Countries around the world have a long history of setting aside certain areas to protect precious animals, plants and their habitats, but the first national park approved by the US government 1872-Yellowstone National Park is generally regarded as the earliest nature reserve in the world. Since the 20th century, the cause of nature reserves has developed rapidly. Especially after the Second World War, many international organizations have been established around the world, engaged in the publicity, coordination and scientific research of nature reserves, such as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and the Man and the Biosphere Program of UNESCO. At present, the number and area of nature reserves around the world are increasing, and they have become one of the symbols of a country's civilization and progress. In ancient China, there was a simple idea of nature conservation. For example, the book "Yi Zhou Shu's Large-scale Articles" says: "In March in spring, trees and grass grow on the mountains, so there is no need to climb an axe. In Xia San, Kawasawa did not get into the net, so he became a fish turtle. " Record. The government takes measures to close hillsides to facilitate afforestation, and people often spontaneously delimit some areas where firewood cutting is not allowed, and formulate a number of village rules and regulations for management. In addition, the so-called "Shenmu", "Fengshui Forest", "Shenshan" and "Longshan", although superstitious, have objectively played a role in protecting nature, and some have begun to take shape as nature reserves. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the establishment of nature reserves has been developed. By the end of 1988, 460 nature reserves at all levels had been established, accounting for about 2.4% of the national territory. Among them, Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve in Jilin Province, Dinghushan Nature Reserve in Guangdong Province, Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province, Fanjingshan Nature Reserve in Guizhou Province, Wuyishan Nature Reserve in Fujian Province and Xilingol Nature Reserve in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region have been listed as international biosphere reserves by UNESCO Man and Biosphere Program.
The role of nature reserves ① provides a place for human beings to study natural ecosystems. ② Provide the natural "background" of the ecosystem. Provide evaluation criteria for the consequences of human activities. ③ It is a natural laboratory for various ecological studies, which is convenient for continuous and systematic long-term observation, reproduction and domestication of rare species. ④ It is a living natural museum for publicity and education. ⑤ Some areas in the reserve can carry out tourism activities. ⑥ It can play an important role in water conservation, soil and water conservation, environmental improvement and ecological balance.
The types of nature reserves in China can be divided into six types according to the object and purpose of protection: ① Nature reserves with the purpose of protecting a complete and comprehensive natural ecosystem. For example, Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, which mainly protects temperate mountain ecosystems and natural landscapes, Wuyishan Nature Reserve, which mainly protects subtropical ecosystems, and Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, which protects tropical natural ecosystems. ② Nature reserves that mainly protect some precious animal resources. For example, nature reserves such as Wolong and Wang Lang in Sichuan mainly protect giant pandas, while nature reserves such as Zhalong in Heilongjiang and Xianghai in Jilin mainly protect red-crowned cranes; Sichuan Tiebu Nature Reserve mainly protects sika deer. ③ Nature reserves for the purpose of protecting rare relict plant and endemic vegetation types. For example, Guangxi Huaping Nature Reserve mainly protects Cryptomeria fortunei and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest; LAM Raymond Nature Reserve and Liangshui Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang mainly protect Korean pine forests; Fujian Wanmulin Nature Reserve mainly protects subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. (4) Nature reserves and national parks that mainly protect natural scenery. Such as Jiuzhaigou in Sichuan, Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve, Lushan Mountain Nature Reserve in Jiangxi and Yushan National Park in Taiwan Province Province. ⑤ Nature reserves that mainly protect unique geological sections and special landform types. For example, Wudalianchi Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang mainly protects modern volcanic relics and natural landscapes; Tianjin Jixian Geological Profile Nature Reserve protects precious geological profiles; Shandong Linqu Shanwang Wanjuan Biofossil Reserve, which protects important fossil producing areas, etc. ⑥ Nature reserves whose main purpose is to protect the coastal natural environment and natural resources. Taiwan Province Province mainly includes Danshui Estuary Protection Zone, Yanglan and Su Hua Coastal Protection Zone. Dongzhai Port Reserve and Qinglan Port Reserve in Hainan Province (to protect the unique mangroves on the beach), etc.
Due to the establishment of a series of nature reserves, some precious wild animals in China, such as giant pandas, golden monkeys, deer and alligators, have been initially protected, and some populations have been gradually developed. For example, the Breeding Research Center of Anhui Chinese Alligator Reserve has made a breakthrough in studying the wild habits, artificial breeding and artificial incubation of Chinese alligators, which has increased the number of artificially bred Chinese alligators to more than 1600 in a few years. For another example, the rare animal Elk, which was once lost from his hometown, returned to his hometown and established protected areas in Dafeng County, Jiangsu Province and Nanyuan, Beijing, for domestication and breeding. At present, the Elk Reserve in Dafeng County has the third largest population in the world. In addition, in the virgin forest of Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve, the original Camptotheca acuminata forest was found. Some rare tree species and plants have been propagated and popularized in different nature reserves.