Lohan is a writer and geographer. His three-volume Annals of Xiang Zhong (also known as Annals of Xiang Zhong Shui) is a masterpiece of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which gives a detailed description of the mountains, rivers, specialties, folk customs and historical sites in Hunan, and has become a model for later generations to compile annals. Especially landscape description plays a leading role in China's landscape prose creation.
Romania has certain military talent and political insight. He joined the army in the west as an officer. In the fourth year of Taihe (369), Lohan served as a servant, and was also awarded the Northern Expedition Army of Huan Wen in Yang Shan (Biography of Jin Shu, Volumes 98 and 68). In the Jin Dynasty, where there are many reasons in this world, but few celebrities have integrity, Lohan has extraordinary political wisdom, can cope with various political forces in danger, take his time in the storm, be an official calmly, spend his old age safely and live a long life.
As soon as Yu Liang came to power, he took Lohan as Jiangxia. Xie Shang praised Lohan and compared him to "the beauty of Hunan". Later, Huan Wen replaced Yu as the secretariat of Jingzhou. At a banquet with his family, he praised Lohan as not only "the material of Jingchu", but also "the show of Jiangzuo". He also went to the imperial court and promoted Lohan to prefect. Yu Liang, Huan Wen and Xie Shang originally belonged to different power groups, and they were incompatible with each other. However, their appreciation of Lohan coincides with mine, which shows that Lohan is indeed a famous person in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
After the establishment of the Eastern Jin regime, some prominent families in the Central Plains, such as King Taiyuan, Evil King Lang, Zhuge and General Jiyang, came to the south of the Yangtze River. These families had a high social status in the Central Plains, and they were also the most influential families in academic and literature at that time. So most of the famous scholars, talkative people and literati at that time were northerners. Among the literati in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, only Lohan lived in the Yangtze River for a long time.
Lohan's works also had great influence in the Tang Dynasty. For example, Du Fu, a poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, wrote the poem "My brother goes to Lantian to take his wife Jiangling, and I like to send three poems": "Lohan with a jade heart has a house, who will in the spring and autumn?" If the low wall is in the grass, the tree can be a fake flower. "Regard Lohan as Yu Xin, the most accomplished poet in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Du Fu spoke highly of Yu Xin, saying: "Yu Xin's articles are older and more familiar, and his brushwork is vertical and horizontal" ("The Play is a Six-quatrain"), "Yu Xin's life is the most bitter, and his poems at dusk stir the mountains and rivers" ("Ode to Monuments"). Both Lohan and Yu Xin said that Lohan's position in Du Fu's mind can be seen.
Liu Yuxi, a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem entitled "An 18-year-old Han Dynasty official's view of Yueyang Tower" ... self-reported, so it became sixty-two rhymes ":"Mao Lingqian corresponds, and Orange Island can be used as a reference. The experience of Guo Pu's hidden classics includes previous disciplines. " Compare Lohan with Guo Pu, a famous writer in the Western Jin Dynasty and the originator of Feng Shui in China.
Li Shangyin, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, wrote the poem "Chrysanthemum": "The edge of the pottery fence is colored, and the fragrance in the house contains Luo." "Luohanlou" is an allusion in the Book of Jin. According to the biography of Luo Han in the Book of Jin, one day, when Luo Han was in the official residence, a group of Bai Niao gathered in the hall. After returning to Leiyang, my hometown, orchids and chrysanthemums in day order are in full bloom, and their fragrance is overflowing. People say that this is a virtuous person's induction to heaven and earth, which is a good omen. Luohan is the pioneer of China's landscape prose creation, and Tao Yuanming is the originator of landscape pastoral poetry. Both of them were admired by later generations for their noble personality, and had a far-reaching influence on China traditional culture with their own morality, ideas and talents. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the powerful and powerful fought for power and profit, and did not give in to each other. However, Lohan maintains a cool and calm attitude and integrity. He does not love power, is not greedy for money, is not afraid of power, and values friendship. He is a noble gentleman.
Do not love power. After Lohan was twenty years old, the state granted him an official position three times, but he didn't accept it. Later, Yang Xian, a native of Xingan County, Zhang Yu, went to Guiyang to become a state general. Because Luohan's father, Luo Xiang, is an official in the new job, he has made great achievements and is very popular with the new job. So yang xian asked Lohan to be the master book, but Lohan "proudly ignored" and ignored it. Subsequently, Yang Xian continued to recruit people, but Lohan was really hard to shirk and reluctantly took office. When Lohan was old, Huan Wen was the one who valued Lohan most and regarded Lohan as his confidant. At the height of power, Lohan resigned and refused his love for power.
Not greedy for money. Luohan came to Xingan County. When the newcomers heard that Luo Sui's son Lohan had arrived, they sent him things one after another. Lohan kindly refused and had to accept the gift. When I left Niigata, I sealed the gift and didn't take it with me. Therefore, people from far and near admire Lohan's character very much. When Luohan was an official, his life was particularly simple. When driving in Jingzhou, the official's son was too noisy, so he built a hut on a small continent in the western suburbs of the city, cut wood to make a bed, woven reeds to make mats, wore ordinary clothes and ate his own vegetables. Lohan didn't feel bitter, but lived very well and won the admiration of future generations.
Attach importance to friendship. In the fourth year of Yonghe (348), Huan Wen was the secretariat of Jingzhou, and was recruited as the general of Xiliang, and Luohan was promoted to Xiliang to join the army. Shi Shuo Xin Yu: Huan Wen wanted to investigate Xie Shang, his political enemy, and sent Lohan to Jiangxia County to collect Xie Shang's mistakes. Lohan went to Xie Shang's residence, and he didn't ask about the county. He seemed to be visiting, just drinking and chatting with Xie Shang every day. Xie Shang is also a celebrity, and his temperament is in tune with Lohan. So, after drinking for a few days, I came back. Huan Wen asked what Lohan had collected. Lohan asked Huan Wen, "What do you think of Xie Shang?" Huan Wen said, "Better than me." Lohan went on to say, "Kasper? Shang is better than you. How can he speak ill of you?" Lohan cleverly protected Xie Shang and eased the contradiction between the two forces. In addition to Lohan's role as a moral model for later generations, Lohan's cultural influence is more concentrated on his philosophical thoughts and literary contributions.
Lohan's On Rehabilitation expounds the principle, law and nature of the rehabilitation of all things. Although the full text of Rehabilitation is only 392 words, its content and significance are very profound. All works on Buddhism and philosophy refer to Lohan's rehabilitation theory, which shows the importance attached to rehabilitation theory.
Rehabilitation theory expounds the following points:
Material viewpoint. Based on metaphysics, the theory of rehabilitation points out that heaven is the sum of all things. "Rehabilitation Theory" pointed out: "What is the sky? The floorboard of everything. Who is the person? One of the things in the sky. " It is emphasized that the sky is the sum of all things, not "nothingness", but a perceptible substance. People are also things in the sky, thus affirming the value and dignity of people. Lohan emphasized that the sky is the sum of all things, and made it clear that the sky is material and exists in reality. It was a bold and progressive thought with materialistic factors at that time to admit that the sky is material and man is something in the sky. The viewpoint of "treating people as natural objects" put forward in the rehabilitation theory also shows that the rehabilitation theory embodies the idea of universal connection. Combined with the development thought of things put forward in the following "Rehabilitation Theory", its development view is universal and inclusive.
Concept of development. "Re-discussion" puts forward: "There are many things today, and the world is infinite." However, infinite change never begins with everything. If everything is not reborn, the world will have an end. If there is no end to heaven and earth, we will have more self-knowledge. "Lohan's view is quite different from that of metaphysical scholars. Metaphysical subjective idealists claim that "everything is ready" (Mencius is committed to it), and the spirit is above the material, and the material is static and will never change. Lohan believes that "there are many things, and heaven and earth are infinite", that is, "heaven and earth" is fundamental, original and subjective. Rebirth means "rebirth, regaining life", which is different from "nirvana" in Buddhism. The "nirvana" in Buddhism can only be reborn better after the body has experienced great pain and reincarnation. But the "rehabilitation" here does not talk about retribution, and it will not make people feel fear of the afterlife, so it is calm and natural. Rehabilitation theory explains that "rehabilitation" is the law of natural change. Where there are flowers, there are flowers falling, where there is sunrise, there is sunset, and when people or animals die, there is life. It embodies a changing viewpoint and a developing viewpoint. This is the embodiment of dialectics and the shining point of Lohan's philosophical thought.
The theory of rehabilitation expounds the principle of rehabilitation: there is a "foundation" and "On Rehabilitation" that says: "The sage has prepared his best to write Yi:' Knowing poverty'. God can be poor, but there can be countless tangible people. If that's the case, the character has a destiny, and I have a component. If there is something that can't be destroyed, then there is nothing, and then it won't become me. Convergence and divergence, endless road; It is natural for a clever fool to live long, but it is not bad. " Lohan inferred from the "God is poor in knowledge" in Zhouyi that God is inexhaustible, so there can only be a certain number of forms. Since there are a certain number of people and things, and everything has its own "composition", that is, there is a certain qualitative stipulation, then nothing can be mutually beneficial. Moreover, the changes and "recovery" between them are also regular, and "nature is not bad" rather than mixed. So Lohan went on to say: "Although the world is big, it is muddy but not chaotic; Although everything is complicated, the area is no longer there. Each has its own roots, and the ancestors are orderly. This branch is immortal and not old. " Lohan also said that "characters change, each with its own characteristics." Sex has a duty, so there are things in common. " In Lohan's view, everything has its origin, that is, everything has its essence, differences and characteristics.
The view of "immortal" The concept of "God is immortal" in rehabilitation theory is unacceptable to people today. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, people generally believed in demon fairy ghosts and gods. Hinayana Buddhism was introduced into China in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which preached the spirit of immortality and emphasized karma and reincarnation. These factors led to the Six Dynasties "many books of ghosts and gods", and The Theory of Rehabilitation was published under this background. Lohan was the first to point out clearly that God is immortal after death, and this God is the God of self, and his rebirth is the rebirth of the God of self. Sun Sheng, another philosopher at the same time, objected to this view of Lohan, which opened a far-reaching discussion on "immortals" and "immortals" in the history of China's philosophical thought. The debate itself is of great significance in the history of thought. Zong Bing and He Chengtian in Liu and Song Dynasties, Fan Zhen and Liang Wudi in Qi and Liang Dynasties all participated in this debate. They either used the metaphor of "fire spreading to salary" or the metaphor of "fate and benefit" to argue with each other, which improved their thinking level and enriched China's ancient philosophy. During the Liu and Song Dynasties, Lohan became a former writer admired by people at that time because of his outstanding literary talent. Xu Xuan's Preface to Cheng Shi in the Tang Dynasty said: "If a husband speaks beautifully, he can achieve rhyme, and students can't reach him, so God helps him." Luo, Xie, Jiang, Qiu Xifan, etc. all had an influence in their dreams (Quantang Wen, Volume 882), which shows that Luohan has a unique sensibility and superb artistic expression for landscape nature. On the other hand, compared with other poets who are famous for their landscape poems, such as Xie Lingyun, Jiang Yan and Qiu Chi, Luo Han's landscape poems are more valued by the Tang people. Most of Luo Han's works have been lost, and only Zhong Xiang Ji is scattered in ancient documents.
"Zhongxiang Collection" describes the mountains and rivers, specialties, folk customs and historical sites in Hunan. It is the earliest ancient geography annals in Hunan, and it is also a model essay for later generations to compile local chronicles. Xiangzhong, which is now the Hunan area, was made by Lohan in Huan Wen or Renyidu during the Yonghe period of Jin Mu (345-356). At this time, Luohan Guan has traveled in Hunan for many years, and he is familiar with the scenery in central Hunan. It is reasonable to remember it as a book.
Until the Yuan Dynasty, Zhong Xiang Ji was still recorded in historical materials. According to the Summary of Sikuquanshu, Zhong Xiang Ji died in the Ming Dynasty. In Qing Dynasty, some scholars collected, arranged and compiled the passages in Zhong Xiang Ji, which were quoted by predecessors in books, historical books and geographical works.
The greatest literary value of Zhong Xiang Ji lies in its great contribution to the creation of China's landscape prose. In the geographical records of Jin and Song Dynasties, Zhong Xiang Ji strengthened the proportion of literary factors earlier. In particular, the increase in the description of landscapes is a model and forerunner of Yuan's Yidu Ji and Sheng Hongzhi's Jingzhou Ji.
Through the explanation of its name, Zhongxiang Ji reveals the characteristics or location of the landscape, and strengthens the interesting content of the description: Jiuyi Mountain is in Yingdao County, similar to Beishan Mountain, so it is named after it.
Use color and sound to enhance the description. For example, write about Xiang water: Xiang water is clear, although it is five or six feet deep, but the bottom is clear, the stone is like Puyi, the color is bright, the white sand is like snow, the bare shore is like sunrise, the bamboo is green, the upper leaves are dense, and the lower leaves are sparse, which often seems to be an atmosphere. White sand, red shore, green bamboo and clear water are "five colors bright".
Writing about Hengshan Mountain: There are brocade stones on the mountain, which write brilliantly. Hengshan has a dripping spring, which sounds like strings; There are cranes flying back on it, like dancing.
Lohan used the technique of audio-visual combination, which is vivid and colorful. "Dripping water from a spring sounds like a string" seems to inspire the writing methods of "the sound of a spring rock is cold" and "the sound of water is like an ape's cry and mixed rhyme" in Wu Yun's Book with Zhu in the Southern Dynasties.
"Zhong Xiang Ji" turns static into dynamic or combines static and dynamic to describe the scenery, highlighting the dynamic nature of the scenery: Shiyan is in Lingling County, and Lei Feng flies in groups. There is a stone bed on Jinwen Mountain, ten feet high, surrounded by green bamboo and fluttering in the wind. Xiangshui comes from Yangshuo, so it is a boat; When you get to Dongting, if the sun and the moon come in and out of it. Dramatic metaphors are used to form a wide contrast, which shows the characteristics of the narrow and wide changes of Hunan water. It can be seen that the author has achieved great attainments in describing some landscape scenery.
Compared with previous works, Lohan's Zhong Xiang Ji has the following characteristics:
First of all, in previous works, the scenery was mostly sketched by temporary metaphors, while the description of the scenery in Zhong Xiang Ji was intentional and detailed and vivid. For example, Han Xin's "Three Ji Qin" wrote Huashan: "Huashan is three hundred miles east of Chang' an, and it is like a cloud for half a day." Use "half-day clouds" to describe the towering mountains. "Zhong Xiang Ji" draws lessons from the writing method of three, and compares Hengshan Mountain to a cloud: "Hengshan Mountain is as close as a cloud, and it runs thousands of miles along Hunan, with nine directions and nine backs." "Like a cloud" is an intuitive feeling at close range and a description of a point, while "a thousand miles along Hunan, nine times to nine times" is a general description, especially highlighting the characteristics of Hengshan Mountain. The scenery depicted in Zhong Xiang Ji is beautiful, ethereal and meaningful, which can well reflect the characteristics of the beauty of local scenery, which also shows that the author created it with appreciation and love.
Second, most of the previous works describe the geographical situation, the evolution of counties, the distribution of waterways, mountains and rivers, etc., and the literary color is generally not very strong. However, Zhong Xiang Ji not only imitates the scenery, but also pays attention to strengthening the performance effect from the aspects of vision and hearing, and its artistic expression is improved compared with previous works. Sometimes, it does not stick to realism, but uses literary style to attract people's attention. "Notes on Water Classics and Notes on Xiangshui" quoted Luohan: "(Furong Peak) is like a cloud, which is unclear and not light, and its peak is not seen. Fresh water rushes to its left and the spring flows to its right. " "Danshui flows to the left and Li Quanshui flows to the right" is not a concrete realism, but an artistic depiction, which constructs a beautiful picture of mountains and rivers.
Thirdly, from the linguistic point of view, Zhong Xiang Ji can sometimes be used in combination with whole sentences and scattered sentences, such as staying in the wings to balance the machine, so it is called Hengshan. There are brocade stones in the mountains, brilliant writing style, and dripping springs in Hengshan Mountain, which sound like strings; There are cranes flying back on it, like dancing. The sentences are uneven and the intonation is beautiful. Especially some dual and poetic descriptions. Yang Shen's Poem of Sheng 'an points out that the sentences from Lohan's Zhong Xiang Ji, such as "If the blue cliff is dotted with flowers, the training committee is in turmoil", "White sand is like frost and snow, red rock is like sunrise" and "Facing the court in Yueyang, trimming eyebrows and looking at the mirror", are very close to the sentence patterns of the poem. It can be seen that Lohan has superb writing control ability and literary expression ability.
In a word, Lohan's excellent description of landscape in Zhongxiang Ji pioneered the creation of landscape descriptions in Yuan's Yidu Ji and Sheng Hongzhi's Jingzhou Ji. China played an indispensable leading role in the creation of landscape prose.