● English name: Pingyao Ancient City
● Examination and approval time:199765438+February (Pingyao Ancient City in Shanxi Province199765438+February was listed in the World Heritage List).
● Heritage type: cultural heritage
● Heritage selection criteria: Pingyao ancient city is listed in the World Heritage List according to the cultural heritage selection criteria C(II)(III)(IV).
Assessment by the World Heritage Committee:
Pingyao Ancient City is the best preserved ancient county in China, and it is an outstanding model of Han cities in China in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the historical development of China, it shows people an extremely complete picture of cultural, social, economic and religious development.
The ancient city is located in Pingyao Ancient City, Shanxi Province, and is a famous cultural city with a history of more than 2,700 years. It is also known as "the four best preserved ancient cities" with Langzhong, Lijiang and Shexian, Yunnan, and is also the second batch of national historical and cultural cities. It is also the only ancient county in China that successfully declared the world cultural heritage with the whole ancient city. Pingyao was once called "ancient pottery". In the early Ming Dynasty, the city wall was built to resist foreign interference from the south. In the third year of Hongwu (AD 1370), the old wall was rebuilt and expanded, and it was all brick. Since then, Jingdezhen, Zhengde, Jiajing, Qin Long and Wanli have been renovated for ten times, and the towers have been updated and enemy stations have been added. In the 43rd year of Kangxi (A.D. 1703), as the emperor traveled westward through Pingyao, four towers were built, making the city more spectacular. The total circumference of Pingyao city wall is 6 163 meters, and the height of the wall is about 12 meters, which divides Pingyao county with an area of about 2.25 square kilometers into two different worlds. The streets, sidewalks and urban buildings within the city walls retain the shapes of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Outside the city wall, it is called the new city. This is a wonderful place where ancient and modern buildings are integrated, reflecting each other and making people memorable.
Beautiful Ancient City History Pingyao Ancient City is located in the middle of Shanxi Province in the north of China. It was built in the period of Western Zhou Xuanwang (827-782 BC) and expanded in the third year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1370), with a history of more than 2,700 years. So far, it has preserved the basic features of the county town in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (A.D.1368 ~191), and it is the most complete existing ancient city in the Han area of China.
Pingyao is located on the east bank of Fenhe River, at the southwest end of Taiyuan Basin, adjacent to Qixian County, another famous national historical and cultural city. Tongpu Railway and Dayun Expressway run through the county. The economy is dominated by agriculture, mainly producing grain, cotton, beef and lacquerware. Among them, beef is quite famous, and there are folk lyrics of "Pingyao Beef Taikoo Cake".
Pingyao was once the financial center of China in the late Qing Dynasty, with the most complete ancient county structure in China.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, it belonged to the State of Jin, and in the Warring States Period, it belonged to the State of Zhao. Tao Ping County, located in Zhongdu County in Qin and Han Dynasties, is the capital of clan acting as king. The Northern Wei Dynasty was renamed Pingyao County. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 20 banks headquartered in Pingyao, accounting for more than half of the country, also known as "China's ancient Wall Street". The largest of these is Rishengchang, the first bank in China, which was founded in Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty and is known as "Huitong World".
Pingyao basically retained the embryonic form of the county seat in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and was called the "turtle" city. The street pattern is in the shape of "earth", and the architectural layout follows the direction of gossip, which embodies the urban planning concept and shape distribution in Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are more than 300 sites and ancient buildings inside and outside the city, and nearly 4,000 well-preserved Ming and Qing dwellings. The shops on the street all reflect the original appearance of history, which can be called a living sample for studying ancient cities in China.
Pingyao City Wall was built in the third year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, with 6 city gates, 4 watchtowers and 72 watchtowers. Among them, the south gate wall collapsed in 2004, and most of the rest are still intact. It is one of the existing large-scale and well-preserved ancient city walls in China, and it is also the core component of Pingyao Ancient City, a world heritage. In addition, Zhenguo Temple, Shuanglin Temple and Pingyao Confucian Temple are also included in the scope of world heritage protection.
Pingyao Ancient City is a well-preserved historical city and the prototype of China Ancient City. It is the best preserved ancient county town in China, and it is also an outstanding model of Han cities in China in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the historical development of China, it shows people a complete picture of the extraordinary development of Pingyao ancient city in culture, society, economy and religion.
Overview of the vicissitudes of the ancient city The traffic vein of Pingyao ancient city consists of four streets, eight small streets and seventy-two dragonflies.
South Street is the central axis of Pingyao ancient city, starting from the junction of East Street and West Street in the north and reaching Dadongmen (Yingxunmen) in the south. Gushi Tower runs through the north and south, and there are many old brands and traditional shops on both sides of the street. It is the most prosperous traditional commercial street. During the Qing Dynasty, Nanjie controlled more than 50% of the financial institutions in China. It is called "Waltz Street" in China.
West Street starts from Xiaximen (Fengyimen) in the west, intersects with the northern ends of East Street and South Street, and forms a straight main street with East Street. Rishengchang, the first famous bank in China, was born in Gucheng West Street, which is known as "the first financial street in Qing Dynasty".
Rishengchang Bank was founded in the fourth year of Daoguang (AD 1824). The site covers an area of 2,324 square meters, with compact land and distinctive functions. After a hundred years of vicissitudes and brilliant achievements, it occupied the leading position in national finance, initiated the national banking in China, and once manipulated the economic lifeline of the whole Qing Dynasty in the19th century. Its semicolons are distributed in more than 30 cities and commercial ports in China, as far away as Europe, America, Southeast Asia and other countries, and are known as "Huitong World". After Rishengchang Bank was founded, Jiexiu, Taigu and Qixian followed suit.
East Street starts from the lower East Gate (Qin and Han Gate) in the east, intersects with the north ends of West and South Street, and forms a straight main street with West Street.
North Street starts from the north gate (Gongjimen) and Nantong West Street.
Baxiao Street and 72 Dragonfly Hutong have their own names, some of which are named after nearby buildings or eye-catching signs, such as Yamen Street, Shuyuan Street, Jiaochang Lane, Helanqiao Lane, Flagstaff Street, Sanyanjing Street, Zhaobi South Street and Xiaochayuan Lane. Some are named after Confucius Temple, such as Miao Wen Street, Chenghuangmiao Street, Luohanmiao Street, Huoshenmiao Street, Guandi Temple Street, Zhenwumiao Street and Wudaomiao Street. Some are named after large local families, such as Zhao Street, Leijiayuan Street, Song Menghuai Lane, Xiang, Jijia Lane, Guojia Lane, Jie, Shaojia Lane and Majia Lane. There is a relatively closed city in the northeast corner of the ancient city, similar to the square in the ancient city. The four nearby streets are named Dongbijingbao, Zhongbijingbao, Xibijingbao and Waibao Street. There are still some streets and lanes that have not been able to explore the origin of their names, such as Renyi Street, Sweet Water Lane, Bean Sprout Street and Huludu Lane.
The houses in Pingyao ancient city are mainly wooden quadrangles with brick walls and tiled roofs, with strict layout, symmetry and respect for order. Large families build two-entry, three-entry courtyards or even larger courtyards, which are separated by gorgeous hanging doors. Most residential courtyards are beautifully decorated. Brick carvings are usually built at the entrance, wood carvings are placed on the beams under the eaves, and stone carvings are used to decorate columns, doorposts and stone drums.
There is a folk saying: "Ten eccentrics of Pingyao ancient city", one of which is "a half-built house." The reason why most houses in Pingyao fall into the water is a single slope, which is generally said to be "four waters return to the hall" or "fat water does not flow out of the field". Shanxi is located in drought and has a big sandstorm. Building on a single slope can increase the height of the external wall facing the street, but not opening windows facing the street can effectively resist sandstorms and improve the safety factor. The compact layout of the hospital shows the national character of external exclusion and internal cohesion.
Chenghuangmiao is located in Chenghuangmiao Street in the southeast of the city. It consists of three groups of buildings: the City God Temple, the God of Wealth Temple and the Kitchen God Temple. City God is one of the most important gods generally worshipped in ancient Han religious culture, and most of them are served by famous ministers and heroes who have made contributions to the local people. I don't know where the slogan "The emperor went to the Temple of Heaven, but the county magistrate came from" came from, but in history, especially in the Ming Dynasty, the official position of the city god was indeed higher than that of the county magistrate. Ming Taizu's imperial edict requires all localities to build the Town God Temple, which is set symmetrically with the county government, and "Yin and Yang perform their respective duties", which is the ancient "people and gods rule together * * *".
Qingxu Guan, located in the east section of East Street, was founded in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty. The existing main building is a relic of the Ming Dynasty, and it is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shanxi Province.
Legend has it that Pingyao Ancient Town was built during the Zhou Xuanwang period from 827 BC to 782 BC, and was the residence of Yin Jifu, the general of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Pingyao City has been the seat of county administration since the Qin government implemented the "county system" in 22 1 BC and continues to this day. Pingyao ancient city experienced vicissitudes and became the most complete prototype of ancient county town in China in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The ancient city we are seeing now is what it looked like after the expansion in the third year of Ming Hongwu (1370). Pingyao city after the expansion is magnificent, with a circumference of 6.4 kilometers. It is the oldest and largest county wall in Shanxi and China.
A bird's eye view of Pingyao ancient city is even more amazing. This flat square wall, shaped like a turtle, has six doors, one in the north, one in the south and two in the east and west. The south gate of the city is the turtle head, and two wells outside the gate symbolize the turtle eye. The north gate is the turtle tail, which is the lowest place in the city, and the accumulated water in the city will flow out through it. There are four crocks in the city, facing each other. The doors of the upper west gate, the lower west gate and the upper east gate all face south and look like turtle claws, but the outer door of the lower east gate of the crock directly faces east. It is said that the tortoise was afraid of crawling away when building the city, so he stretched his left leg and tied it to the foothills twenty miles away from the city. This seemingly illusory legend shows the ancient people's great worship of turtles. Turtles are immortal, and in the eyes of the ancients, they are naturally sacred as gods. It embodies the deep meaning of hoping to make Pingyao ancient city rock solid, golden soup forever solid, safe and sound, and last forever. There are also 72 enemy watchtowers on the wall, and there are 3000 cribs on the outside of the wall. It is said to be a symbol of Confucius' 3,000 disciples and 72 sages.
Night scene cultural tourism
National historical and cultural city: Pingyao.
National key cultural relics protection units: Pingyao City Wall, Zhenguo Temple, Pingyao Shuanglin Temple, Cixiang Temple and Pingyao Confucian Temple.
[Edit this paragraph] Pingyao Sambo
It is said that Pingyao has three treasures, and the ancient city wall is one of them. Pingyao county wall. Built in the third year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1370), with a circumference of 6.4 kilometers, it is the oldest and largest city wall in Shanxi. Both Ming and Qing dynasties have been repaired, but they are basically the shape and structure of the early Ming dynasty. The city is square, the wall is about 12 meters high, the outer wall is all brick, the crib is built on the wall, and there is a moat outside the wall, which is 4 meters deep and 4 meters wide. There are six gates around the city, two in the east, two in the west, one in the north and one in the south. The East and the West cheat to build urns to facilitate defense. There are 3,000 battlements and 72 watchtowers, which are said to symbolize 3,000 disciples of Confucius and 72 saints. After more than 600 years of wind and rain, the city wall is still dazzling.
The streets, shops and houses in Pingyao ancient city have maintained the traditional layout and style. This street is cross-shaped, and shops are built along it. The pavement is strong and tall, with colored paintings under the eaves and colored carvings on the beams, which are antique. The houses behind the pavement are quadrangles with blue bricks and gray tiles, and the axes are clear and symmetrical. The whole ancient city presents a quaint style.
There is Zhenguo Temple at the north gate of the ancient city, which is the second treasure of the ancient city. Built in the Five Dynasties (A.D. 10 century), the Buddha Hall of this temple is the third oldest wooden structure in China, with a history of over 1000 years. The five-generation colored sculptures in the temple are rare sculptures.
The third treasure in the ancient city is Shuanglin Temple in the southwest of the city. The temple was built in Wuping, Northern Qi Dynasty (AD 57 1). There are more than 2,000 colored plastic statues from Yuan Dynasty to Ming Dynasty (13 ~17th century) in more than 0/0 halls in the temple, which is known as the "treasure house of colored plastic art".
Up to now, the buildings of Shuanglin Temple, such as city walls, streets, houses, shops and temples, are still basically intact, and the original forms and patterns remain basically unchanged. They are all organic parts of the existing historical relics in Pingyao ancient city.
[Edit this paragraph] Pingyao City Wall
Pingyao City Wall was built in the period of Western Zhou Xuanwang (827-782 BC), which is a rammed earth wall. In the third year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1370), the original "18 steps in nine miles" was changed to "12 miles, 8 minutes and 4 centimeters" (6.4 kilometers), and the rammed earth wall was changed to a masonry wall. According to the legendary saying that "the mountains and rivers rise in the morning, the water plays in front of the turtle, and the city is built on this basis, so as to win", the meaning of "auspicious longevity" of the turtle is taken to build the "turtle city". There were 25 renovations in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The plane of the city wall is square, with a circumference of 6162.7m and a height of10m. The mound is 2 meters high and 3-5 meters wide at the top. The wall is rammed with plain soil, and there are 77 drainage grooves built by bricks outside and inside. On the outside of the top of the wall, there are 2-meter-high crib walls (also called horse-blocking walls), with 3000 cribs, 72 watchtowers and protective walls. There are four turrets, with desks on the east wall and Kuixing Tower and Wenchang Pavilion on the top of the southeast corner city. For military defense, there are six double-door urn cities in Pingyao city wall, one in the north and one in the south, two in the east and two in the west. In the south, it is called Yingxun; In the north, it is called Gong Ji; In the east, it is called Taihe; At the lower level, it is called Qin and Han Dynasties; At the upper level, it is called Yongding; At the lower level, it is called Feng Yi. Every barbier has a double-eaved tower on the top of the mountain. Six double-door urns have suspension bridges outside. There is a moat 3 meters wide around the city wall. There are Taishan Mountain and Liugen River in the south of the city, and "the mountains and rivers are rising in the sun, and turtles are playing in the water".
Wengcheng: A small town built outside the city gate, also called Moon City, is used to enhance the city's defense capability. The previous episode of the martial arts master guarding the city recorded: "Is the urn outside the city round or square? Depending on the terrain, it is as high and thick as a city, but it is open to the left and right. " The direction of the urn door in Pingyao ancient city is 90 (except the south gate and the lower east gate). Even if the enemy breaks through the urn door, there is still the main entrance defense. Because of the narrow space in Wengcheng, it is difficult to launch a large-scale attack, which slows down the enemy's attack, and the defenders on the top of the city wall can shoot from all directions, giving the enemy a fatal blow. The so-called closing the door to shoot a dog and catch a turtle in the jar.
Tower: Built at the top of the city gate, it was sometimes called "pagoda" in ancient times. There are six towers in Pingyao City Wall, which were built in the Ming Dynasty and rebuilt in the forty-second year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1703). Tower height 16. 14m, five rooms width 13.72m, four rooms depth10.04m. Simple and generous shape, dignified and steady structure. The tower is an exquisite and beautiful high-rise building, with the city wall as the top. It is an important high-altitude defense facility in the utopia.
Turret: A building mound built at the four corners of the city wall, which is mainly used to make up for the weakness of the defense link at the corner of the city wall, so as to enhance the defense capability of the whole city wall. The turret refers to the "Xiadie Tower" in the northwest corner and the "July Tower" in the northeast corner respectively. The "Airui Building" in the southwest corner and the "Ningxiu Building" in the southeast corner.
Point platform: located on the top of the city wall between the upper east gate and the lower east gate, it is now a brick platform. According to legend, after Zhou Xuanwang ascended the throne in 827 BC, he sent general Yin Jifu to lead the northern expedition and won Lien Chan's victory. Later, he was ordered to station troops in Pingyao today, build more city walls, and train foot soldiers to practice martial arts here. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, people built Gaozhen Temple in the place where Yin went on patrol to commemorate their achievements. The "Gaozhen Temple" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was integrated into a whole, which was a broad platform at the top of the city. You are relaxed and happy when you climb up to see it. The poem said: "The platform is hundreds of feet away from the county seat, and Ji Fuxun's name is in front. The grass has been blocked for a long time, and Longqi dare not leave the car year. "
Haohe suspension bridge:
Moat: A moat around a city. In order to resist the invasion of foreign enemies, ancient humans dug trenches around settlements, resulting in banded highlands and inspiring people to build city walls. The appearance of city houses can be considered as the result of taking soil on the spot when the city walls were rammed at first. The pool of water in the city has become a river and an insurmountable defense line. "Only the city is surrounded by people and the pool is surrounded by the city." "Pool" is the barrier of "city", so it is often called "moat". The suspension bridge is a wooden bridge across the city. The outward-facing end of the bridge is tied with ropes, and the bridge deck can be lifted by pulleys and winches at any time.
Corner platform and turret: Corner platform is a pier protruding from the four corners of the city wall, which is integrated with the wall. A tower is built on each turret, which is called the famous turret. The angle between the turret and the city wall is 135, and the height and volume of the turret are between the tower and the enemy tower. In wartime, the defenders in the turret are commanding and have a wide field of vision, so they can monitor and attack the invading enemy from all angles. Because of its unusual strategic position, the podium and turret were listed as important projects in the maintenance project of Pingyao city wall in past dynasties. During the six-year overhaul from Qing Daoguang to Xianfeng, the broken "four-corner enemy building" (namely the turret) was simply demolished and a higher brick-wood two-story pavilion was rebuilt. The building plane is square, covering an area of 27 square meters. There are arches on the facade, brick steps lead to the second floor, and there are circular observation windows on all sides of the second floor. The building is made of brick, wooden floor, and the roof stands on the mountain, with five ridges and six beasts. Traditional architectural art is integrated into the military fortress.
Horse face and watchtower: "Horse face" is an attached pier protruding outward from the city wall, named after its slender shape. The setting of the "horse face" not only enhances the firmness of the city wall, but also eliminates the dead angle of the battlefield in the battle of guarding the city: once Enemy at the Gates, the guards on the faces of adjacent horses can be organized into a cross-shooting net, so that the attackers can be defeated by the enemy from left to right. Pingyao city wall has a horse face every 60 meters-100 meters, and there are towers on the horse face, which are called "enemy towers". According to old books, when Pingyao City Wall was rebuilt in the early Ming Dynasty, only 40 watchtowers were built, which increased to 94 in Qin Long three years (1569) and to 1575 in Wanli (1575). At the same time, the whole city was surrounded by bricks and stones, and 72 brick-wood watchtowers were rebuilt, which have been repaired for generations and have been preserved to this day. The watchtower is square in plane, with an area of 10.24 m2. It is double-decked, with four walls made of bricks, and the hard top of the mountain is covered with pipe tiles (the two watchtowers around Taihe Menweng City have roofs). The ground floor faces the city side, there are wooden stairs in the building, and two arch windows are set on the upper floor. Looking up at those watchtowers, it seems that there are many sentries, which is awesome. The windows upstairs look like giant's eyes and ears, and most watchtowers still face a street in the city to monitor them. It can be seen that the watchtower has the function of public security prevention in peacetime and wartime.
City wall and Guancheng
The plane layout of Pingyao city wall is square, facing south, and 15 faces east. The reason why the city pursues "founder" is either to explain what the ancients said, "the sky is round and the road is in the center", or it stems from a scientific architectural concept: besides the circle, the shortest perimeter can be surrounded by the square with the largest area. Of course, the direction of the city is south, but the county is not as good as the imperial city, so adjust measures to local conditions to the east 15, just in line with the perennial dominant wind direction, bathed in abundant sunshine every day. There are Zhongdu River in front of the city, Taishan and Chaoshan in the distance, which are connected with mountains and water, and are full of vitality. The circumference of Pingyao city wall is 6162.68m (consistent with "twelve miles, eight minutes and four centimeters around" in the early Ming Dynasty), in which the east wall1478.48m and the south wall1713.80m (the straight line distance between the south end of the east wall and the west wall is only10) Pingyao City is three miles square, which is obviously the largest city at the lowest level (i.e. the county seat) in ancient times. Shi Chuanming's old town of Pingyao before Hongwu was nine miles and eighteen steps. According to the ancestor's last words of a citizen surnamed Ji in the city, from Yuan Dynasty to nine years (1349), the west of Shaxiang Street in the city was still outside the city, where "mulberry gardens become forests and birds contend". In the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1369), the west city wall was destroyed by floods, leaving red mud and yellow sand. When it was expanded in the second year, the city wall moved westward, and today's Shaxiang Street was created. In addition, the street name of Yao Chang Street in this city comes from the kiln where city bricks were fired during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty. Since it is a kiln, it should be located outside the old city, so the north wall of that year is not far from Yao Chang Street. Judging from this, the circumference of the old city is very consistent with the saying of "eighteen steps and nine miles". The three-year expansion and reconstruction of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty laid the basic shape of the existing city wall, with a height of "three feet and two feet", a bottom width of 8m-12m and a top width of 3m-6m. The early city walls were rammed with plain soil, and the rammed soil wall foundation was rammed with natural soil. In the rammed soil layer left over from the Ming Dynasty, there are corks with a diameter of 6 -7 cm. From above the ground, every two meters is a layer, and the spacing of the cork in the plane distribution is 2 meters to 3 meters. The diameter of rammed earth rammed nest is 15cm, the depth is 2cm-3cm, and the rammed layer is 12cm- 15cm. The wall is divided into 15%-20%. There is a stone foundation outside the rammed earth wall, and the retaining wall is wrapped with special blue bricks (34 cm * 17 cm * 7.7 cm). Within the retaining wall, 58cm * 80cm brick piles are built every 5m-6m, which are connected with the rammed earth wall. The thickness of retaining wall is 87 cm, 70 cm and 53 cm from bottom to top, and the height of each floor accounts for about one third of the total height of the wall, and the wall is divided into 9%. The wall section is trapezoidal. At the root of cornice wall, aproll steps are built along the direction of big wall, commonly known as small city wall. The steps are 1 m high and 3 -5 m wide, and the countertop is paved with half bricks. The cornice wall is a brick stack wall, 2 meters high and 53 centimeters thick. Each stack is1.39m long and has three layers of cornice bricks, including observation holes, which are 25cm high and17.7cm wide. There is a crib mouth between battlements, which is 53 cm wide and used for shooting. A rectangular "gun hole" with the same size as the crib is opened under each wall to accommodate the gun body and launch it in a kneeling position. Three thousand stacks of stacked walls are in the beginning of Pingyao city, which eliminates the rigidity of high walls and thick walls in modeling and meets the pursuit of balance between yin and yang in Yi learning. In wartime, the soldiers and horses guarding the city were enough to block the arrowheads. So the crib wall is also called the horse wall. At the top of the inner eaves wall, a low brick wall is built to protect safety. The top of the city wall is covered with a blue brick ridge, which scatters water at the nozzle under the parapet and discharges it to the city road through a brick sink.
City gates and city walls
Pingyao City has six ancient city gates, two in the east and two in the west. A bird's eye view of Pingyao ancient city looks like a turtle who just wants to move. The glans of the turtle is south and the tail is north, and the four gates of the east and west are compared to the four feet of the turtle. Therefore, it is called "turtle city" among the people. Outside the south gate, the ancient Zhongdu River winds through, which has aroused the feeling of ancient literati that "the water is playing in front of the turtle, the mountains and rivers are rising, and the city is used". The tortoise is a symbol of good luck and longevity. The theory of "turtle city" originated from the ancient people's worship of "four spirits", which means golden soup and long-term stability.
Pingyao is high in the south and low in the north, and its gates extend in all directions. People distinguish these six doors according to their orientation and topography, which are called South Gate, North Gate, Upper East Gate, Upper West Gate, Lower East Gate and Lower West Gate respectively. In fact, each has its own name. According to the thirty-seventh year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, The Records of Fenzhou County O was written: "In the third year of Qin Long, Yue Wei, the magistrate of a county, built a suspension bridge, erected brick doors and paved stones outside the six gates, and published the word" Records of Fenzhou County O "to show its majesty. Dongmen 2: One says mechanical mouth, the other says smooth mouth, which exists now. Simon II: One is biting the mouth, and the other is threatening the enemy. Qin Long six years, Mengyi Maicheng, magistrate of a county made of bricks, the provincial judge Liang Jizhi. In the twenty-second year of Wanli, the urn ring was removed, and the south gate was called Burning Mouth and the north gate was called Xirong. " In the Qing Dynasty, in an overhaul of the city wall thirty years after Daoguang, Liu Xu, a magistrate of a county, renamed six gates and personally collected plaques, namely Yingxun, Gong Ji, Taihe, Yongding, Qin and Han Dynasties and Fengyi. The south of the city faces the east, and the south gate welcomes the wind of harmonious fumigation in the southeast to "welcome the door of fumigation"; The ancients took the North Star as the symbol of the North, and Confucius said, "Governing the country by virtue is like the North Star in its place, and the stars are * * *." The north gate is called the "arch", which means that it is surrounded by all sides and everyone respects it. Shangdongmen is located in a vibrant position, which means "Taihe Gate", full of vitality and harmony. Shangximen is named "Yongdingmen", which means that the country will be forever solid, the country will be prosperous and the people will be safe. Xiadongmen has been the strategic pivot of the city since ancient times, and the word "pro-Han" on the door plaque is intended to warn people to "take advantage of Han militarily" and take it as their duty to protect the country and defend the country; The name of Xiaximen is called "Fengyimen", which seems to be influenced by the myth that there is a phoenix coming to the DPRK outside the West Gate in the early years. "Feng Lai Yi Qu", Feng Lai Yi Qu, good luck, people think of benefiting the people with virtue, the country and the people are safe.
The city wall is the defensive wall in the war, and the city gate is the weakness of the defense line. In order to strengthen the defense, a heavy gate was built outside the gate built with the city wall, forming another line of defense outside the inner gate. The enclosed space between the inner and outer doors is like a small town outside a big city. The "small town" is called "the urn". In wartime, the urn provided an excellent condition for soldiers guarding the city to detour with the enemy. Feng Shui masters used it to "ward off evil spirits", but the urn was enough to keep out the dust from the suburbs, which was very realistic. The Wengcheng system in China originated from the Han Dynasty. There is no textual research on when there was Wengcheng in this city. We only know that Xiadongmen Wengcheng was built in the fourth year of Ming Dynasty (1509), Beimen Wengcheng was built in the thirty-first year of Jiajing (1552) and the tower was updated in the forty-first year of Jiajing (1562). In the 42nd year of Kangxi (1703), the emperor traveled westward through Pingyao, so he rebuilt six pagodas. In forty-four years (1705), the main entrance of Shangdong Gate was repaired. From the 30th year of Daoguang (1850) to the 6th year of Xianfeng (1856), a comprehensive and large-scale city wall maintenance project was carried out and existing laws and regulations were created. Of the six ancient city doors, four are east and west, facing each other, and the heavy doors of the upper east gate, the upper west gate and the lower west gate all face south, facing the distant mountains and waters, which makes people "satisfied"; The central axis of the lower east gate is parallel to the central axis of the inner gate and faces the official road leading to Kyoto to show respect for the court. Although the heavy door of the south gate is not right with the inner gate, it still faces south according to the situation. The heavy door of the north gate is 90 degrees from the inner door, which opens eastward and bathes in the dawn of the east.
Tower: refers to the tower on the city wall, which is a symbol of "city". Its majestic appearance shows the grandeur of the city and the elegance of the nation. Pingyao Tower existed in the Ming Dynasty and was rebuilt in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. The south and north gate towers are seven purlins with three eaves and two floors, while the east and west gate towers are seven purlins with two eaves and two floors. In ancient or modern wars, brick and wooden towers are observation posts, headquarters for guarding generals and extremely important shooting positions. In modern security warfare, its role is not enough.
The unique and rich cultural heritage of China First Bank: Pingyao Ancient City has a history of more than 2,700 years since its establishment. In the long development process, a large number of cultural relics have been preserved, with high density and large span, which is known as the "China Ancient Architecture Treasure House". The numerous cultural remains of Pingyao ancient city not only represent the architectural forms, construction methods and material standards of ancient cities in China in different historical periods, but also reflect the artistic progress and aesthetic achievements of different ethnic groups and regions in ancient China.
Traditional cultural characteristics of the Han nationality: Pingyao Ancient City was built according to the traditional planning thought and architectural style of the Han nationality, which embodies the historical and cultural characteristics of the Han nationality around the century from 14 to 19, and has important reference value for studying the social form, economic structure, military defense, religious belief, traditional thought and ethical life form of human beings in this period.
Complete ancient residential community: Pingyao ancient city basically maintained its original pattern after being rebuilt in the third year of Hongwu (A.D. 1370), which can be verified by documents and objects. The key houses in Pingyao city are built between1840 ~1911. The layout of residential buildings is rigorous, the axis is clear, the left and right sides are symmetrical, the primary and secondary are clear, the outline is undulating, the appearance is closed, and the courtyard is deep. Exquisite wood carvings, brick carvings, stone carvings and paper-cut window grilles with strong local flavor are vivid and lifelike, which is by far the most intact ancient resident community in Han ethnic areas.
A city with developed finance: Pingyao is one of the famous birthplaces of Shanxi merchants in ancient China. In the 4th year of Qing Daoguang (A.D. 1824), Rishengchang, the prototype of China's first modern bank, was born in Pingyao. Three years later, Rishengchang has set up branches in several provinces in China. From 65438 to 1940s, its business further expanded to Japan, Singapore, Russia and other countries. At that time, driven by Rishengchang Bank, Pingyao banking developed rapidly. At its peak, there were as many as 22 banks here, which once became the center of China's financial industry, manipulating and controlling China's modern financial industry.
Lamp, The King's Mother, etc.