Abstract: the design of landscape is the design of land, and its basic principles are: understanding human nature and respecting people; Understand the natural process, respect nature and respect the "God" of the land.
Keywords: landscape design; Land design; urban design
First of all, about the landscape
Landscape should be understood from five levels.
(1) The first meaning: beautiful scenery, ideal.
Man expresses the most beautiful scene he sees through artistic means, which is the earliest meaning of landscape. In the west, the meaning of landscape painting originated from Dutch landscape painting and later spread to Britain. It depicts the scenery, the feeling of a person standing at a distance watching the scenery, and then painting this feeling, so painting is never a real scene, and painting is expressed after adding people's aesthetic attitude. The earliest source of the concept of landscape is painting, which is a kind of landscape painting. It has a framework, which is defined by people and refined by people through aesthetic taste. Landscape is the meaning of visual aesthetics from the beginning. However, people's aesthetic taste is constantly changing with the development of society and the change of economic status, so people's understanding of scenery is also constantly changing.
Before painting, landscape first appeared as a word in the Hebrew Old Testament. Used to describe the scene of the imperial city of Jerusalem. A shepherd stood on a desolate mountain and saw an oasis. There are Hongyu Mansions, temples and palaces on this oasis. These landscapes which he described as beautiful scenery are a city. So in the agricultural era, people imagined a beautiful city, and this concept continued into the industrial era. Only by taking landscape as the extreme of urban development and city as the ideal can a metropolis like new york emerge. At present, the landscape we China people understand basically stays in the urban ideal in the agricultural era, so you will see the high-rise buildings in Shenzhen, Pudong and Beijing, all of which are the same ideal. This is the scene where farmers describe the future. However, this interest did not last long, so after the end of the industrial age, a large number of rural people flocked to cities in new york, and the reinforced concrete jungle in new york was no longer suitable for people to live in, resulting in a series of urban diseases. They found that the urban landscape they were pursuing was not suitable.
People's survival and life, high-rise buildings are too dangerous (the tragedy of the World Trade Center is a good example), and the ideal of the landscape has changed. They no longer want to use the city appearance in the eyes of farmers or herders to create landscapes.
This denial of urban landscape can be realized in two ways: one is to escape from the city to establish national parks and natural parks, and the other is to introduce nature into the city.
Why do national parks appear in Britain? National parks even have tens of thousands of square kilometers, and there are many natural places. This is because new york people's ideal landscape began to turn to natural places, so they will protect nature as their leisure and holiday place, so Yellowstone National Park and Sequoia Park appeared. This is a way to deny the city-escape from the city and escape into the wilderness-at this time, people's concept of landscape has undergone profound changes, treating nature as beauty, not the city as beauty.
But people soon discovered that running away was not the way. Because, after World War II, cars were rapidly popularized in the United States, so cars dragged people to the suburbs. The more people want to leave the city, the more the city follows people and cars, which leads to the urbanization of suburbs. Cities like this have appeared all over the United States: a large amount of land has built houses, turned nature into buildings and made the environment worse. Especially after the sixties and seventies, people found that the previously imagined garden city did not actually come true, because people at that time wanted to connect the central city with the suburban garden city by railway, but in the United States, after the thirties, railways were replaced by expressways, trains were replaced by cars, and car companies tried to.
In addition to leaving the city for nature, there is a second way to get rid of crowded cities, and that is to introduce nature into cities. The earliest practice was to build parks in cities. This is the central park in new york, with more than 300 hectares, which is a very big place in the city center. Since then, the United States has appeared.
City park movement.
This is the change of the city due to the change of the ideal landscape concept in human imagination. This is an understanding of the significance of landscape as visual beauty.
(2) The second meaning: Landscape is a habitat, a place to live and live.
It is the experience of people's inner life and the place where you have relationships, even if it is a meadow, a river or a big tree next to a village. The folk houses in southern Anhui are full of poetry and painting, which are very bright, because people living in that land have formed a harmonious relationship between people and between people and nature. People want to get resources from nature and society, get shelter, inspiration and everything they need in life, so the landscape is people, not people. The imprint of the relationship between man and nature on the earth. There are Christianity, Judaism and Islam in Jerusalem in the Middle East. From the urban landscape, you can see that the city is always in dispute, reflecting the disharmony between people. When Lijiang passes by your door, you can wash in the stone port in front of it, so that people have a relationship with nature. The stone harbor you see is actually telling you that people need water and need to be close to it. This is a very friendly and harmonious relationship between man and nature.
If it is a disharmonious relationship, such as the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Qiantang River. The height of Qiantang River Dam is 10 meter, and in some places it is as high as 20 meters. This is a reflection of the hostile relationship between man and nature, and does not regard nature as your family and exclude it. This is the disharmony between man and nature. What about the relationship between people? When the Berlin Wall was not torn down, it reflected the disharmony between people. Now the barbed wire erected on the Israeli border also reflects the disharmony between people. Before the return of Hong Kong, there was an inverted L-shaped barbed wire on the border between Hong Kong and the mainland, which also reflected the disharmony between people. This kind of boundary is called political landscape.
So when you see the landscape, when you see any element in any landscape, it is actually telling whether the relationship between people and between people and nature is harmonious.
(3) The third meaning: Landscape is a system with structure and function.
At this level, it has nothing to do with human emotions, but something other than human emotions. But as a system, people study the landscape from an unrelated angle, so the landscape has become the object of scientific research. A piece of land, when you have nothing to do with it, then your research is the research of scientists. but
If you live in this land and then study it, it is not a scientist's research attitude, because this land is already related to your vital interests, so it is not science. A piece of land has animal habitats, animal migration channels, and so on, all of which need to be studied by scientific methods: observing and simulating with ecological and biological methods to understand this landscape system. A discipline called "landscape science" is actually a branch of geography, which studies landscape systems by scientific methods.
(4) The fourth meaning: Landscape is a kind of "symbol".
Everything we see has meaning behind it. Landscape is a book about nature and human history. The roads, pavilions, rivers and paifang groups behind houses in southern Anhui are all telling the stories of today and yesterday. For example, the pavilion, called Shuikou Pavilion locally, is located at the Shuikou of the village, which reflects people's attitude towards nature. This place is very critical, which determines the birth, illness, death and wealth of the local people. This pavilion will tell you that this land is sacred. For example, this archway is called chastity archway, and that archway is called loyalty and filial piety archway. Chastity archway tells the story of a young woman who never remarried after her husband died. This chastity monument reflects the values of that era. Zhongxiaofang celebrates filial piety. It tells the story that a son never leaves home when his parents are alive. This is a kind of value.
On the North China Plain, even a shallow ditch and a mound are telling the history. The beacon tower of the city wall used to be an iron horse, and the fire started a prairie fire. These seemingly inconspicuous traces left on the land are telling a very vivid and magnificent story. There is a saying in the north that an ancient road that has been used for 300 years has become a river. A road that has been used for more than two thousand years has become a river, so this river is not just a river. It was an ancient road used by King Wuling of Zhao when he attacked the State of Qin. Thousands of troops passed by. A shallow ancient road or shallow ditch is full of meaning. Therefore, landscape is a meaningful symbol that we need to read.
To a great extent, our earliest words also came from landscape. The pictogram of mountain comes directly from mountain, and the pictogram of water comes directly from water. The writing of water in Naxi characters in Lijiang, Yunnan Province is different from that in Han nationality. Water in Chinese characters has two points on both sides of a curve, while water in Naxi characters has a circle at the end of this curve. My understanding is: Because Naxi people live on the Yunnan Plateau, the shape of the water there is different from that of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River: the melting snow of Yulong Snow Mountain flows down, and there is no water in the river. The water seeps under the floodplain, and then comes out more than ten miles away from the floodplain. This water is called pool, including Black Dragon Pool or White Dragon Pool. You can see where the water comes from. It has a source. However, the water seen by the early residents of the Yangtze River or the Yellow River has no source. Although the source was in Kunlun Mountain, no one had been to Kunlun Mountain at that time. This is the difference between scenery and description, so our language comes from scenery. In fact, the so-called "painting from the river" and "writing from Luoshui" means that we read the Yellow River and Luoshui in ancient Chinese characters and read the texture of turtle back from the water to interpret and predict the changes of things. These are symbols, telling stories, stories of prosperity and stories of death.
So when you see the landscape and the elements in it, even a tree, you should read it carefully and understand it. For example, this tree is bent. Why is it bent? Because the wind is uneven or the light is uneven; If this tree is covered with scars, why are there scars? It's about being burned or something So if you go to the Summer Palace, you can see that the cypress trees there are all scarred. On the edge of the house, many coopers are skinless. Why? They are all burned for Eight-Nation Alliance, so there is no skin. These trees tell the history and are full of meaning.
The greatest landscape creation of mankind is the city. A community of tens of thousands or even tens of millions of people live together for the same and different purposes, sometimes helping each other and caring for each other, and sometimes envious and jealous. Sometimes in order to communicate, they repair pool roads and dig canals; Sometimes in order to isolate, build walls and set traps. We looked at the ancient city with walls and traps. The same love and hate are also manifested in human attitudes towards nature and other life. The teeth of hate, human vision beast and flood are the same enemy, so it is called a flood beast, so it is rejected by building high walls and fences; With love, people do not hesitate to dig lakes and build mountains to attract plants, tigers and wolves into the city, such as building zoos and botanical gardens in the city, which also shows human love for nature. All these complex human nature and needs are engraved on the earth, in a place called the city, which is the urban landscape. Therefore, landscapes need people to read, taste and experience, just like reading a poem, tasting a painting and experiencing past lives.
(5) The fifth meaning: Landscape is the "God" of the land.
We all know the god of religion, and the concept of god is essentially spiritual sustenance. Then people's trust in the landscape makes the landscape divine. When a believer climbs to Lhasa step by step from the edge of Tibet, he can knock on the head for a year, which makes the land-the land of Lhasa-become a god. When he comes to a crossroads, there will be a pile of stones. This pile of stones is a Mani pile, with people's hopes and beliefs, and this pile of stones is also a god. Even ordinary mountains and ordinary terrain are sacred. In ancient China, there was a pattern used to deify the earth, which was called Feng Shui pattern: left Qinglong, right White Tiger, former Suzaku and later Xuanwu. Look at the mountains and rivers in Beijing. Du Jun in the north is Xuanwu Mountain. Because of the Ming Tombs, it is called Wanshou Mountain. This is a sacred mountain. Because of the Ming Tombs, the mountain in the west is called Qinglong Mountain, and the mountain in the east is called Baihu Mountain. In ancient China, all cities or buildings were located on the basis of this model, so the whole land was deified by this model, and there were no mountains that did not belong to a certain god or a certain state capital. So when you break ground, you must first study which god this mountain belongs to.
In the story of Tang Priest's pilgrimage to the West, the Monkey King has superb skills, but everywhere he goes, he always calls God of the Earth. What is the land god? The god of the earth is the god of the earth. Ask him if there are monsters here. Is it a good monster or a bad monster? Then he knows how to treat this place and how to use his magic. This is the local god, in the final analysis, the local natural and humanistic spirit. What is a local tyrant? That's an external force that you must obey. Whether you are a scientist or a religious person, whether you are engaged in law or economy, you must obey, or you will suffer and be destroyed by this sacred power. Where does this divine power come from? It comes from natural forces that people can never overcome.
Two white tigers are kept in a big casino in Las Vegas for people to visit. The white tiger was kept in a magnificent palace, with gold-plated glass outside and marble on the ground. There is a gilded white marble throne, fountains and very luxurious decorations. But every time I go to see it, the tiger is sick and lies there like a sick cat. Students all know that tigers are cats, so when tigers have no tiger power, they become cats. This is not pride, this is morbid. If it can't agree with this environment, it will lose its personality, nature and prestige as a tiger. A tiger is only a tiger if it runs in the jungle and growls on the cliff. So do people. You can see how many new villas in Beijing are like palaces. Look at the residential sales advertisements in Beijing. How many advertisements are promoting that this is Versailles and that is Feng Dan White Deer? This is a morbid, morbid psychology that guides the lifestyle of the public, leading to morbid values and morbid lifestyles. If people really live there, they will lose humanity and nature. So we need a living space that accords with human nature. I'm not saying that you should live in Taihang Mountain area, but that besides living in the superior material environment of the city, you should also have a sense of belonging and identity with the land.
Many people may have been to Jiuzhaigou. There is a cliff on the way from Chengdu to Jiuzhaigou. This road is difficult to walk, and there are often car accidents. It is said that a long time ago, the local people said that this mountain was like a dragon, and it was a dragon bone mountain. It could not be bombed or moved, but the highway department refused to listen and had to build this road. As a result, after the mountain was cut, many people were killed in a car accident in this place, and then a temple was built locally and dedicated all day. When passing by, I found several cars falling under the cliff. Why? It is because people don't really understand that roads can't be built on such a steep mountain. If you follow the terrain, this problem will not appear, but if you have to cut the mountain and take a shortcut to expose the natural "bones", the road will be steep. Although the car will drive fast when it is near, there will be more accidents. This is a scientific explanation. What the hell is this? Respecting the god of the land means respecting nature and its primitive form.
Therefore, the landscape needs people to care, just like caring for themselves and their loved ones; Of course, the landscape also needs people to design, transform and manage, in order to achieve harmony between man and nature. To understand the landscape, to understand the landscape, to care for it, to care for it, to manage it, this is landscape design. Therefore, landscape design is the science and art of land analysis, planning, design, transformation, protection and management. It is science, because landscape is a system, which needs to be understood and analyzed by scientific methods; It is also art, because it has something to do with people and needs to be created. In addition to scientific analysis and research, you need people's emotions and passion to create your living space, which is an art.
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