Some people say that Tongzhou is the only county in Beijing that borders Tianjin and Hebei at the same time, and it is the core area of the whole Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, which is conducive to promoting the integrated and coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. However, some people retort that Tongzhou was decided 20 years ago, when there was no integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei.
But when you open the satellite map, you can clearly see that there are mountains in the north and west of Beijing, and an airport is to be built in the south, and the foundation is not good, leaving only open space in the east.
About 80 years ago, there was a plan to build a new Beijing outside the central city. At that time, Tongzhou was not chosen, but Jingxi. This plan is the Outline of Beijing Urban Planning formulated by the Japanese.
1937 On July 29th, after more than 20 days of resistance, Beiping fell, and the next day, Beiping Local Maintenance Association was established. 10 10 13, the Japanese claimed that Peiping was renamed Beijing from that day on, but of course the National Government refused to recognize it (hereinafter referred to as Peiping). At the same time, Sato Junjiu was hired as an urban planning consultant. He used to be the director of works and urban construction of Harbin Special City in Manchukuo. The Japanese are ambitious to build Beiping into "Tokyo of zhina", find a better central city for them, and establish a new order in Greater East Asia. Beijing is obviously a better choice than Pyongyang and Changchun.
1938 In April, Junjiu Sato and YamasakiKatura put forward the Outline of Beijing Urban Planning. On June 4th, 1939, North China Real Estate Company, a subsidiary of North China Development Co., Ltd., was established to undertake the construction of new urban areas. On June 6th of the same year 10, the Beijing Construction Bureau was established by the Pseudo-General Administration of Construction. On August 7th 1940, the bureau made a detailed urban construction plan and confidentiality plan.
This plan first faces three problems:
1 The population of Beiping is increasing. As it is today, there were more and more permanent residents. Of course, there are more Japanese than China. Before the Anti-Japanese War, there were only more than 2,000 Japanese in Peiping, which had soared to nearly 70,000 by 194 1, and the total population of Peiping had also increased from1530,000 to1790,000. It is estimated that the number of Japanese will reach 2.5 million in 20 years. Compared with today, this figure is only a fraction, but Peiping at that time mainly refers to the main city within the city wall, that is, the place within the Second Ring Road now, at most, the surrounding suburbs. At that time, there were no high-rise buildings, and most of the houses were quadrangles, with a low plot ratio;
2. The road facilities in Beiping are not perfect, which affects the economic and military development. Although I have been the capital for so many years, the roads in the city are mainly dirt roads. At that time, there was a saying that satirized the road in Beiping: "Three feet of soil on a sunny day, mud on the street on a rainy day." After the western powers established the embassy district in Dongjiaominxiang, they gradually introduced the modernization road. By 1929, 96.7 kilometers of gravel roads and 8.27 kilometers of asphalt roads have been built in Beiping, but these roads are concentrated in the embassy area, the bustling area and the rich residential area;
3. China people and Japanese people live together, resulting in a lot of friction. With the influx of Japanese, it is inevitable to live with China people. The ratio of Japanese to China people has expanded from 1:770 before the war to about 1:30, and Japanese people can be found almost everywhere in Peiping. They can't treat China people equally, let alone China people without hatred, so conflicts are inevitable. In order to maintain a stable order, the Japanese want to avoid mixing and reduce friction as much as possible.
It is planned to position Beiping as a political and military center and a special sightseeing city, so there is no plan to rebuild the old city on a large scale. The Japanese also use this method in their own countries, such as Kyoto, which also retains the old city. They formulated three basic principles:
1. Maintain the original history and culture and develop industry and transportation;
2. Use the old city to gradually reduce the resistance;
3. Limit the population density, and the central area and suburbs will develop equally.
The plan is divided into nine parts:
1. Urban planning area;
2. Market plan and new market plan: ① Market planning area; ② New market plan: Western suburb new market, Eastern suburb new market, Tongxianfang;
3. Regional system: special residential areas and residential areas;
4. Regional system: green land, scenic spots and beautiful areas;
5. Transportation facilities: roads, railways, canals and airports;
6. Sewers: Sewers and Sewers;
7. Other public facilities: park sports ground, square, cemetery, racecourse, central unloading market, slaughterhouse;
8. Urban protection facilities;
9. Reserved land.
Jiutiao looks complicated. In fact, the most important thing is the new market planning, which is to build a new city outside the old city, which is consistent with the Japanese practice in Changchun.
The new market is divided into two parts, one in the eastern suburbs and the other in the western suburbs. The new market in the eastern suburbs is located in the east of Guangqumen, and a factory is built between 1.5km-3km, and supporting facilities such as railways, docks and warehouses are built.
The focus of this plan is the new market in the western suburbs. The new market in the western suburbs starts from Gongzhufen in the east, Babaoshan in the west, Fengtai in the south and Xiyuan in the north, covering an area of about 65 square kilometers, and the main land is about 30 square kilometers. From Chang 'an Avenue in the city to the west, a straight line leads across the city to the east of Moshikou in Xishan and at the foot of Babaoshan. Then go south in a straight line from Paiyun Hall of Wanshou Mountain Summer Palace and extend to Lugou Bridge. The intersection of these two lines is the central point of the downtown area of New Beijing, that is, Xingya Road (Wukesong Road and Fengtai Road) is the central axis.
The new market in the western suburbs is used to build government agencies, residential areas, commercial streets, parks and even golf courses. Of course, only Japanese people are allowed to live.
Because the Japanese army was deeply mired in the war, it was even unable to take care of it after the Pacific War. The implementation of this plan can be imagined. After the war1in the spring of 946, the National Government made a survey, and there were still some practical results.
The first phase of land acquisition has been completed in the new market in the western suburbs, with a planned area of 14.7 square kilometers. 90,800 meters of roads have been built, including 2 asphalt concrete roads with a length of 8,700 meters, 3 asphalt macadam roads with a length of 3,600 meters, cobblestone roads 1.900 meters and dirt roads with a length of 67,900 meters, accounting for 70% of the planned roads in the whole region. Laying water supply pipes of 20,739 meters, distributed near Fuxing Street, Wanshou Road, Yongding Road and Cuiwei Road; Nurseries, hospitals, playgrounds, parks and post offices; Completed 58 1 house, with a construction area of 67,083 square meters and a land area of 862,042 square meters, mainly Japanese-style tile houses, mostly Japanese enterprises and institutions.
The Eastern Suburb Industrial Zone has completed all the land acquisition with the planned area of 2.67 square kilometers in the first and second phases, and built nine factories. The rest of the planned 1 1 is open space, including Beijing Beer, Huabei Tobacco, Daxin Paper, Beijing Forging, etc. 22,240m dirt road, gravel road 18000m.
1942 In February, there were 800 Japanese families with 2 100 people living in the western suburbs, concentrated near Wanshou Road and Yongding Road.
However, most important Japanese enterprises are still located in the old city, especially Dongjiaominxiang, Wangfujing, Dongsi, Dongdan, Beichizi and Zongbu Hutong.
To this day, some Japanese people still think that this plan is a technology export to Chinese mainland, and the Japanese people are the beneficiaries, which is a shameless whitewash of the war of aggression.
There is no clear answer as to why the Japanese are so optimistic about the western part of the old city. Some scholars say that it is probably because the western suburbs are surrounded by mountains and waters, and the feng shui is better. But this feng shui obviously can't help the Japanese.
References:
Sun Donghu's urban planning and implementation of Peiping during the eight-year occupation.
Qi Feng's "A Preliminary Study of Causes and Nature"