History of Nature Conservation/KLOC-In the 8th century, due to the development of agriculture and animal husbandry in Europe, virgin forests decreased, and at the same time, due to the influence of industrial revolution, the destruction of nature accelerated. This urges people to take the form of protected areas to protect nature. 1872, the United States established Yellowstone National Park, which turned the vast and primitive area of Yellowstone National Park into a national park and will be preserved forever. Subsequently, various countries in the world have established various forms of nature reserves. 1900, the European and African animal protection conference was held. The first international nature conservation institution was established in Bern, Switzerland. 1928, the international nature conservation office was established in Brussels. 1948, UNESCO and the French government initiated a meeting to discuss global environmental protection issues and established the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The organization changed its name to "International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources" on 1956. 1972, the United Nations conference on the human environment was held in Stockholm, attended by representatives of 1 14 countries, and adopted the Declaration on the Human Environment and the Action Plan.
The necessity of nature protection The survival and development of human beings need a good natural environment and rich natural resources. The natural environment refers to the sum of various natural factors that interact with human beings and human society in the objective material world, mainly including atmosphere, water, soil, biology, minerals, sunlight and so on. Natural resources are substances that human beings can use for life and production in the natural environment, which can be divided into three categories: one is inexhaustible, such as solar energy and wind power; Second, it is renewable, such as biology, water and soil; Third, it is non-renewable, such as various minerals. With the development and improvement of human productivity, the part of natural resources that can be used by human beings continues to expand. For example, a mineral often coexists with other minerals. With the development of mineral processing and smelting technology, primary minerals are no longer waste residues discharged into the environment, but are recycled into the social production process and become new natural resources. These resources, especially renewable resources, will not only pollute the atmosphere, water and soil, destroy the ecological balance and natural environment, but also exhaust the natural resources themselves, seriously affecting human survival and social development. Therefore, while developing and utilizing natural resources, human beings must protect and manage nature.
The establishment of nature reserves refers to taking effective measures to protect natural complexes or natural resources and other specific single, multiple or whole objects within a certain range of land or water, which is an important content of nature protection work.
Water resources protect rivers, lakes, swamps, reservoirs, glaciers, oceans and other "surface water bodies". Due to the irradiation of the sun, water evaporates in the air and condenses into rain and falls to the ground. Part of it seeps into the ground, and most of it flows into rivers and oceans. The total amount of water resources on the earth is about1400 million cubic kilometers, but only a small part of the water resources are really available. Most of China is a monsoon climate zone, and rainfall is mostly concentrated in summer. After the rainy season, the flow of many rivers decreases rapidly. North China and northwest China are in arid and semi-arid climate zones, and water shortage is particularly serious. Therefore, protecting water resources and preventing water pollution are very important.
To protect water resources, we must effectively control water pollution, so we must vigorously reduce the wastewater discharge from pollution sources and the concentration of harmful substances in wastewater. The effective measures are as follows: ① reform the production technology and equipment, and use less or no water; Use less or no pollution-prone raw materials to reduce the treatment burden. (2) Properly handle industrial wastewater and domestic sewage, and put an end to any discharge. (3) Reclaiming urban sewage for agriculture, fishery and urban construction, saving fresh water and alleviating the contradiction between industry and agriculture and urban water competition. ④ Strengthen the monitoring and management of water bodies and their pollution sources, and gradually reduce and control water pollution.
Land Resources Protection Land is the place where human beings live and produce, and it is a highly integrated natural economic system composed of many factors such as geology, landform, climate, vegetation, soil, hydrology and human activities. Two-thirds of China's land is mountainous, and 1/3 is flat, while cultivated land accounts for only 10.4%, about 1 10,000 square kilometers, and industry, transportation and towns account for 6.9%, about 670,000 square kilometers. Therefore, from the perspective of ecological balance, controlling population growth and strictly limiting the occupation of cultivated land are closely related to nature protection.
The fundamental measure to protect land resources is afforestation, and the developed and utilized land resources should be irrigated and cultivated reasonably. Seawall is a shallow beach on the coastal silting plain, which can provide cultivated land for agriculture, farm land for aquaculture, salt production and tidal energy for power generation. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive investigation and study on the seashore resources, make overall arrangements, make overall plans, and rationally develop and utilize the seashore.
Biological resources shelter forest is a green plant group composed of trees, shrubs and herbs. According to the natural growth law of the forest, it should be developed and utilized rationally in a planned way, and attention should be paid to preventing forest fires and preventing pests and diseases. Grassland is herbaceous vegetation. According to grassland productivity, reasonably determine the stocking capacity to prevent overgrazing. In desertification areas, enclosure and artificial replanting should be combined. Comprehensive technical measures such as fencing, irrigation, fertilization, chemical weeding, rodent control and rotational grazing are adopted to improve the yield and quality of grassland forage. Some primitive grasslands, grasslands with special vegetation types and grasslands inhabited by rare animals can be classified as grassland nature reserves. In the protection of wild animal and plant resources, it is necessary to carry out a general survey of resources, establish nature reserves and game reserves, set a hunting ban period, establish a species bank, preserve and breed species, and carry out scientific research on artificial introduction and domestication.
Law and economics of nature conservation. Human efforts to protect nature are inseparable from the understanding of natural values. When people's understanding of the value of nature is low, or when nature is slightly polluted or destroyed, the scale of nature protection activities is also small. With the improvement of people's understanding of natural value and the exhaustion of natural resources, people realize that it is necessary to establish an administrative agency for nature protection, make correct predictions in time and put forward effective preventive measures according to reliable and systematic information. At the same time, in order to effectively protect and manage nature, it is necessary to formulate corresponding laws. For example, Germany enacted a law to protect beautiful scenery in 1902 and a law to protect nature in 1935. Japan enacted the Law on the Protection of Historical Sites and Natural Sites in 19 19 (in the concept of historical sites and natural sites, Japan also includes artificial structures, raised animals and cultivated plants); 193 1 promulgated the National Parks Law, and also promulgated the Hunting Law on Birds and Animals Protected Areas, the Natural Environment Protection Law on Regional Environmental Protection, the Forest Law on Forest Protection and the Academic Reference Forest Protection System.
Environmental economics should also study the development and utilization of natural resources. In addition to studying some problems in economic development, such as the needs of social production, the possibility of technology, the level of cost, etc., we must also study the form, scale and speed of development and utilization that are most conducive to nature protection and environmental protection.
The History and Present Situation of Nature Protection in China The people of China have long noticed the relationship between the utilization of natural resources and the protection of nature. "Yi Zhou Shu Da Zhang" recorded the legendary Dayu's statement: "In March of spring, the mountains don't climb axes, but grow vegetation. In Xia San, Kawasawa did not get into the net, so he became a fish turtle. " Xunzi pointed out the importance of protecting natural resources, ensuring that "each animal has its own place, each animal has its own strengths, and each animal has its own life", and put forward protective measures: "When the vegetation is lush, the axe does not go into the mountains, but keeps growing." Fish and tortoise? If you are pregnant, the poison of the net will not enter Ze, and you will never die. It is recorded in the Book of Rites: "Lu Linchuan Ze has to keep pace with the times." "From time to time, the grain is not ripe, and the market is not porridge; Don't cut wood, don't porridge in the market; Animals, fish and turtles are not killed, and it is not porridge in the market. "For the sake of" many animals in the mountains "and" many fish and turtles ",there is official management, and Chuanheng grasps the Kawasawa ban and manages aquatic products; Tracers have mastered the law of hunting in the garden. In Wang Fuzhi's Nightmare in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties, it is recorded: "There are so-called' forbidden mountains' in a land with a vast territory and a sparse population, such as Lu 'an and Huo Ying, which meet your Huang Zhi, the west of Nanzhang, the south of Baihe, the east of Kuifu, and the north of Xichuan and Neixiang. "It shows that the eastern end of Qinling Mountain, Wushan Mountain, Jingshan Mountain, Wudang Mountain, Tongbai Mountain, Dabie Mountain and Huoshan Mountain were all listed as' forbidden mountains' in the17th century. In addition, there are "Feng Shui Mountain", "Feng Shui Forest" and "Deep Forest" in many places. Although they have the color of feudal superstition, they have played a role in protecting natural resources and maintaining forest vegetation.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Seventh National Forestry Conference in 1956 adopted the Measures for Hunting Management (Draft). In the same year, in the national science and technology planning, nature reserves and nature reserves were listed as the contents of basic research. 1957 formulated the Provisional Outline of Soil and Water Conservation in People's Republic of China (PRC). 1962 the State Council issued the directive on active protection and rational utilization of wildlife resources. The Regulations on Forest Protection was promulgated on 1963. 1979 "People's Republic of China (PRC) forest law (for trial implementation)", "regulations on the protection of aquaculture" and "People's Republic of China (PRC) environmental protection law (for trial implementation)" were promulgated. 1On March 5, 1980, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the "Instructions on Vigorously Developing Afforestation" again, and the people of the whole country launched a large-scale nationwide afforestation activity.
Since 1979, the State Council, relevant departments and some provinces and cities have successively set up nature conservation management institutions. From 1979 to 1980, China has successively participated in the World Wildlife Fund, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. 1On March 5th, 980, the Outline of World Natural Resources Protection was published in Beijing at the same time as other capitals in the world. 65438-0979, China signed the Cooperation Agreement for the Protection of Wild Animals with the World Wildlife Fund. . com/Huang Jing/0 14 . htm
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