At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was a man named Wang in Macheng, Hubei Province, who retired from the Suzhou Scout Army and became a monk. His education level is not high, and his understanding of Taoism is limited. After he came to Mogao Grottoes on the way to almsgiving, he thought that the geomantic omen here was good, so he cleared several Buddhist caves in the northern part of the grottoes and set up Sanqing Taoist Temple. Wang has a glib tongue, and soon gathered a group of disciples to clean up the caves in the Mogao Grottoes with the money obtained from alms, and extensively cultivate merits.
At 1900, a Yang who worked in 16 cave. When resting, use Achnatherum splendens to light dry tobacco, and then insert the burnt straw stick into the wall, only to find that it can't be inserted. Knocking on the wall carefully seemed empty, so he secretly told Wang Daochang this discovery. That night, Daochang Wang led Yang out of the wall and found the Tibetan Sutra Cave in Cave 17. 17 is the wing of 16. Were all monks in charge of water control during the period of returning to the rebel army? A meditation place. After his death, he changed this place into his memorial hall (cinema). Note that Santong is the official name of the Rebel Army. During the period of Guiyijun, besides the Han people, many Tibetan monks stayed in Dunhuang. Zhang Yichao adopted a flexible policy in dealing with the relationship between Han and Tibetan nationalities, and set up a monk official position in the capital to manage monks. Hong? Wu, an ordinary surname, was a professor during the Tubo period and assisted Zhang Yichao in the uprising. In the second year of Dazhong (848), Zhang Yichao rose up in Dunhuang and overthrew the rule of Tubo in Hexi. Hong? With the prestige and status of the supreme leader of the Hexi Monk Corps, the monk soldiers rose up to cooperate with Zhang Yichao's rebel army to crusade against Tubo. In order to defeat Tubo as soon as possible, Hou Foucault was stationed in Zhang Yichao and Hong in Shazhou (now Dunhuang). That is, disciples Tang Wuzhen and others were sent to accompany the military government and make suggestions for it. It can be said that Zhang Yichao's military victory in Hexi region is related to Hong? The active support of the monk group is inseparable. After the victory of Guiyijun, Hong? He was named a Buddhist monk in the west of Hexi, sacrificed to Dade at altars inside and outside the capital, and was the leader of the three schools of political science and law of Shazhou monks, and was given purple clothes. Hong? Praying for the Guiyi Army and seeking peace for the people have won the universal respect of the people in Hexi, and the Guiyi Army regime is devoutly enshrined. Hong? During this period, another big Buddha cave was opened, which is the 16 cave in the Mogao grottoes in Dunhuang today, also known as the monk boy cave. Yi Chan Room, Cave 17, is located on the north wall of the tunnel. Cave 17 is a flood? The cinema is also a world-famous cave of Tibetan scriptures. Xian Tong three years (862), Hong? Disciple Wu Zhen and others suddenly entered the Tao and made their statues in the meditation room before his death in order to mourn from time to time. Hong? This statue still exists today. Hong? Sitting on a rectangular meditation bed, my body is calm and my expression is awe-inspiring. Hong? A bodhi tree was painted on the north wall behind the statue, with water bottles hanging on its branches and slung sideways. On the left of the tree is a bhikshuni with a fan, and on the right is a maid with a staff. Murals and floods? Colorful statues are perfectly combined. Two walls are embedded in the five-year flood-fighting monument. At a certain stage of 1 1 century, I don't know who filled the cave 17 with Buddhist scriptures, silk paintings, documents and so on. And then close the cave, decorate it with murals, and completely hide the cave 17. Until it was discovered, these written materials were well preserved for 900 years. These historical materials are very valuable, enabling people to comprehensively study the social state at that time.
The above contents are consistent, and there is no objection. After that, the key points recorded in different places are slightly different, which just allows us to fully understand this matter from all aspects.
Baidu's "Tibetan Sutra Cave" entry:
Dunhuang was an important town of the Silk Road in China during the Han and Tang Dynasties. On May 26th, 26th year of Guangxu reign (1June 22nd, 900), Taoist King hired Yang Guo, a poor man from Dunhuang, to clean Cave 16, and found a secret room behind the wall, which was filled with various Buddhist scriptures and other cultural relics, totaling about 50,000 pieces. Buddhist books account for about 90% of Dunhuang Chinese literature. 1907, Stein came to Dunhuang for the first time, and took away more than 600 volumes from the Tibetan Sutra Cave, filled with five boxes. 19 10, the Qing court ordered the remaining Dunhuang documents to be transported to Beijing for preservation. 19 14, Stein came to Dunhuang again and bought more than 570 manuscripts and paintings from the Taoist king's collection.
The Tibetan Sutra Cave was discovered by Taoist Wang, the head of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, on May 26th, Guangxu, Qing Dynasty. There are more than 50,000 pieces of historical characters, silk paintings, embroidery and other cultural relics from the 4th century to the 65438+4th century. These precious documents record many languages, including Chinese, Tibetan, Sanskrit, Kucha, Sogdian, Turkic, Uygur, Kangju and so on. It is simply an ancient museum with rich contents. When Stan first came to the Mogao Grottoes in 1907, the Taoist King had already spent another seven spring and autumn periods in the Tibetan Sutra Cave. During these seven years, except for some books taken away by officials, Taoist Wang kept a close watch on the Tibetan Sutra Cave, and almost no paper was lost. Stein tried many ways to get close to Taoist Wang in order to see the Tibetan Sutra Cave he had been looking forward to day and night, but Taoist Wang avoided it, leaving Stein helpless. Later, when he learned that Taoist Wang admired Tang Xuanzang very much, he dressed himself as a disciple of Tang Xuanzang and deceived Wang (Taoist Wang), saying that he came along the road of Tang Xuanzang's learning from the West. This move is very clever, because religious beliefs convey their thoughts. The difference is that the Taoist King is a sincere believer, while Stan is obviously just trying to deceive the Tibetan scriptures.
According to the analysis, the Taoist King sold the scriptures to Stan for three reasons. First, in the past seven years, he turned to the government for help many times and reported it step by step, but no one asked, which made him disheartened. Second, in order to realize his ambition, he cleaned the cave, built three floors and set up a wooden bridge. Thirdly, Tang Xuanzang communicated their thoughts, and Stein's spirit of pursuing career moved him. Therefore, although his thoughts are extremely contradictory and he is extremely unwilling for foreigners to take these cultural relics away, he has to give in under helpless circumstances. It stands to reason that Stein's departure should attract the attention of Chinese people, especially the official attention. However, China officials don't care. The official attitude made Wang Daochang feel more at ease about selling the cultural relics in the Tibetan Sutra Cave at will. Pelliot, a French sinologist, came to Mogao Grottoes in 1908 and sold more than 6,400 manuscripts of Taoist Wang. Because pelliot is proficient in Chinese, the papers he chose are more valuable. When Peliot transported these cultural relics to France, he framed some of his papers in Beijing and exhibited them in the Six Kingdoms Hotel. 19 14, Stein came to Dunhuang again and bought more than 620 volumes from Taoist Wang, filled with five boxes. During this period, Japan's Lihua Drunken, Yoshikawa Koichiro, Russia's Odenburg, and the United States' Warner bought different quantities of scriptures from the Mogao Grottoes. These people have never been restricted from doing so.
Baidu "Wang" entry:
Wang (about 1850 ~ 193 1) was born in Macheng, Hubei. I was born in Shaanxi, and I was forced to go out to make a living because of famine in my hometown for years, and I lived in Jiuquan. During this period, people called him Taoist Wang. Traveling to Dunhuang, I climbed Sanxian Mountain and found the holy land of Mogao Grottoes. I was deeply moved and shouted: "The western paradise is in Hu Si." So he stayed here for a long time and devoted the rest of his life.
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The king's tomb covers an extremely wide area, with a white tower in the middle and a square short column around it, which emits cold light in the moonlight. The king's dharma body is hidden in the white tower. He is a Taoist, but he devoted his life to guarding a Buddhist cave. He opened the most important door of Dunhuang culture, but he had no choice but to sell China treasures to foreign thieves at low prices. The loss of cultural relics in post-Dunhuang should not be attributed to any individual, which is a mockery of China by history.
The time for Taoist Wang to enter the Mogao Grottoes is about 1892. At that time, he was nearly 40 years old, and he saw that the sacred cave was deserted, broken and severely damaged by natural and man-made disasters. A strong sense of mission made him consciously and voluntarily undertake the important task of "patron saint". He ran around trying to persuade him to raise money and save it to clean up the accumulated sand in the cave. It took nearly two years to clean up the accumulated sand in Cave 16 alone. On May 26th, 26th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1June 22nd, 900), Wang unveiled the secret of the Tibetan Sutra Cave. The epitaph of Taoist King reads: "There is a hole in the sand wall, which seems to have light. When the wall was broken, there was a small hole that suddenly opened. There are thousands of books of Tang Scriptures and many antiques in it. Those who see it are mostly strange things, and those who smell it are sacred things. "
After the discovery of the Tibetan Sutra Cave, Taoist Wang did his best and did everything that should be done. First, I walked 50 miles on foot and rushed to the county seat to find Yan Ze, the magistrate of Dunhuang County, and presented two volumes of scriptures taken out of the Tibetan Sutra Cave. The purpose of the Taoist king is clear, that is, to attract the attention of this official. It's a pity that the magistrate named Yan is ignorant and only treats these two volumes of scriptures as two yellow waste papers. 1902, the new magistrate Zonghan Wang came to Dunhuang. Wang Zhi Xian is a scholar who is proficient in epigraphy. Taoist Wang reported the situation of the Tibetan Sutra Cave to Wang Zhifu. Wang Zhi Xian immediately took a group of people to visit the Mogao Grottoes, and conveniently picked up several volumes of scriptures to take away. Leave a message for Wang Daochang to stay at the scene to see the Tibetan Sutra Cave. Looking for Wang magistrate of a county twice failed, but he was still unwilling. So, he picked two boxes of scriptures from the cave of Tibetan scriptures and drove the donkey to Suzhou (Jiuquan). He camped out in the wind, single-handedly, and at the risk of gorging, he trudged more than 800 miles to reach his destination and found the pavilions at that time. The proprietor of the court browsed it and finally came to the conclusion that the words on the scroll were not as good as his calligraphy, so be it.
..... Stein used this despicable means twice to defraud a large number of Dunhuang cultural relics.
When Stein publicized Dunhuang cultural relics to the whole world, the officials of the dynasty realized its important value, but they did not consider how to protect it, but tried to steal it for themselves. As a result, theft became common for a time, and Dunhuang documents were seriously lost, which was the biggest disaster since Dunhuang documents were discovered. 19 10 The Qing government decided to transport all the existing Dunhuang documents to Beijing for preservation. Almost everywhere was stolen during the transportation.
Baidu "Stan" entry:
Marc aurel stein, abbreviated as stein, has also been found in the literature as "Steiner" and "Steiner Capsule". Originally from Hungary, he was a Jew and became a British citizen in 1904. World famous archaeologist, art historian, linguist, geographer and explorer, and one of the founders of international Dunhuang studies. He is the main collector of cultural relics in Dunhuang and Central Asia in Britain and India, and one of the earliest researchers and publishers. Many of his works are still necessary books for researchers of Dunhuang studies and Turpan studies. In 1900- 190 1 year, 1906- 1908,1913-19/year respectively.
..... Stein's position in western academic circles is extremely high, and the contemporary historian Owen Lattimore is famous for it. He is the greatest figure of his contemporaries, a scholar, explorer, archaeologist and geographer. However, in China, Stein has long been called a "robber", but his academic contributions are rarely mentioned. During his visit to Central Asia, Stein excavated and robbed a large number of precious cultural relics from Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia and other places in China. However, due to his blind excavation, many cultural relics originally preserved in quicksand were destroyed. His behavior seriously hurt the feelings of the Chinese nation.
From Stein's Archaeological Records of the Western Regions;
..... Not long after I arrived in Dunhuang, I heard that ... this kind of object deserves serious study.
When he came back in May, Wang Daochang was already waiting there. He seems to be a strange man, extremely cunning and alert. He didn't know what he kept, and he was full of fear of God's companions, so he knew this man was difficult to understand as soon as he saw him. ..... I used all my money to seduce him with his temple, which was not enough to overcome his feelings for religion ... I couldn't help being moved by this humble Taoist's persistence in religion and his achievements in revitalizing the temple. From what I have seen and heard, he has raised money everywhere in recent years, and his hard-earned money has been spent on this matter. As for him and his two apprentices, he hardly wasted a penny.
..... Wang Daochang knew nothing about the knowledge handed down from China, and it was useless for me to tell him about my academic interest. ..... Although Taoist Wang is vulgar and ignorant of Buddhism, his warm praise to Tang Priest is just like what I am to other things. ..... I used my limited Chinese to tell the Taoist about my worship of Xuanzang and how I followed his footsteps across mountains and deserts from India, which obviously moved him.
Finally, Wang Daochang was moved by my words, and promised to quietly bring several volumes of Chinese manuscript paper hidden in the secret room to my enthusiastic assistant at night for our study. ..... We will carefully study several volumes of written books and prove that they are several China Buddhist scriptures, originally from India, but after Xuanzang converted to Brahma. ...
Under the influence of this semi-monotheism, the courage of Taoist priests has greatly increased.
..... The most important job at that time was to get rid of Taoist Wang's fear of leaving messages. I told him carefully that I would donate a sum of merit money to the temple in the future. However, on the one hand, he is afraid that his reputation will be destroyed, on the other hand, he is moved by the benefits he gets from it, so he seems to wander between the two. In the end, we succeeded, which is attributed to Master Jiang's inculcation and my sincere belief in Buddhist legends and Xuanzang.
..... Finally, he got a lot of horseshoe silver, and he was very satisfied with his honest conscience and the interests of the temple he loved, which was enough to see our fair deal.
19 14, I led the third expedition to Dunhuang. It is reported that I learned about the painful special circumstances when the Beijing Order was implemented. ..... All the collectibles were packed in a hurry and taken away by taxi. Many people stole a taxi when it stopped at the Dunhuang yamen. ..... Therefore, it is doubtful how much was transported to Beijing. ..... When it comes to the damage caused by the government's handling of his precious Chinese test paper, he regrets that he didn't have the courage and insight at that time. He took Mr. Jiang's advice, accepted a large sum of money from me and gave me all the books.