2. The invasion of foreign capitalism has brought new disasters to the people of China.
3. Serious natural disasters. From 1846 to 1850, Guangdong and Guangxi were originally barren and poor. Coupled with natural disasters such as water, drought and insects, the working people fell into the predicament of starvation.
4. The import of opium led to a large outflow of silver in Qing Dynasty, and the labor force was exhausted day by day, making people's life more difficult. As a result, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Nian Army and Shaanxi Hui Uprising took place in the middle of19th century. Hong Xiuquan is a native of Huaxian County, Guangdong Province (now Huadu District, Guangzhou). I have been to Guangzhou many times to take part in the imperial examination, but unfortunately I came last. 1844 (twenty-three years of Daoguang), he and his cousin Feng Yunshan and younger brother Hong Rengan absorbed some Christian teachings from Good Persuasion, and were later baptized by themselves. That year, Hong Xiuquan and Feng Yunshan went to Guixian, Guangxi to preach, and Hong soon returned to Guangdong, while Feng stayed in Guangxi to develop, and his local followers increased. From 65438 to 0847, Hong Xiuquan and Hong Rengan went to Guangzhou to study the Bible with American southern Baptist missionary Luo Xiaoquan. Deceived by Luo Xiaoquan's assistant China, Luo Xiaoquan postponed his plan to baptize him and left Guangzhou to see Feng Yunshan in Guiping, Guangxi.
1848 At the beginning of the year, Feng Yunshan was arrested by the local gentry king in Shiren Village, Zijingshan Township, and sent to the magistrate's office in Guiping, Guangxi for imprisonment. On the grounds of "freedom of missionary work", Hong Xiuquan went to Guangzhou to seek assistance from upper-level relations. Feng Yunshan was released after his followers raised money to bribe Wang Lie, the magistrate of Guiping County. /kloc-in the summer of 0/850, Hong Xiuquan issued a group camp order, asking the congregation to organize troops in Jintian Village, Guiping County, Guangxi. At the end of the same year, the Taiping Army fought against the Qing army in Wang Si and Caicunjiang successively, and began an armed confrontation with the Qing court. At first, it was named "Taiping", and later, People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded and named "Taiping Tian Kun", which implemented the public property system. 185 1 year 1 month1day, Hong Xiuquan's birthday, many people in Jintian Village prayed to God "May you live a long life". Later, the world designated this day as jintian uprising Memorial Day. On March 23, Hong Xiuquan ascended the throne in Wuxuan, Guangxi, and was later renamed King of Peace. See: Yong 'an organizational system.
185 1 autumn, Taiping Army occupied Yong 'an House (now mengshan county) in Guangxi. In February of 65438, the kings enfeoffed Yong 'an City, and Yang Feng, the former commander-in-chief of the Chinese army, was appointed as the East King, the chief strategist, at the age of nine. Xiao Chaogui, the former army commander-in-chief, was named the right-bi-zheng military adviser, the Western King, at the age of 8,000. Feng Yunshan, the former commander-in-chief of the rear army, was named the South King, the leading deputy strategist, at the age of 7,000. Wei Changhui, former commander of the Right Army, was appointed as a defender. On the basis of Feng Yunshan's thoughts, Taiping Tian Kun established the initial official system, ritual system and military system, and implemented its own calendar-"Taiping Tian Li". 1April 5, 852 (the second year of Xianfeng), the Taiping Army broke through Yong 'an and surrounded the provincial capital Guilin in the north. But continued northward, and was intercepted by the Jiang Zhongyuan Department of the Qing army in Suoyidu. Feng Yunshan was hit by artillery fire from the Qing army and died of serious injuries. On May 19, he left Guangxi and entered Hunan Province, Kedao Prefecture and Chenzhou. In August, Xiao Chaogui, the Queen Mother of the West, heard that Changsha was empty, led a division to attack Changsha, and died in September 12. Hong Xiuquan and Yang heard the news and rushed to Changsha, Enemy at the Gates, but at this time, the Qing government had assembled heavily, and the Taiping Army attacked Changsha for nearly three months without success, so they retreated to the north to conquer Yuezhou. See: Capital of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
1853 65438+1October 12. The Taiping Army conquered Wuchang, and the governor of Hubei often committed suicide. The number of Taiping Army increased to 500,000 (including refugees). 1853 In March, Jiangning (now Nanjing) was captured and Lu Jianying, governor of Liangjiang, was killed. 1On March 29th, 853, Hong Xiuquan entered Jinling City with the cheers of Yang, civil and military officials and the common people, and stayed at the imperial palace. Soon after, he restored the Governor's Office of Liangjiang and changed it to Tianwangfu, and announced that Jinling would be its capital and Tianjing would be renamed, thus formally establishing the peasant regime of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which opposed the Qing Dynasty. On April 27th, 1853, British warship HMS Hermes arrived in Jiangning. Sir Samuel George Bonham, British Minister and Governor, met with Wei Changhui, King of the North, and Shi Dakai, King of the Wing, with Thomas Taylor Meadows as interpreter. Britain expressed its neutral attitude towards the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Qing Dynasty. At the end of the year, the French ambassador to China, Bourbrown, visited Tianjin. See Taiping Army's Northern Expedition.
On May 8, 1853, He Li was ordered to lead more than 20,000 people to the Northern Expedition. Although the Northern Expeditionary Army once entered the vicinity of Tianjin, it was besieged by the Qing army because it fought alone. 1In March of 855, he was injured and captured in Lian Town, Dongguang County, Zhili, and was escorted back to Beijing for execution soon. Li was arrested in Fengguantun, Chiping County, Shandong Province and executed in Beijing in June. See Taiping Army's Western Expedition.
1June 3, 853, Lai, Zeng Tianyang, Kai and others were ordered to supervise more than 1,000 warships and return to the Western Expedition. Has captured Anqing, Jiujiang, Wuchang and other places. In order to fight against the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom,1at the end of March, 853, Xiang Rong, an imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, built the "Jiangnan Camp" in Xiaoling outside Jinling. /kloc-in April of 0/6, Qishan, an imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, built "Jiangbei Camp" outside Yangzhou.
1854, the Western Expedition Army met the newly established resistance of Xiang Army in Hunan, and Xiang Army counterattacked near Jiujiang. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/855, Shi Dakai, the wing king, defeated Xiang and fell back to Wuchang. 1On April 5, 856, the Taiping Army attacked Yangzhou again and broke the "Jiangbei Camp". 1856 (the sixth year of Xianfeng) In June, the Taiping Army broke through the "Jiangnan Camp" and solved the three-year siege of Tianjing. Xiang Rong, commander-in-chief of the Qing army, committed suicide on August 9. See: Tianjing incident.
In the early days of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the military and political affairs were in the charge of military advisers, and Hong Xiuquan retired behind the scenes, ignoring state affairs, and the power fell into the hands of East Wang Yang.
1856, Taiping army attacked the prosperous "Jiangnan camp" of the Qing army. Three years after the siege of Tianjing, the East King Yang saw that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was in a good situation at that time and had other plans. Yang pretended to be the "heavenly father" and forced the heavenly king to change himself from "nine thousand years old" to "long live". Wei Changhui, the northern king, asked the heavenly king to kill the eastern king, but the eastern king refused. Later, Chen told Tianwang that the East King had an attempt to kill the king and usurp the throne. Tianwang secretly ordered the North King, the Wing King and the Yan King Qin Rigang to eradicate the East King.
In the early morning of the second day, Yang and his family were attacked and killed in East China. More than 20,000 people, including soldiers and civilians under the East King's shogunate and their families, were also killed, known as the Tianjing incident in history. Wing king Shi Dakai accused Wei Changhui of killing indiscriminately after arriving in Tianjing, and the two broke up in discord. Shi Dakai escaped from Jinling City that night. Later, under the secret order of the heavenly king Hong Xiuquan, Wei Changhui killed all the family members of Yong 'an Palace.
Shi Dakai in jingnan, Anhui, wrote to the king, please kill the north king, to vent public anger. Seeing that both the army and the people supported Shi Dakai, Tianwang wrote to punish Wei. 165438+ 10, Shi Dakai returned to Beijing by a letter and was honored as the "righteous king" by the military and civilians. He entered the DPRK to "promote government affairs", and Hong Xiuquan was forced to grant an imperial edict because of public discussion. Regardless of personal grievances, he only punished the first evil when investigating the responsibility for the massacre, and did not blame his subordinates. The relatives of the Northern King were also protected and reused, and the people soon settled down. Although Wuchang fell shortly after Shi Dakai returned to Beijing for lack of food, under the deployment of Shi Dakai, the Taiping Army stuck to the pass and waited for an opportunity to counterattack. Chen Yucheng, Li Xiucheng, Yang Fuqing, Shi and other rising stars began to win the top spot, and the passive situation caused by infighting gradually reversed. /kloc-in the spring of 0/857, Li Xiucheng and Chen Yucheng defeated the third division of Qin Ding of the Qing army, went north to Lu 'an and Huoqiu, and joined forces with the Nian Army. The soldiers were directed at Hubei.
After the Tianjing Incident, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and North Korea elected Shi Dakai to preside over the political affairs, but Hong Xiuquan was afraid of Shi Dakai's reputation and talent, refused to grant him the status of "military adviser" and only named him "the righteous king of the commander of the Holy Spirit Communication Army". After the situation improved slightly, there was an intention to murder him. In order to avoid another civil strife, Shi Dakai was forced to lead thousands of people to flee Tianjing and go to Anqing. The Tianjing incident led to the killing of the three kings and the departure of the wing king, which was a turning point in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. 1In September, 857, Hong Xiuquan was forced to send envoys to ask Shi Dakai to return to Beijing. Shi Dakai said that he would not return to Beijing, but transferred Chen Yucheng, Li Xiucheng, Wei Jun and other generals to Huiyuan to continue to fight for the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom as a "general". Hong Xiuquan approved this plan, and Tianjing officials admitted that Shi Dakai's subsequent action was an expedition of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
Since then, Shi Dakai has successively moved to Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and other provinces outside Tianjing, containing a large number of Qing troops and relieving the military pressure of Tianjing and Anhui.
1858, after the infighting of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Qing army rebuilt its camps in Jiangbei and Jiangnan. In April, Hong Rengan arrived in Tianjing and was made king.
/kloc-in the spring of 0/859, Shi Dakai entered Hunan and launched the "Battle of Baoqing". He wants to use the upper reaches and then go down to Hubei to cooperate with the Anhui Taiping Army and wait for an opportunity to divide his troops into Sichuan. At that time, Xiang was planning to attack Anqing in three ways. When he heard that Shi Dakai had gone straight to the hinterland of Hunan, his morale was shaken across the board and he had to take advantage of the situation to help Hunan. Faced with the heavy support of Xiang Army, Shi Dakai fought alone, failed to conquer Baoqing, and was forced to retreat to Guangxi to rest.
186 1 September, Shi Dakai crossed the Yangtze River in the north, seized Chengdu, established Sichuan base area, moved to Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces, and entered Sichuan in the fourth place.1April, 863 crossed the Jinsha River, breaking through the Yangtze River defense line. However, due to the unprecedented early flood of the Dadu River, it fell into a tight encirclement and failed to break through many times. Ambassador Luo Paite, then Governor of Sichuan, negotiated with Taiping Army. After the agreement was reached, the Taiping Army dismissed 4,000 people by itself, and the remaining 2,000 warriors carried weapons with them. After Shi Dakai was taken to Chengdu, the Qing army was treacherous and 2000 Taiping troops were slaughtered. On June 27th, 1863, Shi Dakai was killed in Chengdu, Sichuan, and the rest of the troops kept fighting.
1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng, Qing dynasty) In September, Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng led the troops to capture Pukou and Yangzhou, and broke the camp in Jiangbei of the Qing army. The Qing army led the Taiping Army eastward and attacked Anhui, Taihu Lake and Anqing. Li led Xiang troops into Buried Hill, Tongcheng and Shucheng, attacked sanhe town and advanced to Luzhou. Chen Yucheng led the troops to rescue, followed by Li Xiucheng reinforcements. 165438+1October 14, Chen Yucheng captured Sanhe Qingying, and the two armies fought a decisive battle the next day. The Taiping Army wiped out 6,000 Qing troops and killed Li, Li, Li and Li. The Qing army retreated from the periphery of Anqing. 1from February to may, 860, after the second attack on the Jiangnan camp of the Qing army, Li Xiucheng took advantage of the attack to capture many places in southern Jiangsu.
186 1 year, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom deployed the second Western Expedition, and planned Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng to attack Wuchang from the north and south of the Yangtze River to rescue Anqing. Chen Yucheng marched fast, conquered Huangzhou in one fell swoop, and tied Wuchang. At this time, British diplomat Parkes met with Chen Yucheng. Taiping Army was asked to withdraw its troops. Because of the slow advance of Li Xiucheng, Taiping Army was not sure to capture Wuchang in a short time, and Xiang Army stepped up its siege of Anqing. Chen Yucheng decided to order his men Lai Lingbing to stay near Wuchang, continue to wait for Li Xiucheng, and return to Anqing with the main force.
Li Xiucheng went to southeastern Hubei and recruited 300,000 people nearby. Knowing that the Taiping rebels on the Eastern Front were fighting, Chen Yucheng had returned to Anqing, abandoned attacking the three towns of Wuhan, and moved eastward to capture a large area of Zhejiang with Li Shixian.
Chen Yucheng saved Anqing, and Hong Rengan, Lin, Wu Ruao and Huang also came to cooperate in the battle, all of which failed. In June, Jixian Pass and Chigangling fell. In August, Chen Yucheng and Yang Fuqing recaptured Jixian Pass and rescued Anqing, which was rejected by Duo Long Abe, deputy commander-in-chief of the Qing army.
186 1 September, Anqing was conquered, and more than 6000 Taiping Army commanders Ye, Wu Dingcai and/kloc-0 were all killed.
1862, 65438+ October, Li Xiucheng led an army to attack Shanghai. The Qing army and foreigners jointly resisted, and American Frederick Townsend Wall formed a foreign gun team (later changed to Chang) to stop the Taiping Army. After a long attack, the Taiping Army still failed to occupy Shanghai. The war caused dissatisfaction among the western powers that controlled Shanghai. In addition, some Christians claim that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is a heresy, and its strange words do not conform to Roman Catholicism or Protestantism, which is an insult and blasphemy to Christianity. In addition, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom affected the interests of European and American countries in China, and western countries turned against the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement. In May, Chen Yucheng was captured by the traitor Miao in Shouzhou and escorted the Qing army to win the battle. In June of the same year, Chen Yucheng was executed by the Qing army.
1862 (the first year of Tongzhi) In June, Hong Xiuquan ordered the Taiping Army to return to Tianjing, and the Taiping Army assembled 200,000 troops. 10 From June, the Xiang army fought for more than 40 days and failed to win. In February 65438, Li Xiucheng was ordered to cross the Yangtze River northward. In the same year, Li Hongzhang attacked southern Jiangsu and left Zhejiang.
186365438+On February 4th, Suzhou garrison commander Tan Shaoguang was killed by his men, and Suzhou fell.
In May 1864, 1 1, Changzhou fell, and Chen Kunshu, commander of Taiping Army, was captured and sacrificed. Since then, Huai Army has maintained smooth contact with Xiang Army in Jinling. 1863 65438+February 2 1, the outer fortress of Tianjing was completely lost and there was a shortage of food. Zhongjun Li Xiucheng suggested "Don't let the city go", but Hong Xiuquan refused.
1 June, 8641day, Hong Xiuquan died of weeds that had been hungry for many days, and the young king Tianguifu Hong succeeded him. /kloc-in July of 0/9, Tianjing fell, and then the Qing army slaughtered the city, and many civilians were killed. The tragic situation is beyond description. After the Xiang army captured Tianjing, the Taiping Army set fire to the city, and after the Xiang army looted, it also set fire everywhere.
Li Xiucheng and Hong Rengan escorted the young king to break through. Li Xiucheng gave the good horse to the young master, and was separated from him in the chaos. On the 22nd of the same month, he was captured in Fangshan, just outside Nanjing, and was executed by Zeng Guofan on August 7th after a confession of tens of thousands of words (Li Xiucheng readme).
1On July 29th, 864, the young king who broke through to Guangde was welcomed by Huang, the garrison commander of Huzhou Taiping Army, and was temporarily stationed in Guangzhou. On August 28th, Huang and Hong Rengan took the initiative to abandon the city and break through. On September 5, Huang was on his way to escort Little Tianwang back to Ningguo, but he died of his injuries and was stopped by the enemy. On June+10, 65438, the battle of Shicheng, Jiangxi Province was completely annihilated. Tianguifu Hong, the young king of heaven, was captured in the barren mountain cave in Shicheng, Jiangxi Province, and was executed by Ling Chi in Nanchang on 165438+ 10/8. See: read the army.
Wang Shi Li Shixian, the remnant of Taiping Army south of the Yangtze River, marched into Fujian from Jiangxi, captured Zhangzhou and managed Minnan, and was defeated in April 1865. Tan Tiyuan's troops broke through in the direction of Guangdong and were annihilated in Meizhou, Guangdong at the beginning of 1866.
The Taiping Rebellion in Jiangbei joined the Nian Army, killed the famous Qing soldier Senggelinqin in 1865, and continued to fight with the Qing army until 1868. 1On June 5th, 868, the Dongnian Army was wiped out in Wayaobao, northeast Yangzhou, and on August 6th of the same year, the Xinian Army was wiped out by the Huai Army of Li Hongzhang in Tuhai River, chiping, Shandong. Yuan Dakui, the last remnant of the Nian Army that left the title of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, was wiped out by Zuo in Baoan, northern Shaanxi on 1869.
1in April, 872, Li Wencai, the remnant of Shi Dakai, fell in Datang, Guizhou, which was the last verifiable anti-Qing armed force under the banner of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and theoretically the last Taiping Army. Many scholars believe that the end of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement should be marked by the collapse of Li Wencai Department.
1874 after the collapse of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 10 years later, the late Major General Yang Fuqing, who had been hiding for many years, planned to revive the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in Fujian. Ma Rong and Cha Cha were arrested in Jinjiang and escorted to Fuzhou. Governor Li Henian of Fujian and Zhejiang ordered him to be executed in 1996.
After the research of experts and scholars at home and abroad, after the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, many Taiping Army soldiers and their relatives went into exile to escape the persecution of the Qing court. They traveled across the ocean and visited some islands in Latin America and the Pacific Ocean. Many swords used by General Taiping and commemorative gold coins cast during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were found overseas.