This year marks the 40th anniversary of the return of King Wu Yue to the Song Dynasty 1040. At that time, Hong Qian followed the instructions of his ancestors and the thought of the whole people, returned to the Song Dynasty, and realized the reunification of China, which was praised by historians. On this memorable day, we cherish the memory of Qian, the founder of Jiangnan culture, and Wu Yueguo, the founder of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
Qian Liu was awarded an iron ticket and a gold album by the Tang Dynasty for his outstanding military exploits, commonly known as the "Death Free" card. China has given countless "iron coupons" in past dynasties. However, with the changes of history, most of them have vanished. Only Qian Liu's iron coupons and gold books have been miraculously preserved after thousands of years of wind and rain: they were donated to the country by Qian's descendants in Changle, Shengzhou, Zhejiang Province, and became the first-class precious cultural relics displayed to the world by the National Museum. So how did the iron coupon gold book come from? What does it do?
Jin Dian, the iron ticket in history.
"Golden Book", also known as "Golden Book" and "Golden Book", is a contract concluded between the ancient emperor and his officials. Written in cinnabar or gold on an "iron book", it is called a "golden book". Because it is exempt from punishment, it is commonly known as the gold medal to avoid death. Iron sheet is an iron product in the shape of a pipe tile. Two tickets are combined into one. The left ticket is awarded to the hero, and the right ticket is hidden in the palace or ancestral temple. In case of special circumstances, put two coupons together to verify the authenticity. The lettering on the iron coupon was originally written in cinnabar, collectively known as the Danshu Iron Deed. The back beam is filled with silver powder, so the purple tongzhi sword is a "silver coupon"; Sui dynasty was also called "golden book", and Liao dynasty called Liao history "golden voucher". Because it can be passed down from generation to generation, it is called "world ticket". Xu Shen's Ming History says "Fu, faithfulness". According to research, in the pre-Qin period, Jeff was used as a token, usually made of bamboo and wood. This symbol is the symbol of the monarch.
According to the current information, the inventor of the iron coupon of Dan Shu is Liu Bang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. History: After Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, "Xiao He made two orders, Han Xin used the art of war, Zhang Cang constitution, and uncle Sun Tong etiquette;" And swore with the hero that the book of Dan, the iron deed, the golden room and the stone room were hidden in the ancestral hall. The oath in the book "Dan Tie Voucher" is to "make the Yellow River like a belt, Mount Tai like a mountain, and the national luck will last forever to reach the Miao people". Emperor gaozu wooed the heroes' association and awarded "Dan Shu Tie Voucher" as a recognition. He probably thought that bamboo and wood were perishable and could not express his determination to own the world and enjoy wealth with hero Wandai, so he changed it to iron. : "The little red book is an iron ticket, which spreads endlessly. "The recipient felt that the emperor was gracious and loyal to the court from generation to generation, so he put it in the golden hall and hid it in a stone ancestral hall.
In fact, the emperor promised, but not many people seriously fulfilled their promises. Such as Han Xin and Peng Yue. They are all great heroes, and finally they are all cooked by rabbits and dogs. As for the descendants of heroes, there is no immunity. If they touch the criminal law a little, they will be brought to justice. For example, the descendants of Premier Chen Ping robbed people's wives and were sentenced to death. Historian Sima Qian once made a statistic: "In the Han Dynasty, there were more than 100 heroes." In the early days of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, only one hundred years later, only five descendants of heroes were named Hou, and the rest were sentenced to death for violating the criminal law.
Since Emperor Gaozu began to praise and woo heroes with his bloody deeds, later emperors followed suit, saying that "future generations will inherit and learn without changing." They believe that this kind of political strategy and means is very effective in strengthening the ruling power. During the Three Kingdoms period, in order to win over the surrounding ethnic minorities, iron coupons were given to barbarians in southern and central China, and Cao and Wei gave iron coupons to Emperor Guan Long and Qiang. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, wars were frequent, and the pledge of iron coupons in the little red book was changed from hereditary title in the early Han Dynasty to exemption from capital punishment. In addition to treason, exempting prisoners from one or more death sentences became the main content of the iron ticket of the Tang government. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, prisoners not only had the privilege of being exempted from the death penalty, but also had the privilege of pardoning their descendants.
There are also some literary works that exaggerate iron coupons and gold books to increase their mystery and influence. In the ninth time of the novel Shuo Wen Jie Zi, the shopkeeper introduced Chai Jin and said, "There is a rich man in my village whose surname is Chai and Jin. Known as the Chief Officer Chai, there is a name of "Little Cyclone" in the Jianghu. He is a descendant of Zhou Chai Shizong. Since Chen Qiao abdicated, Mao Deqin made an oath to him at home. " The fifty-second time, Chai Jin wrote: "I am a descendant of Chai Sejong, and I have an oath at home." This kind of "Zhou Sinong Voucher" is another name for "Danshu Voucher". The following week, Chai's family gave him a "Dan Book Voucher". The descendants of the Chai family are unforgivable, and it does make sense in history.
Qian Liu's Contribution to the Unification of China
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were called "chaos" by historians. The vassal States were divided, warlords were in melee, famines were frequent, and ten rooms in the north were empty. "The drought in the south of the Yangtze River causes hunger, and the people are not happy." King Qian Liu of wuyue was born at that time. He comes from a poor family and doesn't like martial arts very much. As the eldest son, at the age of 16, he ventured to Haiyan and other places to sell smuggled salt to Anhui and other places in exchange for money and food to serve his parents. At the age of 2 1, Qian Liu joined the ranks, and was "brave and good at fighting", which was highly valued by Dong Chang, commander of Shijing Town. In 89, Huang Chao's army invaded Lin 'an, and money skillfully cleared the gap by being outnumbered. 1980, civil strife broke out in the Tang Dynasty. In order to maintain local stability, he established the "Eight Imperial Army" with Qian. Dong Chang is short-sighted, fatuous and cruel, and his ambition is growing. After four years of hard struggle with Qian, he put down Liu's rebellion in eastern Zhejiang and arrogantly proclaimed himself emperor.
1985, the Tang dynasty appointed Qian as an envoy to eastern Zhejiang to crusade. Qian _ The kindness I first read is still a fellow villager. He twice advised Dong Chang not to rebel. While the joint Huainan Army and Yang Xingmi attacked Suzhou and Hangzhou, making Qian determined to conquer Yuezhou. On the way to Hangzhou, Dong Chang was ashamed and threw himself into the river.
1987, Qian crusaded and gave him a "golden book and iron coupon". The iron is tile-shaped, with a suspended dome in the middle, emerald texture and 350 gold characters embedded on it. In the letters, Tang Zhaozong praised Qian Pingding and praised him for "building a busy and fierce canal and swinging the river table". Loyal to the country and benefit all living beings. In order to reward the royal family, and won the title of Hou Fan. "He called Qian Liu's contribution" Zhong You's publishing kettle is ripe, and Dou Xian's Happy Mountain is not worthy of his contribution ". Therefore, he "gave him a golden plate and vowed: the long river has a similar period, and Taihua is like a fist; But the purpose of my meritorious service will always extend to my children and grandchildren, so that Qing Yong can share weal and woe. "The main content of the iron ticket is to record someone's achievements in conquering Dong Chang. this
The core of Jiangnan culture is Wuyue culture in the Five Dynasties, and the position of the Qian family in the Song Dynasty is second only to that of the Zhao and Song royal families, which shows that the world affirms the feelings of the Qian family for home and country. After the pacification of the war, Qian maintained local peace, established the Kingdom of wuyue, and built Hangzhou as its capital for more than 80 years, which created the pattern of "there is heaven above and Suzhou and Hangzhou below" and built a unique water culture in the south of the Yangtze River. Wang's kindness and wisdom enabled the West Lake to resolve the "Millennium Robbery". According to records, at that time, the central government allowed Qian to build a palace, and the Feng Shui master thought it was the best choice to fill the West Lake to build a palace. The feng shui here is good and there is a royal spirit. The Qian family can enjoy a thousand years of history. Qian Liu strongly disagreed and said, "People live by the lake, but without water, there is no one. What do I need the royal spirit for? " Not only did it not fill the West Lake, but it also recruited 7000 "Liao shallow troops" who specialized in dredging the West Lake and other waters. Later generations praised Qian Wang with the poem "West Lake leaves green waves".
Hangzhou and Liu Qian have tripled in size, greatly broadening the scope of Hangzhou. Hang Cheng left 99 wells in "Baijingfang Lane", all of which were dug by Qian Wang, so it is commonly known as "Qian Wang Well". At the same time, Qian Liu developed economy, fostered agriculture and mulberry, opened up shipping and expanded trade, and built Hangzhou into a paradise on earth. According to historical records, the registered population of Hangzhou in the late Sui and early Tang Dynasties was only 15380. By the heyday of wuyue in the Five Dynasties, the population had soared to 100 with more than 500,000 households.
Qian Wang attached importance to Suzhou, an important town in southern Jiangsu, and Tiger Hill was also built by Qian Wang. He sent his sixth son Qian Yuanlin to the garrison. Yuan Yu likes gardens best. He ruled Suzhou for 30 years, and his political voice was very loud, especially his contribution to the garden construction in Suzhou. Guan Xiu, a poet of the Five Dynasties, once wrote a poem praising Qian Liu for saying that "one sword frosts fourteen states" and became a hero for a while.
8 1 year-old, Qian Liu died of illness in Wusu, posthumous title, Hangzhou. His last words were "Children and grandchildren should be good for China" and "If they meet God, they should join him as soon as possible", and he set up "Eight precepts", which was later interpreted as the famous Family Instructions of Qian, which benefited future generations for a long time. Later generations have a good evaluation of Qian Liu's achievements. Su Dongpo wrote an article from 0755 to 79000. There are many temples dedicated to him in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Ouyang Xiu in the Northern Song Dynasty once said: "Since the Five Dynasties, Qiantang has been the only one who respected China, and it was very good for the officials, and even perished. He begged for mercy and didn't want to fight again. Today his people are happy. "
Zhao Kuangyin proclaimed himself emperor, founded the Song Dynasty and unified the whole country. 1978, the fifth King Yue of Wu, following the ancestral instruction of King Qian of Wusu, dedicated all 550,680 households in 86 counties of 13 to the Northern Song Dynasty.
Tiejin tree has suffered a lot.
Qian Liu's The Book of Iron Coupon was inscribed by Lu You in the Song Dynasty and Liu Ji in the Ming Dynasty, and was also watched by six emperors, including Song Taizong, Song Renzong, Song Shenzong, Ming Taizu, Ming Chengzu and Qing Gaozong, and became a national treasure. After the war, this national treasure was well preserved and became a much-told story.
Hong Qian moved to Nanyang, Henan Province, where he died after returning home. However, family cultural relics such as "golden books and iron coupons", bamboo books, jade books, letters patent, etc. Gifted by emperors of past dynasties, it is still preserved in Qian's Ancestral Hall in Hangzhou. In the first year of Chunhua, Hangguan transported all the old things from wuyue, such as iron coupons, to Bianjing and gave them to Song Taizong. In order to appease Qian's family, he read the iron coupon and wrote a letter to his son for safekeeping. After the money dies, give it to my brother to collect money. After the death of Qian, the iron coupon was handed over to the second son Qian Hui, and then to Qian Jingzhen, the grandson of Qian.
Ning eight years in March, qi.
In the first year of Shaoxing, Qian Chen moved south on the orders of his mother and lived in the coastal area where Taizhou Prefecture was located. After living in Taizhou, Qian gradually became a big family in Taizhou. In the summer of four years in Shaoxing, Song Gaozong gave princess royal the title of the first "Palace" and "Family of Loyalty and Filial Piety", which made her enjoy all the splendor. The "first-line" residence is located on the east side of the old campus of Taizhou Middle School in Linhai City, Zhejiang Province. The iron coupon gold book was hidden in Linhai Mansion by Qian Chen and became a family heirloom of Taizhou Qianjia. In the second year of Deyou in the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yuan army arrived at Tiantai, and the Qian family fled with iron coupons and died on the way. The iron ticket is gone. However, heaven has eyes. Fifty-six years later, in the second year of Yuanshun, the "iron coupon gold book" was fished out of the deep water of Zeku by a fisherman and sold to an old pedant in a neighboring village. Qianjiadi 14 Ren Sungan 10 bought tiger bones. However, due to being soaked in water for too long, the gold characters embedded in the second half of the "iron coupon gold book" peeled off a lot. The "golden book of iron coupons" has been in Linhai for 767 years and will never fall down.
At the age of 83, the writer Lu You wrote an article "Xinlingjun steals symbols to save Zhao", which is recorded as follows. Shaoxing six years, twelve or thirteen years old, followed her mother to her aunt's house and met princess royal. Seeing iron coupons, seals and other treasures of our time, he said, "Iron coupons are hidden in the bedroom and look like tiles. It has been recorded in Wusu Sunfu's home for more than 70 years. After the cross, Gabino wrote in calligraphy. An old Tibetan Nuo book post also has an inscription, which is the same. Wu Shengjun was appointed our time, when Wino Inlos led our time in Dengzhou. In June of the third year, Yin Shanlu wrote a letter. "
Qian Daxin, a famous scholar in the Qing Dynasty, wrote in the Biography of Ji Zun in the Later Han Dynasty: "Qian Wen, a villager in Baishi, is a family heirloom and a voucher collector." 1995, a strange thing happened in Lingwai Qiancun. The iron ticket guarded day and night was stolen from the ancestral temple. 190 1 year, the descendants of Qian in Changle Town spent another 400 taels of silver to buy iron coupons from a Changshu person. The descendants of Qian performed 10 days to celebrate the return of Tiepiao.
According to Shengzhou County Records, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out in 1938, and Changle was occupied by Japanese troops. In order to prevent the iron coupon from being lost, the Qian family agreed to hide the iron coupon in the deep well of the Qian family. According to Mr. Han, the son of Qian Qilin, more than 70 years ago, when the iron coupons were sent to his home, their parents oiled them first, then sealed them with wax, finally wrapped them with cotton thread, sealed them with wax, tied them with thread and put them in their own wells. This well is clear in autumn, the bottom is clear at a glance, and cultural relics are easily exposed. Mr. and Mrs. Qian pick a load of mud from the outside every night and pour it into the well to mix well water. Since then, the Qian family have to go far away to fetch water for dinner. Stick to it for seven years and win the war of resistance. It was cold in the month of 1 1 that year. Qian Yilin took a sip of white wine, took the iron coupon out of the well, peeled it off and kept it well.
1May, 949, Changle was liberated, and the Qian clan felt that the people's government could be trusted, so they presented the iron coupon to the country and kept it by the Zhejiang Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee. In view of its great historical and cultural value, 1959, the then China History Museum collected iron coupons.
The cultural value of the Book of Gold Affixing is eternal.
The National Museum has a collection of Wu's Iron Coupon and Gold Book with a history of more than 1000 years. The iron coupons of later generations are mostly made with reference to this iron coupon. Six emperors, including Song Taizong, Song Renzong, Song Shenzong, Ming Taizu, Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty and Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty, visited it twice, including Zhu Yuanzhang. When Emperor Qianlong returned from his visit, he personally wrote the poem "Song of Watching Iron Tickets" and presented it to them according to its shape. It can be said that the iron coupons issued by the Tang, Song, Ming and Qing dynasties are all similar in shape.
In the second year of Wu Ming, Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to follow suit.
In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty wanted to see this rare treasure during his third southern tour. Qian Xuan and others sent the book of iron coupons to Changzhou to show him. The dragon emperor not only read the iron coupons, but also carved his own "Water Margin" on the wooden box where the iron coupons were placed. Some ministers and celebrities at that time, such as Zhuang Yougong, Fan Qinggong, Qi and so on. Wrote a poem * * * and.
Wu's "Iron Coupon Gold Book" is now on display in the National Museum, and many descendants of Qian have come to watch it. While enjoying it, they were filled with emotion. The cultural value of "Golden Book and Iron Voucher" is eternal. It explains the rise and fall of a family, and also witnessed the vicissitudes of a thousand-year history.