Some scholars abroad have calculated the ecological value of trees: the cumulative value of a 50-year-old tree is about196,000 USD.
Whether this calculation is accurate or not is obvious from the practical value of trees. A tree can produce 200 kilograms of pulp. If these pulps are to produce toilet paper, there must be at least 750 rolls100g of toilet paper.
In the city, a tree can store the pollutants emitted by a car driving for one year 16 km. Many trees can absorb harmful gases, such as 1 hectare Cryptomeria fortunei forest, and can absorb 60 kilograms of sulfur dioxide every day. Others, such as Ailanthus altissima, oleander, Ginkgo biloba, Sycamore, etc., all have the function of absorbing sulfur dioxide.
When the urban green area reaches more than 50%, the pollutants in the atmosphere can be effectively controlled. Urban forests can increase air humidity, and an adult tree can evaporate 400 kilograms of water a day, so the air humidity in forests is obviously increased.
According to calculation, the local summer temperature can be reduced by 0. 1% for every increase in urban green area. Urban forest belts and hedges can reduce noise.
A 30-meter-wide forest belt can reduce noise by 6-8 decibels. There are 3.5 bacteria per cubic meter of air in forest areas, while there are 34,000 densely populated cities lacking greening.
Urban streets with trees contain about 80% less bacteria than urban streets without trees. Urban shelterbelt can slow down the wind speed, and its effective range is less than 40 times of the tree height, and the best effect is in the range of 10~20 times, which can reduce the wind speed by 50%.
In farmland forest network, wind speed usually slows down by 30%~40%, relative humidity increases by 5%~ 15%, and soil water content increases by 10%~20%. According to the measurement, the canopy can intercept about 20% precipitation, which greatly weakens the influence of raindrops. As long as there is litter with a thickness of 1 cm on the surface, the surface runoff can be reduced to less than 1/4 of the bare land, and the sediment can be reduced to less than 7% of the bare land.
Compared with bare land, a hectare of woodland can store at least 3000 cubic meters more water. The storage capacity of 1 10,000 mu of forest is equivalent to a reservoir with storage capacity of 1 10,000 cubic meters, and the construction of such a reservoir requires an investment of more than10,000 million yuan.
Some experts predict that if forests are lost on the earth, about 4.5 million biological species will cease to exist, 90% of fresh water on land will flow into the sea in vain, and human beings will face serious water shortage. The loss of forests will increase the wind speed in many areas by 60%~80%, and hundreds of millions of people will be killed by wind disasters.
2. Knowledge of landscape design
Now the landscape is divided into directions, including landscape planning, landscape architecture and garden landscape. If you like plants, it is scenery.
If you study landscape, landscape design is one part, and plant configuration is another part.
In landscape design, there are certain requirements for hand-drawing, drawing plane, section and elevation. And the design is required to have a sense of space, so a certain art foundation is needed.
Plant configuration is the familiarity with plant species, crown width and flowering period.
As for what books, if you want to know the history, it is the history of western gardens. China gardens are illustrations of China gardens, and there are too many books on plants.
3. Who knows about gardens?
Seed bulbs only refer to the reproductive matrix of a certain plant, and you may want to seed bulbs.
Garden application:
Bulb flowers are rich in species, colorful, long in flowering period, easy to cultivate and adaptable, and are ideal plant materials in garden layout. Tulips in Holland, hyacinthus orientalis, Lilium longiflorum in Japan, Narcissus and Lily in China, etc. It is famous all over the world. Bulb flowers are often used in flower beds, flower borders, rock gardens, foundation planting, ground cover, beautifying water surface (aquatic bulb flowers) and decorating lawns. Most of them are important cut flowers, which are produced in large quantities every year, such as gladiolus, tulip, freesia, lily and tuberose. Can also be potted, such as cyclamen, Erythrina macrophylla, narcissus, Dahlia, Zhu Dinghong, begonia bulbifera, etc. In addition, some bulbs can extract essence, food and medicine. Therefore, the application of bulbous flowers is worthy of attention, especially the bulbous flowers native to China, such as Lily Wang, Iris, Fritillaria, Lycoris radiata, etc., which should be mainly developed and applied.
Bulbous flowers refer to perennial herbaceous flowers with spherical roots or enlarged underground stems. According to the morphological structure of underground stems or roots, bulbous flowers can generally be divided into the following five categories:
First, the light bulb. Underground stems are deformed by fleshy leaves, that is, scales, which are born on the stem plate. Axillary buds occur on the scales on the stem plate and grow into new bulbs. Bulbs can be divided into two types: skinned bulbs and skinless bulbs. Bulbs with skins include daffodils, tulips, Zhu Dinghong, hyacinthus orientalis, Osmunda japonica and Pogostemon rugosa, and bulbs without skins include lilies.
Second, the light bulb. The underground stem is spherical or oblate, with obvious annular stem nodes, lateral buds on the nodes, outer membrane sheaths and developed terminal buds. Fine roots are born at the base of the ball, and thick traction roots occur before and after flowering, which can not only support the above-ground parts, but also keep the new ball born on the mother ball from exposing the ground. This bulbous flower includes gladiolus, freesia, Spanish iris, etc.
Third, tubers. Underground stems are massive, irregular in shape, and have no annular joints on the surface. The root system originates from the bottom of tuber and has several germination points at the top. This kind of bulbous flowers include Pulsatilla chinensis, taro, calla lily, cyclamen persicum, Erythrina, begonia bulbifera, buttercup and so on.
Fourth, the rhizome. Underground stems are rootlike with obvious nodes and internodes. There are small and degenerated scales on nodes, axillary buds in leaf axils, especially more lateral buds at the top of rhizomes, which develop into overground branches and produce adventitious roots. This kind of bulbous flowers include canna, lotus, ginger flower, water lily and Hosta.
Fifth, the root class. The underground taproot is huge. Dormant buds are planted near the root neck, from which new buds germinate. After the new roots are elongated, most new tuberous roots are formed at the lower part. When the ramet is propagated, the root neck at the end of the root tuber must be attached. This kind of bulbous flower includes Dahlia and so on.
Conventional seedlings refer to the original seedlings or widely used seedlings of a certain plant.
Special seedling refers to a kind of seedling that changes the characteristics of the original plant by means of artificial hybridization, genetic modification and mutation, and there are also natural varieties in nature. Generally, it is used for new product development or comparative cultivation with conventional seedlings.
Artificial or natural?
4. Learn the basic knowledge of landscape design
It is also very complicated to learn (as long as you can draw and write). The meaning, furnishings, setting and planning of landscape design "setting"; The meaning, strategy and strategy of "scheming".
Landscape design is a process of using landscape art and engineering technology to create a beautiful natural environment, living and entertainment environment by transforming the terrain (or further building mountains, stacking rocks and managing water), planting flowers and trees, building buildings and arranging garden roads within a certain geographical scope. Landscape design involves a wide range of knowledge, including literature, art, biology, ecology, engineering, architecture and many other fields. At the same time, it is required to integrate the knowledge of various disciplines into landscape art.
Therefore, landscape design is a subject that studies how to deal with the complex relationship between nature, architecture and human activities through artistic and technical means, so as to achieve a harmonious, perfect, ecologically sound and picturesque realm. The research contents of landscape design course include landscape design principles, landscape design layout, landscape design procedures, landscape design drawings and explanations.
This course also includes the design of comprehensive parks, botanical gardens, zoos, forest parks, scenic spots and scenic spots. The ultimate goal of landscape design is to create a picturesque, comfortable, healthy and civilized leisure environment.
On the one hand, gardens are space arts that reflect social ideology, and gardens should meet the needs of people's spiritual civilization; On the other hand, gardens are the material welfare of society and the scene of real life. Therefore, it is necessary to meet the needs of people's material civilization for good rest and entertainment. The principle of garden design is to design with high starting point and high standard, and to create an ultra-high-grade home living environment.
1, emphasizing the interactive relationship between design and service awareness, we hope that applause will come from the trust and satisfaction of users. 2. The duty of design is to create characteristics, just as everyone expresses his unique personality through his appearance, handwriting or way of speaking, so does garden landscape.
3. Pay attention to the study of regional humanities and natural characteristics, and take it as the source of landscape form or language and content innovation. 4. The comfort of environment and people depends on the balance of diversity and unity. The demand of humanization brings the diversity of landscape and the difference of spatial personalization, but they are not completely isolated. They should be integrated into the overall order of the landscape as much as possible when designing.
Eight Taboos in Garden Design: 1. Don't pursue high-grade, luxurious, far away from nature and go against nature. Second, do not blindly imitate, copy, lack of personality.
Third, avoid the lack of humanistic care and ignore people's needs. Fourth, avoid focusing only on visual grandeur, style, nobility and grand formal beauty, regardless of project investment and future management costs.
Fifth, avoid ignoring the harmony and unity with the local environment and destroying the overall ecological environment. Sixth, avoid the random configuration of garden plants.
7. Avoid paying attention to only one plant and ignoring the diversity of garden plant configuration. Eight, avoid only indicating the types of garden plants, not clear about the specific varieties and specifications.
[Edit this paragraph] The concept of garden design is closely related to China traditional culture, which embodies the spiritual connotation of harmonious coexistence between man and nature in traditional culture and expresses the meaning of harmonious coexistence between man and nature. Taking Suzhou Gardens as the representative, the garden design pays attention to various skills, and the overall concept is consistent, that is, the harmony between man and the environment.
In this concept, China traditional culture has a special knowledge to study, namely "Feng Shui". Because of modern radical cultural concepts, modern people abandon the traditional "Feng Shui".
Although Feng Shui has a lot of dross, it also retains a lot of useful content. We should look at the problem from a dialectical perspective, rather than blindly denying it. [Edit this paragraph] Zhao is a master of landscape design in China and an outstanding master of landscape design in China. Because of his unique and outstanding views in the fields of landscape design, landscaping and other architectural arts, he is called the China native who has the most thorough understanding of plant nature after Li Shizhen. 200 1 was hired as an honorary professor by Taiwan Province Provincial University, and was hired as a visiting professor by Princeton University in the United States in 2006, and was praised as the first person in China's landscape geomantic omen.
China's urban construction and environmental construction are advancing at an unprecedented high speed, and the upsurge of landscape design has appeared all over the country. With the pace of reform and opening up, garden construction has become an important part of urban construction.
The demand for landscape designers is increasing. At present, there are tens of thousands of designers engaged in landscape design, mainly distributed in major cities in China, especially Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin and Chongqing.
The work field of landscape designers involves many elements of environmental landscape construction, which requires employees to have good working quality. Its professional core is landscape and landscape architecture planning and design, and its professional knowledge includes urban planning, ecology, environmental art, architecture, landscape engineering, botany and so on.
For a long time, landscape design has been included in many professional designs, such as planning design, architectural design, landscape design, etc., and the qualifications of personnel engaged in landscape design are uneven, which affects the improvement of landscape construction quality. Standardizing the professional standards of landscape design will promote the development of landscape construction in China, shorten the gap between urban construction in China and international urban construction, and enhance the starting point of international exchange of Chinese designers.
Landscape architects can adapt to a wide range of employment fields and participate in the whole process of landscape construction. Landscape Design | Working Mode Domain (1) Urban and regional planning: that is, regional landscape design is to comb and design its water system, mountains, green space system and transportation on a regional scale of one million square kilometers; (2) Urban design: the city needs people to design, and its public space, open space, green space and water system define the form of the city; (3) Planning of scenic spots: including the planning and design of scenic spots, natural sites and historical and cultural heritage sites; (4) Urban and regional ecological infrastructure planning: Nature, such as wetlands and forests, people also need to design them; (5) Planning and design of comprehensive real estate development projects; (6) Design of campus, science park and park; (7) Planning and design of gardens, parks and green space systems; .
5. Greening tips
Small knowledge of urban greening
Do you know what urban greening is? What are the tips for urban greening? Let's see:
Planting trees, grass and flowers in the city, covering or decorating a certain ground (space), this is urban greening.
Urban greening is an activity of planting plants to improve the urban environment. As a reducing organization in urban ecosystem, urban greening has the ability to recover from external interference and destruction, which is the so-called reducing function of urban ecosystem. The restoration function of urban ecosystem is mainly due to the function of greening urban ecological environment. The study of urban greening ecological environment is to make full use of urban greening ecological environment, make urban ecosystem have restoration function and improve the living environment quality of urban residents.
The main purpose of urban greening is to maintain ecological balance, improve the environment, beautify the city and provide places for people to rest and visit.
L the goal of urban greening planning in China is
By the end of this century, all the places that can be afforested in the city should be afforested, so that "the loess is not open in the air"; * * * The per capita green area reaches 7- 1 1 square meter. The green space in the newly-built area shall not be less than 30% of the total land area; The green land area in the old city reconstruction area should be no less than 25% of the total land area.
L what is the urban green coverage rate?
The percentage of the total area of urban garden green space to the total area of urban land. Known as urban greening coverage rate, it is the main index to measure the greening level of a city.
The three provincial capitals with high green coverage rate in China are Nanjing, Jiangsu Province (38%), Zhengzhou, Henan Province (35.25%) and Changchun, Jilin Province (32%).
L urban garden green space is divided into the following five categories
(1) Public green space refers to all kinds of parks, zoos, botanical gardens, cemeteries, small gardens and street squares for people to enjoy.
(2) Special green space (also called attached green space): refers to the green space in factories, institutions, schools, hospitals, military units and residential areas.
(3) Production green space: refers to nurseries, flower beds and grass beds that provide seedlings, flowers and seeds for urban garden green space.
(4) Protective green space: refers to the green space with isolated, sanitary and safe protective forest belts in the city. (5) Attractions in urban suburbs.