs in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. There are about 8000 terracotta warriors and horses in the three pits, just like a huge underground army, which is a treasure house of ancient sculpture art.
After the opening of the Terracotta Warriors Museum, it had a great impact on the society and aroused people's strong interest. Since the opening of the Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Qin Dynasty, tourists have flooded in, forming the A Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses fever all over the world. In this way, the original building scale and relatively simple facilities of the Terracotta Warriors Museum can no longer meet the needs of the times. How to build the Terracotta Warriors Museum into a world-class museum has become a matter of great concern and urgent desire for all museum staff. With the enthusiastic care and support of Shaanxi provincial government and National Tourism Administration, the second phase expansion project of Terracotta Warriors Museum was officially listed as a key project in Shaanxi Province on 1986. The main project of the expansion is to build No.2 and No.3 Terracotta Warriors pit halls, as well as more than 20 supporting facilities such as cultural relics warehouses and cultural relics comprehensive exhibition halls. The total construction area is 45,000 square meters and the total investment is 48.5 million yuan. Since then, the construction of the Terracotta Warriors Museum has entered a new stage of rapid development. As one of the key projects of the second phase expansion, the third Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit Site Museum started construction in May 1987, and the main project was completed at the end of 1988. Then carry out archaeological excavations. On September 27th, 1989, No.3 Terracotta Warriors Pit was opened to the public. The foundation project of No.2 Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit Site Museum started on 1988, the main project was completed by the end of 1993, and the excavation and exhibition began on 1994. So far, as the core project in the construction of the Terracotta Warriors Museum, the halls of Terracotta Warriors Pit No.1, No.2 and No.3 have all been completed. The total construction area of the halls of the three sites is 34,730 square meters. All three pits are covered in the hall of the site, with good ventilation, lighting, fire prevention, theft prevention and other facilities, ensuring the safety of cultural relics and relics. The protection of archaeological excavation sites of ancient cultural sites is a very important issue. The remains and relics left by the ancients are non-renewable. If we do not pay attention to protection, but dig a place and destroy a place, it will cause irreparable losses. Especially for the ruins museum, the ruins were destroyed and the museum lost its foundation of existence. There are many ways to protect it, and building a site museum is one of many ways to protect it. It is suitable for special cultural relics with great scientific value and good preservation.
The advantage of this protection method lies in the combination of effective protection and rational utilization, so that not only modern people, but also future generations can see the basic features of this cultural heritage and get enlightenment and education from it. The remarkable feature of the Terracotta Warriors Museum is that it integrates archaeological excavation, exhibition and cultural relics protection. Open while excavating, and turn the archaeological excavation site into a place for cultural relics display. At present, one third of Terracotta Warriors Pit No.1 has been excavated, No.3 Terracotta Warriors Pit has been completely excavated, and No.2 Terracotta Warriors Pit is being excavated. More than 2,000 terracotta figures and horses, more than 40,000 bronze weapons and a large number of relics were unearthed in the three pits. There are many kinds of terracotta warriors and horses, including chariots, cavalry and infantry. The images of terracotta warriors and horses are various, and they are a bright pearl of ancient oriental art. They show all the archaeological excavation sites of terracotta warriors and horses to the audience without reservation, which is very popular among people. The audience can see the original features of the Terracotta Warriors here, such as the original state of the unearthed Terracotta Warriors, the shape and structure of the pit, and the collapse and destruction of the pit. Some signs can only be seen in archaeological excavations, such as footprints left by workers when building terracotta warriors and horses pits, tool marks left by excavation, rut marks left by transporting terracotta warriors and horses into into the pit, and stolen holes dug by thieves. Archaeological excavation site is a comprehensive carrier of various ancient cultural information, which contains a lot of information and is intuitive and true. Let the audience have a multi-level, multi-angle and all-round understanding of the Terracotta Warriors. In addition, with the progress of archaeological excavations, new remains and relics will be discovered. Every time people visit the Terracotta Warriors Museum, they will see new content, new harvest and lasting charm.
Since its opening 20 years ago, the Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang has received nearly 40 million visitors from home and abroad. In addition, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses have been exhibited in more than 60 cities in more than 20 countries and regions around the world, with a cumulative audience of nearly 6.5438+million. Terracotta Warriors and Horses give people the enjoyment of knowledge and beauty with their majestic momentum and colorful cultural connotations. The Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang is large, covering more than 20 hectares, with a total exhibition area of more than 42,000 square meters. All kinds of supporting facilities are complete and the environment is elegant and comfortable. Archaeological excavations and scientific research have also made gratifying achievements. However, there is still a long way to go in the future work. Terracotta warriors and horses pits are just a group of grave pits in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. After more than 20 years of archaeological exploration, more than 500 burial pits and graves of different sizes and many building foundations have been found in the cemetery. Among them, the most important are bronze chariots and horses pits, stables pits, rare birds and animals pits, stone armor pits, and large-scale sleeping halls and convenience halls. The whole Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is like a rich underground treasure house. The relationship between the Terracotta Warriors and the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is inseparable, so the future development of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum must be combined with the overall work of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. We initially envisage that the museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang will gradually develop into the mausoleum area on the basis of centralized construction. In the cemetery, some burial pits and tombs with great scientific value are selectively excavated and protected by building museums. In this way, many branches with different properties and contents will be formed. These branches and the Terracotta Warriors Museum form the Qin Mausoleum Museum, which is responsible for the protection, archaeological excavation, research and display of the whole cemetery. In the future, it is not only an important tourist attraction for people to visit, but also a garden for experts and scholars to conduct academic investigation and research, and an experimental base for cultural heritage protection experts to protect cultural heritage scientifically. Although the above ideas need further investigation and demonstration and gradual improvement, the general direction is generally correct. Although the task in the future is very arduous and complicated, with the development of society, with the joint efforts of everyone, the future career of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum will be even more brilliant.