In Chapter 102 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang described how to make wooden horses and cattle, saying that this kind of transportation is "very convenient for carrying grain and rice, and horses and cattle can be transported day and night."
When Sima Yi heard the news, he sent someone to rob a few horses, ordered a skillful craftsman to copy more than 2,000 horses, and asked the sergeant to drive the wooden ox and the flowing horses to the base camp to carry food and grass, and there were endless exchanges.
Who knows that Zhuge Liang sent someone dressed as Wei Jun to sneak into the motorcade and secretly twisted the tongues of Mu Niu and Liu Ma, so that the horses and cattle could not move.
Just when Wei Bing became suspicious, Zhuge Liang sent another 500 soldiers dressed as magic soldiers and ghosts, painted colorful faces, set off fireworks and drove away cattle and horses.
Wei Bing was dumbfounded, thinking that Zhuge Liang had the help of ghosts and gods, and did not dare to catch up. Zhuge Liang got a lot of food and grass easily.
At that time, such a magical means of transportation was also ingenious, so a poem praised it: "The sword pass drives the horse steeply, and the slanting valley drives the wooden cow rugged."
If future generations can do this, it will make people worry about losing. "Because the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is described wonderfully, many people think that the so-called Mu Niu and Liu Ma Chun are novelists' creations.
Looking up the history books, we can see that Zhuge Liang did make a wooden ox and a flowing horse.
The Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang records: "In the ninth year (23 1), Liang returned to Qishan, and all the grain was withdrawn ... In the spring of the twelfth year, Liang learned that the masses had left the oblique valley to transport horses, and Sima was taken as Weinan.
"The above record is not as magical as the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, but it shows the historical facts of Zhuge Liang's cattle and horses.
What is a wooden ox and a flowing horse? A passage in Zhuge Liang's collected works should be reliable information: "The wooden cow has a square belly, a bent head, four feet, a head in the middle and a tongue in the abdomen."
Mention more and do less, so be useful, not small; Special travel is dozens of miles, and group travel is twenty miles.
The machete is a cow's head, two are cow's feet, the horizontal one is a cow's collar, and the turn is full. The cover is a cow's back, the square one is a cow's belly, the tongue is hung, the machete is a cow's gang, the carving knife is a cow's tooth, the vertical one is a cow's horn, and the thin one is a cow's martingale. The photographer is a cow's whip shaft.
Cattle head up, six steps, cattle four steps.
Carrying a year's grain, walking 20 miles a day, people don't work hard.
"Although this record depicts the image of a cow, and some dimensions of Liu Ma are also recorded below, people have made many speculations about cows and Liu Ma for many years because there are no objects and graphics left for future generations.
One view is that herding cattle and Liu Ma are ordinary unicycles improved by Zhuge Liang.
This theory comes from historical records such as History of Song Dynasty, Talks on Houshan and Historical Records. The wooden wheelbarrow was called a deer cart in the Han Dynasty, and it was called a wooden ox and a flowing horse after Zhuge Liang improved it, but it was called a wheelbarrow in the Northern Song Dynasty.
This statement is also supported by historical data such as the relief of the unicycle on the back of the unknown que of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Pujiawan, Quxian County, Sichuan Province, and it is believed that these unicycles of the Eastern Han Dynasty all reproduce the appearance of wooden cows and flowing horses.
One view is that the wooden ox is a novel automatic machine.
"Biography of Zu Chongzhi in Southern Qi Dynasty" said: "Zhuge Liang is lucky and effortless, not because of geomantic omen.
"This refers to Zu Chongzhi, on the basis of wooden cows and flowing horses, to build better automated machines.
Based on this inference, gear manufacturing machinery was widely used in the Three Kingdoms period, and the Muniu Liuma, which was admired by later generations, could not be the existing wheelbarrow in the Han Dynasty, but the automatic machinery made by using the gear principle that Zu Chongzhi was interested in.
The third point of view is that Muniu and Liu Ma are wagons and unicycles, but the views of which is a wagon and which is a unicycle are diametrically opposite.
In Song Dynasty, Gao Cheng said in Volume VIII of "The Times": "Those who are wooden cows have a front axle today; The horse is the only pusher today, which is called Jiangzhou Car by the people.
"On the other hand, Fan Wenlan thinks that the cow is a human unicycle with four legs.
The so-called one foot is a wheel, and the so-called four feet are four wooden pillars installed in front of and behind the car; Liu Ma is an improved four-legged wooden cow, that is, a human-driven four-wheeled vehicle.
I'm really at a loss for a completely different conclusion.
There is another saying, which is more interesting, that is, whether the wooden ox is one thing or two.
For example, Tan thinks that a wooden cow and a flowing horse are the same thing, and it is a new type of manpower wooden four-wheeled vehicle. Wang Kai believes that wooden cattle and mobile horses are two different things, the former is a human unicycle, and the latter is an improved four-wheeled vehicle.
Wang Kui also thinks that the two are the same thing, and made a model of the appearance of a cow and the gait of a horse.
Chen Congzhou and others investigated the relics, width, slope and load-bearing data of the existing ancient plank road in Guangyuan, northern Sichuan, and thought it was two things: the wooden cow had a front axle, and when it was introduced, it was pulled in front and pushed behind; The flowing horse is roughly the same as the wooden ox flowing horse, but it has no front axle, does not need to be pulled by people, only moves by thrust, and is shaped like a horse.
But Zhuge never succeeded in solving the transportation problem.
Gate 2 knife inserting car
Guard equipment: used to destroy enemy siege equipment and kill people who enter the city.
There are all kinds of wood and stones here, such as flying torches and fierce oil tanks, siege equipment used to burn ladders, Mense knives and wooden women's heads used to fill the fortifications destroyed by the enemy, and fire-fighting equipment used to deal with fire attacks.
No.3 Dongwuche
Used for siege vehicles, Hou Jing once used it and its improved pointed wooden donkey to conquer Jiankang.
The upper part of this car is resistant to falling rocks, and the lower part can be excavated to break the city.
Four-horse chariot
Chariot is a means of transportation used in ancient warfare, which is suitable for impact pursuit on the plain. You can carry food and munitions when marching, and you can use them for defense when camping. It was an important military weapon in ancient China.
Carriage used for fighting in ancient China.
Generally, it is a single chariot (axle), two wheels, square cart (carriage), driving four horses or two horses.
There are three soldiers in the car, the middle one is the driver, and the left and right are responsible for fighting.
No.5 car guard
The chariots used by Tiger Cars to defend the city are covered with leather armor, which is suitable for street fighting and can be used as active fortifications.
No.6 cannon car
Atlas of Ancient Chariots in China —— Gun Car Gun Car Franco gun car in Ming Dynasty was one of the earliest gun tail weapons, and its shells used magazines, which could be quickly replaced, and the firing rate was much faster than that of the Qing dynasty's cannons.
Atlas of Ancient Chariots in China —— Gun Car Gun Car Franco gun car in Ming Dynasty was one of the earliest gun tail weapons, and its shells used magazines, which could be quickly replaced, and the firing rate was much faster than that of the Qing dynasty's cannons.
No.7 ladder truck
The ladder is not the simple ladder in ordinary movies. Equipped with shields, winches, grapples and other special boxcars for climbing the city: three-sided armor, which can be used to launch attacks.
No.8 chaoche
In ancient times, an armored reconnaissance vehicle was used to spy on the movement in the city. It had a cowhide carriage that could be lifted and lowered. It is estimated that it appeared in the Tang Dynasty.
No.9 siege vehicle
It is an ancient siege weapon, which is used to smash the city gate and destroy the city wall at high speed, but it needs the protection of soldiers, otherwise a single car will suffer heavy losses.
10 bed crossbow
The bed crossbow, also known as the bed crossbow, first appeared in China during the Warring States Period. It is a large special crossbow, which is a large ordinary crossbow installed on the launch pad or vehicle.
The main purpose of bed crossbows is to attack cities.
According to records, the range of Han Guoqiang crossbow can reach 600 steps, and the estimated effective range is not less than 260 meters.
The arrow array in the outer bow of the crossbow has become a sharp weapon to deal with traffic. In the shadow of the strong crossbow, the protection of leather armor is shabby, which makes the cost performance of the chariot face a serious threat. In addition, many areas that are inconvenient for chariots to travel have become battlefields, and the main battle position of chariots has begun to decline.
However, the decline of chariots is not a sharp decline. Although the chariot lost its main battle position, it still has practical value as a powerful iron fist for infantry charge and as the command center of cavalry.
This decline continued until the Western Han Dynasty, when the Sino-Hungarian War prompted cavalry to rise suddenly and gave up the following of chariots. With the end of the civil war, the Central Plains also declined the assistance of chariots, which suddenly withdrew from the galloping historical stage in 2000.
Summary: 1. Cattle herding Liu Ma II. Simon Knife Car 3. Cave house car 4. Four-horse chariot 5 Tiger car 6. Cannon car 7. Ladder car 8. Nested car 9. Siege vehicles 10. Bed crossbow.