The emergency plan should form a system, formulate special emergency plans and on-site disposal plans for various possible accidents and hazards at all levels, and clarify the responsibilities of relevant departments and personnel before, during and after the incident. Production and business units with small production scale and few risk factors can combine comprehensive emergency plans with special emergency plans.
1, comprehensive emergency plan
Comprehensive emergency plan is a comprehensive document to deal with all kinds of accidents, which generally expounds the basic requirements and procedures such as emergency policies, emergency organizational structure and related emergency responsibilities, emergency actions, measures and guarantees.
2, special emergency plan
Special emergency plan is a plan or scheme for specific accident categories (such as coal mine gas explosion, dangerous chemical leakage, etc.). ), hazards and emergency support. It is an integral part of the comprehensive emergency plan, which should be formulated in accordance with the procedures and requirements of the emergency plan and as an annex to the comprehensive emergency plan. The special emergency plan should formulate clear rescue procedures and specific emergency rescue measures.
3, on-site disposal scheme
On-site disposal scheme is an emergency disposal measure for specific devices, places or facilities and posts. The on-site disposal plan should be specific, simple and targeted. According to the risk assessment and risk control measures, the on-site disposal plan should be prepared one by one, so that the accident-related personnel can be familiar with it and master it skillfully, and respond quickly and correctly through emergency drills. Types of emergency plans
contingency plan
There are four types of contingency plans:
Emergency action guide or list
According to the identified dangers, formulate specific emergency measures that should be taken. The guide briefly describes the basic procedures that emergency actions must follow, such as who to report to, what information to report and what emergency measures to take. This kind of emergency plan mainly plays a prompting role, and relevant personnel should be trained. Sometimes this kind of emergency plan is a supplement to other types of emergency plans.
Emergency response plan
According to the possible accidents in various facilities and places, formulate emergency plans. The emergency response plan should include all possible dangerous situations and clarify the responsibilities of relevant personnel in case of emergency. This plan only explains the necessary actions to deal with emergency affairs, and does not include pre-requirements (such as training, drills, etc. ) and afterwards measures.
Mutual aid contingency plan
In order to enjoy resources in accident emergency treatment, neighboring enterprises help each other to make emergency plans. This scheme is suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises with limited resources and large enterprises with high risks, and needs efficient collaborative management.
Emergency management plan
Emergency management plan is a comprehensive accident emergency plan, which describes in detail who did what, when and how before, during and after the accident. This plan should clearly specify the specific implementation procedures of each responsibility. Emergency management plan includes four logical steps of accident emergency: prevention, preparation, response and recovery.
Public emergencies are divided into four categories and four levels.
contingency plan
The term "public emergencies" as mentioned in the overall plan refers to emergencies that occur suddenly, cause or may cause heavy casualties, property losses, ecological environment damage and serious social harm, and endanger public safety.
The overall plan divides public emergencies into four categories:
natural disaster
It mainly includes flood and drought disasters, meteorological disasters, earthquake disasters, geological disasters, marine disasters, biological disasters and forest and grassland fires;
Accident disaster
It mainly includes all kinds of safety accidents, traffic accidents, public facilities and equipment accidents, environmental pollution and ecological destruction events in industrial, mining, trading and other enterprises;
Public health events
It mainly includes infectious diseases, mass unexplained diseases, food safety and occupational hazards, animal epidemics and other events that seriously affect public health and life safety;
Social security incidents
It mainly includes terrorist attacks, economic security incidents and foreign-related emergencies.
According to the nature, severity, controllability and influence scope of all kinds of public emergencies, the overall plan divides public emergencies into Grade I (particularly significant), Grade II (significant), Grade III (large) and Grade IV (general), which are indicated by red, orange, yellow and blue in turn.
Concept and classification of emergency plan
Fire emergency plan
On the basis of safety assessment, emergency plan is a scientific and effective plan and arrangement made in advance for specific equipment, facilities, places and environment to reduce personal, property and environmental losses caused by accidents, emergency rescue institutions and personnel, emergency rescue equipment, facilities, conditions and environment, action steps and procedures, methods and procedures to control the development of accidents, etc.
Emergency plans can be divided into enterprise plans and government plans. The enterprise plan is formulated by the enterprise according to its own conditions and is the responsibility of the enterprise, while the government plan is formulated by the government organization and is the responsibility of the government at the same level. According to the scope of the accident, the plan can be divided into on-site plan and off-site plan, and the on-site plan can be divided into different levels such as workshop level and factory level. The off-site plan can be divided into districts, counties, prefectures, provinces, regions and national levels according to the scope of the accident.
Emergency plans can also be classified by industry. For example, the information security emergency plan [1] is the key to effectively deal with information security emergencies.
Document structure of emergency plan
The emergency plan should form a complete document system. Usually, a complete enterprise-level emergency plan consists of four parts: overall plan, program documents, instructions and records.
Main contents of emergency plan
Fire emergency plan
The emergency plan for major accidents can be compiled according to the Guiding Opinions of relevant departments and units in the State Council on formulating and revising the emergency plan framework for public emergencies issued by the General Office of the State Council in 2004. The main contents of the emergency plan shall include:
(1) General: explain the purpose, working principle, compilation basis and application scope of the plan.
(2) Organization and command system and responsibilities: define the responsibilities, rights and obligations of each organization, and define the competent departments and cooperation departments in the aspects of accident occurrence, alarm, response, ending and after-treatment and disposal with the whole process of emergency response as the main line; With emergency preparedness and support institutions as the branch line, the responsibilities of all participating departments are clearly defined.
(3) Early warning and prevention mechanism: including information monitoring and reporting, early warning and prevention actions, early warning support system, early warning level and release (it is recommended to divide it into four levels of early warning).
(4) Emergency response: including graded response procedures (in principle, corresponding plans are started at four levels: general, large, major and particularly major), information sharing and processing, communication, command and coordination, emergency response, safety protection of emergency personnel, public safety protection, mobilization and participation of social forces, accident investigation and analysis, detection and consequence evaluation, news reporting, emergency ending, etc.
(5) Aftercare: including aftercare, social assistance, insurance, accident investigation report, lessons learned and suggestions for improvement.
(6) Safeguard measures: including communication and information support, emergency support and equipment support, technical reserve and support, publicity, training and drills, supervision and inspection, etc.
(7) Supplementary provisions: including relevant terms, definitions, management and update of plans, international exchanges and cooperation, awards and responsibilities, departments for formulation and interpretation, implementation or effective time of plans, etc.
(8) Appendix: including relevant emergency plans, overall plans, sub-plans, texts in various standardized formats, address books of relevant institutions and personnel, etc.
Compilation method of emergency plan
Generally speaking, the preparation of emergency plan can be divided into five steps, namely, the establishment of emergency plan preparation team, the analysis of danger and emergency capability, the preparation of emergency plan, the review and release of emergency plan and the implementation of emergency plan.
1) Build a compilation team.
All levels and departments should participate in the preparation, maintenance and implementation of the plan. In the actual preparation of the plan, the preparation team often writes, but during or after the preparation, it is necessary to solicit opinions from various departments, including senior management, middle management, human resources department, engineering maintenance department, safety, health and environmental protection department, neighboring communities, marketing department, legal adviser and finance department.
2) Hazard and emergency response capability analysis
(1) Analysis of laws and regulations
Analyze national laws, local government regulations and rules, such as safety production and occupational health laws and regulations, environmental protection laws and regulations, fire control laws and regulations, emergency management regulations, etc.
Investigate existing plans, including government and unit plans, such as evacuation plans, fire protection plans, factory shutdown regulations, employee manuals, dangerous goods plans, safety assessment procedures, risk management plans, capital investment plans, mutual assistance agreements, etc.
⑵ Risk analysis
In general, the following factors should be considered:
(1) Historical situation. In the past, emergencies occurred in the communities of our unit and other brother units, including fires, leakage of dangerous substances, extreme weather, traffic accidents, earthquakes, hurricanes and tornadoes. ② Geographical factors. Geographical location of the unit, such as adjacent flood plain, earthquake fault zone, dam, etc.; Enterprises that produce, store, use and transport dangerous chemicals nearby; Close to main traffic lines and airports, close to nuclear power plants, etc.
③ Technical problems. Possible consequences of process or system failure include fire, explosion and dangerous goods accidents, safety system failure, communication system failure, computer system failure, power supply failure, heating and cooling system failure, etc.
④ Human factors. Human error may be caused by the following reasons: insufficient training, discontinuous work, carelessness, operational errors, fatigue, etc.
⑤ Physical factors. Consider the physical conditions of facilities construction, hazardous processes and by-products, storage of flammable materials, equipment layout, lighting, emergency passages and exits, and the adjacent areas of shelters.
⑥ Control factors. Thoroughly analyze the emergency situation and consider the consequences of the following situations: entering the restricted area, power failure, communication cable interruption, gas pipeline rupture; Water hazard, smoke hazard, structural damage, air or water pollution, explosion, building collapse, chemical leakage, etc.
(3) emergency capability analysis
For each emergency, the following questions should be considered:
(1) Whether the required resources and capabilities are fully available.
(2) Whether external resources can be put in place in time when needed.
③ Whether there are other resources that can be used first.
3) Plan preparation
4) Review and release of the plan
5) implementation of the plan
Emergency training and drills
Principles and scope of emergency plan training.
The guiding ideology of emergency rescue training and drills should be based on the principles of strengthening foundation, highlighting key points, practicing while fighting and gradually improving.
The scope of emergency training should include:
(1) government department training.
(2) Community residents' training.
(3) Training all employees of the enterprise.
(4) Training of professional emergency rescue teams.
2) Basic contents of emergency training
Basic emergency training mainly includes the following aspects:
(1) Call the police.
(2) evacuation.
(3) Fire emergency training.
(4) Different levels of emergency training.
In specific training, emergency personnel are usually divided into five levels, namely, emergency personnel at the primary awareness level; Primary operation level emergency response personnel; Emergency response personnel with professional level of hazardous substances; Emergency response personnel with the level of experts in hazardous substances; Emergency response personnel at the accident supervisor level.
3) Types of training and exercises
According to the scale of exercise, it can be divided into desktop exercise, functional exercise and comprehensive exercise. According to the different basic contents of the exercise, it can be divided into basic training, professional training, tactical training and optional subject training.
Emergency planning milestone
The United States is one of the countries that used emergency plans earlier. Before 1950s, emergency rescue was regarded as the moral responsibility of the victims' neighbors, religious groups and residents' communities, not the responsibility of the government. 1967, the United States began to use the "9 1 1" emergency telephone number. From 1960s to 1970s, American local governments, enterprises and communities began to make a large number of emergency plans. However, despite this, by 1982, about 20% of local governments still have no formal emergency plan. 1992, the United States issued a federal response plan. After 1 1 in September 2002, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was established, including FEMA. In 2004, the United States issued a more complete national response plan.
After 1949, China began to experience the stage of single emergency plan, and it was not until 200 1 that it began to enter the stage of compiling and using comprehensive emergency plan.
In China's coal mines, chemical plants and other high-risk industries, there are generally corresponding emergency rescue plans and disaster prevention and treatment plans; Public security, fire protection, first aid and other departments responsible for emergency handling of daily emergencies have formulated various emergency handling plans for daily emergencies; At the end of 1980s, the State Seismological Bureau carried out the compilation of earthquake emergency plans in key dangerous areas, 199 1 compiled the National Emergency Plan for Destructive Earthquakes, and 1996 the State Council promulgated and implemented the National Emergency Plan for Destructive Earthquakes. Almost at the same time, China nuclear power enterprises formulated the Emergency Plan for Nuclear Power Plants, and 1996 Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense took the lead in formulating the National Nuclear Emergency Plan.
Since 200 1, Shanghai has compiled the overall plan for emergency handling of disasters and accidents in Shanghai; In September 2003, due to the influence of SARS, Beijing issued the Emergency Plan for Prevention and Treatment of SARS in Beijing. In July of the same year, the General Office of the State Council set up a working group to establish an emergency plan for public emergencies, and began to comprehensively arrange the preparation of the government emergency plan.
On June 8, 2006, China promulgated the "National Overall Emergency Plan for Public Emergencies", and at the same time compiled some special plans and departmental plans, as well as some laws and regulations. By the beginning of 2007, all regions, departments and grass-roots units had formulated 65,438+500,000 emergency plans [2].
With the promulgation of "National Overall Emergency Plan for Public Emergencies" in the State Council on June 8, 2006, China's emergency plan framework system was initially formed. Whether the emergency capacity and emergency plan for disaster prevention and reduction have been formulated indicates the basic quality of the safety culture of society, enterprises, communities and families. As a member of the public, each of us should have certain cultural quality of safety and disaster reduction, good psychological quality and emergency management knowledge.
The concept of emergency is put forward to deal with the danger of catastrophic accidents and disasters. Dangers include personal danger, material danger and liability danger. First of all, human risks can be divided into life risks and health risks; The danger of things refers to the threat to property and accidents such as fire, lightning, typhoon and flood; Liability risk is a kind of legal liability for damages, which is commonly called third party liability insurance. Among them, danger consists of accident, accident possibility and dangerous state including accident possibility.
Emergency plan refers to the emergency management, social and rescue plan in the face of natural disasters, major accidents, environmental hazards and destruction. It should generally be based on comprehensive disaster prevention planning. It should include the following important subsystems: a perfect emergency political management command system; Strong emergency rescue guarantee system; A comprehensive, coordinated and responsive mutual support system; Adequate disaster preparedness and supply system; Emergency teams that embody comprehensive rescue, etc.
Emergency planning system
With the rapid development of urbanization, population and economy are rapidly concentrated in cities. Because the city is the political, economic, cultural and scientific center of this region, it has the characteristics of concentrated population, concentrated industry, concentrated wealth, concentrated buildings and structures and concentrated disasters. Once an accident happens, it will cause huge economic losses and casualties. In this case, the threat of public safety emergencies to people's life safety and social economy is increasingly prominent. At present, in China, emergency management has also risen to the level of national concern. At present, public emergencies involving natural disasters, accidents, public health and social security have caused more than 200,000 abnormal deaths and injured more than 2 million people every year, resulting in economic losses of more than 600 billion yuan, and the public security situation is grim.
According to the process theory of crisis management, crisis management can be divided into the following two levels and stages: pre-crisis countermeasures-prevention and mitigation and preparation in advance; Post-crisis countermeasures-quick response and return to normal. Based on this, the emergency management of public crisis can be divided into four stages: early warning stage, preparation stage, emergency disposal stage and evaluation recovery stage. We also designed the overall framework function of the system according to this processing flow.
System function and application
Hazard source and risk analysis:
The contents of risk analysis include enterprises, commerce, traffic, population distribution, major hazard sources and places in the region. In our system, these hazards have been fully described, providing convenient query operation, and risk analysis can be assisted by functions such as buffer analysis and optimal path analysis.
Prevention and early warning:
Including risk monitoring, early warning action, information reporting and processing. The system can call the existing video monitoring system to monitor the hazards in real time; Once an accident happens, we can send information quickly according to the warning conditions and the prompt information release procedure.
Emergency response:
According to the size and development of the accident, the corresponding emergency plan is called out, which stipulates the response contents such as emergency command, emergency action, resource allocation, emergency avoidance, emergency situation expansion, etc. The operator can complete the operations specified in the response procedure step by step according to the established emergency plan;
Information release:
Publish events in real time through the network, and uniformly command and dispatch emergency rescue personnel.
Post-processing:
The system can provide statistical analysis function, evaluate the scope and size of accident losses and impacts, and modify and save emergency plans conveniently. In the recovery and reconstruction phase, the system can be used to review and evaluate the reconstruction plan.
management by supervision
Simulate the emergency plan in the computer three-dimensional environment, train the emergency team and evaluate the feasibility of the plan.
Application of 3D Simulation System in Various Emergency Plans
How to strengthen the emergency drill mechanism for major accidents in China, replace scripted performance drills with open drills, accumulate emergency drill experience and find out the weak links in the emergency system are urgent problems to be solved in the current emergency system construction. The emergency simulation drill system simulates the occurrence and development of disasters and the possible reaction of people in the disaster environment in virtual space through numerical simulation of various disasters and human behavior. On the drill platform, emergency drills are conducted under the condition of simulating actual disasters to the maximum extent. On this basis, formulate digital emergency plans for various enterprises and institutions. The emergency simulation drill system can be used to train decision-makers and accident handlers at all levels, find out the problems existing in the emergency handling process, test and evaluate the operability and practicability of the emergency plan, and improve the emergency handling ability. The system can make enterprises and institutions use modern means to strengthen coordination and emergency response capabilities, and make emergency drills scientific, intelligent and virtual.
1. The virtual drill subsystem mainly includes two training modes: preplan training mode and emergency training mode.
Pre-plan training mode refers to the whole process that trainees perform their duties according to the contents stipulated in the pre-plan and implement rescue in full accordance with the pre-plan. Plan training makes the plan executable and forms an assessment method.
Emergency training mode means that system operators intervene in the training process, such as setting "explosion" suddenly and changing "wind direction" suddenly. Emergency training is the ability to deal with and command emergencies.
2. The virtual exercise subsystem mainly includes the following modules: scene task setting module, role training module, data query module, training control module, recording/editing module and assessment module.
A. scene task setting module
According to different training objectives and tasks, virtual training scenes are provided for training, and corresponding disasters or unexpected accidents are set in the scenes to form a realistic virtual training environment.
B. Role training module
The drill system provides training functions for different roles. According to different login roles, the system provides different abilities and permissions. According to the different responsibilities and required abilities when dealing with disasters, the roles mainly include the following categories: the masses, social rescue forces, on-site professional rescue forces, command centers and so on.
C. data query module
A large number of data are generated in the training process, and the purpose of the query module is to facilitate decision makers to query, watch and use these data. The system provides a variety of tools and functions, which can facilitate all-round viewing and data query of the whole training process.
D. training control module
The exercise environment is determined by the initialization setting of "Scene and Task Setting Module". However, in order to improve the training effect of emergency handling ability, it is necessary to add various emergencies in the training process. The system provides the function of artificially adding and changing the sports environment during training. Specific functions include: weather (external environment) adjustment, disaster adjustment, rescue force adjustment, new task assignment, other emergencies, etc.
E. Recording/editing module
Record and play back the whole training process, including all details of the event, processing, communication voice recording, etc. This module provides methods for training summary and disposal plan generation.
F. Evaluation module
Evaluation is divided into pre-plan exercise evaluation and emergency exercise evaluation.
The evaluation of pre-plan drills is to compare the existing pre-plans according to the results of pre-plan drills and produce evaluation results. Evaluation results and drill records can be saved, distributed and queried.
Emergency drill evaluation means that experts who participate in drill evaluation can make real-time or post-event comments during or after the training, and provide tools for comments and records. Evaluation results and drill records can be saved, distributed and queried.
Initiation and suspension of emergency plan
In emergencies, only when the actual disaster situation meets the starting conditions given in the plan can the emergency plan be started.
The National Overall Emergency Plan stipulates: "After the occurrence of public emergencies, the provincial people's government or the relevant departments of the State Council should start relevant emergency plans in accordance with their duties and prescribed authority, deal with them in a timely and effective manner and control the situation." This provision is relatively principled, and some specific plans may be very detailed. For example, "If the rainfall exceeds 45 mm within 24 hours, start the urban drainage emergency plan" or "If the rainfall exceeds 20 mm per hour, start the urban road drainage emergency plan".
According to the understanding and analysis of previous plans, it can be found that sometimes, although the material conditions for starting the plan have not been met, the incident has caused very serious destructive consequences. At this time, if the requirements of the startup plan are met, it is impossible to start the plan, but it is urgent. Therefore, different starting conditions should be set in the plan, including quantitative conditions and consequences that are difficult to quantify. Meet one of the start conditions, you can start the emergency plan.
The plan should also be terminated at an appropriate time. The termination conditions are generally stipulated in advance in the plan, which usually means that the current disaster development situation has been contained or limited to a certain range. At this time, the general countermeasures are enough to control the incident, which is expected to eliminate the incident in a short time and enter the stage of comprehensive recovery. After the emergency treatment of particularly serious public emergencies is over or the related risk factors are eliminated, the on-site emergency command organization should also be revoked [2].
National special emergency plan
1, National Emergency Plan for Natural Disaster Relief
2, the national emergency plan for flood control and drought relief
3, the national earthquake emergency plan
4, the national emergency plan for sudden geological disasters
5, the national emergency plan to deal with serious forest fires.
6, the national production safety accident disaster emergency plan
7, the national emergency plan to deal with railway traffic accidents
8, the national emergency plan to deal with civil aircraft flight accidents
9. National Maritime Search and Rescue Emergency Plan
10, national emergency plan for handling subway accidents and disasters.
1 1, national emergency plan for large-scale power outage.
12, National Nuclear Emergency Plan
13, National Emergency Plan for Sudden Environmental Events
14, Emergency Plan for National Communication Guarantee
15, national emergency plan for public health emergencies
16, national emergency plan for medical and health rescue of public emergencies.
17, national emergency plan for sudden major animal epidemic.
18, National Emergency Plan for Major Food Safety Accidents
19, National Grain Emergency Plan (to be released)
20, the national financial emergency plan (to be released)
2 1, national emergency plan for foreign-related emergencies (to be released), emergency plan of the State Council department.
The departmental emergency plan is a plan for dealing with public emergencies formulated by the relevant departments of the State Council according to the overall emergency plan, special emergency plan and departmental responsibilities.
The State Council department emergency plan
1, building system destructive earthquake emergency plan
2. Railway flood control emergency plan
3, railway destructive earthquake emergency plan
4, railway geological disaster emergency plan
5, major agricultural natural disasters emergency plan
6, grassland fire emergency plan
7, major agricultural pests and foreign invasion emergency plan
8, agricultural genetically modified organisms safety emergency plan
9, major sandstorm disaster emergency plan
10, emergency plan for major exotic forestry pests
1 1, Early Warning and Emergency Plan for Major Meteorological Disasters
12, Emergency Plan for Storm Surge, Tsunami and Sea Ice Disaster
13, red tide disaster emergency plan
14, Emergency Plan for Destructive Earthquake of Gezhouba Cascade Hub of Three Gorges Project
15, emergency plan for public emergencies such as natural disasters of China Red Cross.
16, Emergency Plan for Major Production Safety Accidents in National Defense Science, Technology and Industry
17, Emergency Plan for Major Quality and Safety Accidents in Construction Projects
18, Emergency Plan for Major Accidents in Urban Gas Supply System
19, Emergency Plan for Major Accidents in Urban Water Supply System
20. Emergency plan for major accidents of urban bridges
2 1, emergency plan for railway traffic casualties
22, railway fire accident emergency plan
23, railway transportation of dangerous chemicals accident emergency plan
24, railway network and information security accident emergency plan
25. Waterway traffic emergency plan
26, highway traffic emergency plan.
27, Internet network security emergency plan
28, fishing vessel water safety emergency plan
29, agricultural environmental pollution emergency plan
30, special equipment accident emergency plan
3 1, emergency plan for major forestry ecological damage accidents
32, mine accident disaster emergency plan
33, dangerous chemicals accident disaster emergency plan
34, onshore oil and gas exploitation accident disaster emergency plan
35, onshore oil and gas storage and transportation accident disaster emergency plan
36, offshore oil and gas operation accident disaster emergency plan
37. Emergency Plan for Oil Spill Accidents in Offshore Oil Exploration and Development
38, the national medical reserve emergency plan
39, railway public health emergencies emergency plan
40, aquatic animal epidemic emergency plan
4 1, Emergency Plan for Major Animal Epidemic at Entry and Exit
42, public health emergencies, civil aircraft emergency control plan
43, drugs and medical devices unexpected group adverse events emergency plan
44, the National Development and Reform Commission comprehensive emergency plan
45, coal, electricity and oil transportation comprehensive coordination emergency plan
46, the national material reserve emergency plan
47, the education system emergency plan for public emergencies.
48, the judicial administrative system emergency plan
49, daily necessities market supply emergency plan
50, public * * * cultural places and cultural activities emergency plan.
5 1, Emergency Plan for Public Emergencies in Customs System
52, the industrial and commercial administration system market supervision emergency plan
53, large-scale sports events and mass sports events emergency plan.
54. Emergency plan for public emergencies in tourism.
55. Xinhua News Agency reported the emergency plan.
56, foreign exchange management emergency plan
57, people infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza emergency plan
Local emergency plan
The emergency plan for local public emergencies includes the overall emergency plan, special emergency plan and departmental emergency plan of the provincial people's government.