First, the examination scope:
Famous writers and articles in Chinese textbooks1~12; Content in text links and information kits; "Accumulate over a long period" and other related contents in the unit expansion; In addition, there are some extracurricular activities, such as four classical novels and some famous works at home and abroad, which are the focus of the exam.
Second, how to review:
The knowledge points of literary common sense are scattered and unsystematic, and it is difficult to review. We need to accumulate more and recite more in peacetime.
1, collect and sort out: collect and sort out the contents within the examination scope into a book, so as to facilitate your timely study and review.
2, clever memory: using homophones, prefixes, associations, jingles and other methods to remember, no matter good or bad, are suitable for you!
3. Consolidate review: There are many and scattered knowledge points. Don't expect to remember them all at once and review them in time. It is suggested to make a plan, such as how much to write every week, how much to finish every month, how often to review, etc.
Third, the four classic novels:
The four classical novels are the focus of the exam. Students are advised to see for themselves if they have time. The youth edition is good, and students who have the conditions can try the original.
It is required to master and remember the time, author, main content and main characters (including character characteristics, character evaluation and main events) of the original work during the examination.
(1) The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, China's first chapter-by-chapter novel.
1, by:
The author is _ _ _ _ (Dynasty) _ _ _ _ _. As well as Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms in the Yuan Dynasty and some folklore. At present, the earliest edition is Ming Jiajing edition, which is divided into 24 volumes and 240 articles. In the early Qing Dynasty, Mao Zonggang and his son made some modifications and became the most common transcript of 120. (answer; Luo Guanzhong in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties)
2. Main characters: _ _ _ _ _ _
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms created nearly 2,000 characters, among which Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, Guan Yu and Liu Bei were the most successful.
Zhuge Liang: the incarnation of the "saint" in the author's mind. He is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
A: I did my best, and after I died, I had a wonderful idea: "Borrow an arrow from a straw boat" and "Kong Zhiming retired Sima Yi".
Cao Cao is a treacherous man, and his life creed is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. Answer: I would rather teach me to be negative to the whole world than to teach the whole world to be negative to me.
Guan Yu: Brave and resolute, _ _ _ _ _ _, going through five customs and beheading six generals, going to the meeting with one knife; But he also _ _ _ _ _ _, and finally "defeated Maicheng".
(answer: righteousness is as heavy as a mountain, arrogance)
Liu Bei is portrayed by the author as a typical example of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. He "visited the cottage" and finally invited Zhuge Liang to assist him. (answer: caring for people, loving things, being polite and virtuous, knowing people and being good at their duties)
3. Major events: _ _ _ _ _ _
Taoyuan three knot righteousness, burning red cliff, grass boat borrowing arrows, Kong Ming borrowing east wind, Guan Yu going through five customs to kill six generals, Zhuge Liang using empty city plan.
(2) The Water Margin
1, by:
The author is _ _ _ _ _ _ (Dynasty). Based on the legacy of Xuanhe and related scripts and stories. The main theme of the book is to describe the peasant war, and to create Liangshan heroes such as Song Jiang, Wu Yong, jy, Lin Chong and Lu, and to reveal the social contradictions at that time. The story is tortuous, the language is vivid, and the characters are vivid, which has high artistic achievements.
(Answer: Shi Naian in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties)
2, the main characters and their nicknames:
Liang has 108 heroes, all of whom have strong martial arts skills and have their own nicknames.
Wu Lu Junyi Lin Lu Junyi
(Answer: Zhi Duoxing Wu Yong, Yu Qilin Lu Junyi, Timely Rain Song Jiang, Black Cyclone Li Kui jy, Walker Song Wu, Leopard Head Lin Chong, Flower Monk Lu)
Step 3 complete the form
figure
trend
Main story
Military adviser Wu Yong
Li Kui
Be driven to Liangshan —— Driven to Liangshan or Organized Robbery?
Xunyang Jiang Ti's Anti-Poetry
Anger killed Yan Poxi.
Lu zhishen
Answer: (not unique, just in line with the original)
figure
trend
Main story
Military adviser Wu Yong
Full of wisdom and strategy
Wisdom wins the birth class
Black whirlwind Li Kui jy
Reckless, filial and brave.
Four tigers in Yiling
Baozitou linchong
Strong martial arts, kindness, cowardice and forbearance.
Be driven to Liangshan —— Driven to Liangshan or Organized Robbery?
Timely rain sung river
Generous, loyal, generous and generous.
Xunyang Jiang Ti's Anti-Poetry
Anger killed Yan Poxi.
Huahangshanglu
Value righteousness and benefit, and be as evil as hatred.
"hanging upside down and weeping willows" and "punching the town of Kansai"
(3) Journey to the West
1, by:
The author is _ _ _ _ (Dynasty) _ _ _ _ _. * * * a hundred times. Based on the story of _ _ _ _ in folklore. Seven times before the Journey to the West, the Monkey King was born, and there was a story about the Palace of Heaven. After that, he wrote the story of the Monkey King following the Tang Priest to learn Buddhist scriptures and exorcising demons and overcoming difficulties along the way. The images of Tang Priest, the Monkey King, Zhu Bajie and Friar Sand in the book are vivid, grand and complete, and they are great romantic literary works in Chinese classical novels.
(Answer: Tang Priest in Wu Cheng'en in the Ming Dynasty learned from the West)
2, the main characters
Tang Priest: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
The Monkey King: Seventy-two changes, _ _ _ _ _ (miraculous, hate as hatred) caused havoc in Heaven, _ _ _ _ _ _ (Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon, three-tone banana fan).
Pig Bajie: Being lazy, being honest and lovely, _ _ _ _ _ (Battle of Liushahe)
Friar Sand: Honest and hardworking.
Cattle, Hong Haier, White, Jade Rabbit Essence, Black Bear Essence, etc.
(4) A Dream of Red Mansions
1, by:
A Dream of Red Mansions, alias The Story of the Stone. * * * One hundred and twenty times, the first eighty times were written by _ _ _ _, and the last forty times are generally considered as _ _ _ _ _.
A dream of red mansions has _ _ _ _ love.
Taking the love tragedy as the main line, through the description of the rise and fall of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
People say that A Dream of Red Mansions contains the historical capacity of an era and is an encyclopedia of the end of feudalism. (Cao Xueqin, Jia Baoyu, Lin Daiyu, Jia, Shi, Wang, Xue)
2, the main characters
Lin Daiyu: aloof, naive and straightforward, despising fame and fortune, she is a feudal rebel with Baoyu.
Wang Xifeng: Smart and capable, the actual housekeeper of the Jia family, he tried his best to change the situation and was cruel and mean.
Jia Baoyu: a feudal rebel. He hated the official way of feudal society and opposed the feudal moral concept of "men are superior to women".
Xue Baochai: Good looks, smooth muscles and graceful manners. She was keen on "career economy" and advised Baoyu to be an official. She abides by feudal women's virtue, is quite shrewd, can win the hearts of the people and is praised by the Jia family.
Grandma Liu: kind and upright, smart and capable, very emotional, and have that kind of perseverance; "Three Entering the Grand View Garden"
Fourth, the writer:
1, a famous modern writer
Ai Qing: Formerly known as Jiang Haicheng, his poems include Dayan River-My Nanny, North China, Dawn Notice and Ai Qing's Poems.
Ba Jin: Formerly named Li Yugan. Author of Love Trilogy and Riptide Trilogy, he is a famous modern language master in China. I have learned the texts "Spring Silkworm", "Sunrise at Sea" and "Bird's Paradise". Sunrise on the Sea fully embodies Ba Jin's progressive thoughts and political beliefs in his youth: a new society will come, and light will drive away darkness.
Lu Xun (1881-1936) was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Formerly known as Zhou Shuren, the word Cai Yu. Writer, thinker, revolutionary. "Young Runner", "Diary of a Madman" and "The True Story of Ah Q" "Look at a thousand fingers and bow your head as a willing ox." It is a portrayal of Lu Xun. I have learned the texts "Young Man Moistening the Soil", "My Uncle Mr. Lu Xun" and "From Baicaoyuan to Santan Printing the Moon". Known as "soul of china"
Ye Shengtao (1894— 1988) is an educator, publisher and social activist. I have learned the texts Lotus and Waterfall, and I still remember the Shuanglong Cave, Three Ginkgo Trees, Climbing the Tiger's Feet and Cowherd and Weaving Girl in Jinhua.
Lao She (1899— 1966) is a novelist and playwright. Formerly known as Shu Qingchun, the word Sheyu. People artists. Representative works include Four Generations of a Family, Camel Xiangzi, drama Longxugou, Teahouse, Chunhua Qiushi, and novel Unknown Heights. The texts I have studied are Baotu Spring, Cat, Grassland, Flower Cultivation and Linhai.
Guo Moruo (1892— 1978) is a famous scholar, writer, historian and social activist in modern China. Originally known as Guo Kaizhen, he was born in Leshan, Sichuan. Representative goddesses, Qu Yuan and Cai Wenji.
Zhu Ziqing (1898— 1948), formerly known as Huazi, played and sang by himself. China modern essayist, poet and scholar, democracy fighter. His main works are Trace, a collection of poems and essays, The Back of the Figure, Miscellaneous Notes on European Tour, etc. I have learned the text "Hurry up".
Li Xinghua: Li Dazhao's daughter, my father and memories of 16 years ago.
He Qifang: Poet. A night's work and how vast life is.
Mao Zedong: Revolutionary, statesman and poet. Long March, Yongmei and Serving the People.
Xiao Fuxing: Writer, longing for the Olympic Games.
Lin: Formerly known as Lin and nicknamed Eiko, he was born in Osaka, Japan, and his ancestral home was Toufen Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan, and he was a writer. I have studied the texts "Reading Secretly" and "Dongyang Childhood Camel Team"
2. Famous foreign writers:
Andersen (1805— 1875) is a world-famous fairy tale king. Danish writer, fairy tale king, ugly duckling, little match girl, seven dwarfs, etc.
Lev tolstoy, a famous Russian writer, wrote War and Peace, anna karenine and Resurrection, and studied the text The Poor.
Mark Twain, an American humorist, novelist, writer and famous speaker, is an outstanding representative of American realistic literature in the late19th century. I studied The Magic of Money and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.
Chekhov (1860 ~ 1904) was a Russian novelist, dramatist, Russian critical realist writer and master of short story art in the late 19th century. I studied the text Fanka.
Defoe, English writer and journalist. The founder of realistic novels in the English Enlightenment period is known as the "father of novels". His masterpiece Robinson Crusoe.
The famous French writer Hugo's masterpieces include Les Miserables and Notre Dame de Paris.
3. Ancient writers
Fan Chengda (1126—1193) was a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty. Intelligent word, named Shi Hu lay, is as famous as Lu You, Yang Wanli and You Mao. Poetry has a wide range of themes, and the works reflecting rural social life have the highest achievements. His pastoral poems generally describe the vast life in the countryside and the sufferings of farmers, which have profound social content and at the same time show a quiet and leisurely pastoral life. They are the epitome of China's ancient pastoral poems. Acrobatics in the Summer Resort (I)
Li Bai (701-762) was a great romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty. The word is too white, and the number is purple. He wrote a lot of poems praising the rivers and mountains of the motherland, exposing the darkness of society and despising the powerful. Nearly a thousand poems, as famous as Du Fu, are called "Du Li". The poems I have studied include Looking at Lushan Waterfall, Thinking of Quiet Night, Sleeping Mountain Temple, First Sacrifice of Bai Di City, Gift to Wang Lun, Walking on the Gulangyue, Sitting alone in Jingting Mountain, Looking at Tianmen Mountain, and Farewell to Meng Haoran on the Yellow Crane Tower in Yangzhou.
Du Fu (7 12-770) is beautiful. At the age of 35, he went to Chang 'an for an official. After ten years in Chang 'an, I was very frustrated. Later, he became the left editor of Su Zong. At the age of 48, he went to Shu and built a thatched cottage in Chengdu. He used to be the foreign minister of the inspection department and the engineering department. Known as Du Gongbu. Du Fu's poems reflect the changes from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty, expose the corruption of feudal ruling forces and the opposition between the rich and the poor, and show a series of evil consequences caused by feudal rule. The poems I have studied include Watching Flowers Alone by the River, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night and Imperial Army Recovering the Banks of the Yellow River.
Meng Haoran (689-740) was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. The world is called "Meng Xiangyang". Because he has never been an official, he is also called Monsanto. Li Bai praised him and said: "The beauty is unlucky, so don't focus on the car, but on the clouds; And now, whitehead ". Most of his poems are five-character short stories, mostly pastoral poems and secluded poems, as well as the mood of traveling and serving. Be good at understanding the situation and writing true feelings. For example: Passing through the Old People's Village, Xiao Chun and Sleeping in Jiande River.
Du Mu (803-853), a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, advocated that the article should focus on meaning, supplemented by qi, and use words to make sentences. In art, Du Mu claimed to be "painstakingly writing poems, striving for perfection, and not dealing with novelty and customs". The poems I have studied include Jiang Nanchun, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Mountain Walking and Li Shangyin, who is also called "Little Du Li".
Wang Wei (70 1—76 1), a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, is as famous as Meng Haoran, also known as "Wang Meng". The poems I have studied are Chai Lu, Shanju Holiday Thinking of Shandong Brothers and Sending Yuan to Twenty Shores.
Su Shi (1037 ——110/) was a writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zi yue Zhan, no Dongpo lay man. He had a rough life and was repeatedly relegated. Together with his father Su Xun and his brother Su Zhe, he is also called "Three Sus", and his prose is the third of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". The poems I have studied include Hui Chong's Night Scene of the Spring River, Topic Xilin Wall and Rain after Drinking Chuqing Lake.
Bai Juyi (772-846), a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, was a Buddhist in Xiangshan. He left 3,000 poems in his life, which were divided into four categories: fable, leisure, sentimentality and heteronomy. His poems have concentrated themes, rich plots, vivid characters, vivid images and fluent language. I studied Memory of Jiangnan, On the Pond, Mujiang Song and Farewell to Ancient Grass.
Yang Wanli (1127-1206), a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, was born as a scholar. He opposed gold and publicly expressed his opposition, and was excluded many times. His poem "Cheng Zhai Topic" is as famous as You Mao, Fan Chengda and Lu You, and is also called "the four schools of Southern Song Dynasty". I studied Koike, lived in Xugongdian, a new city, and saw Lin Zifang off at dawn in Jingci Temple.
Wang Anshi (1021-1086) was born in the mid-levels in his later years. When he was young, he was a scholar, and then Prime Minister Song Shenzong carried out political reform. His poetry and prose are often compared with plum blossom and pine and bamboo, exposing the disadvantages of the times, reflecting social contradictions and his political opinions and ambitions. I have studied Yuanri, climbing Guazhou, climbing Feilai Peak, and Mr. Yin's wall in Shuhu Lake, plum blossom.
Lu You (1125—1210) is a word service concept. Great patriotic poets in the Southern Song Dynasty also wrote lyrics. He insisted on resisting the invasion of rulers of Jin Dynasty and was suppressed by capitulationists. I have studied the feeling of walking out of the hedge door at dawn in autumn night and showing it to the children and Yongmei.
Wang Changling (? -about 756) Tang Dynasty poet. Not much to say. In the fifteenth year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, he was a scholar and was promoted to a captain. Later, he was demoted many times. More than 80 poems/kloc-0, mostly about frontier fortress and women's life. I studied Epilepsy and Breaking up with Xin Jian at Furong Inn.
He (659-744) was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. The word Ji Zhen calls himself "Siming fanatic". Poetry is full of emotion, eclectic, free-flowing, and embodies an open-minded character. The poem I learned is "Chanting Willow".
Li Qingzhao (1084—1151) was a famous poetess in the Southern Song Dynasty. The main representative of graceful and restrained school in Southern Song Dynasty.
Wang Bo (650-767) was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. Zi 'an, together with Yang Jiong, Lu and Wang, is called "four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty". Among the four outstanding figures, his achievement is the highest.
Eight Great Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Su Shi, Su Xun, Wang Anshi, Ouyang Xiu and Ceng Gong.
Frontier poets: Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling.
Pastoral poets: Wang Wei and Meng Haoran
Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty: Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo.
Three great poets in the middle Tang Dynasty: Li Bai (immortal), Du Fu (sage) and Bai Juyi (whose poems are known as the history of poetry).
4. Famous poets and their titles:
Shi Xian () Shi Fo (Wang Wei) Shi Mo (Bai Juyi) Shi Gui (Li He) Shi Hao (Liu Yuxi) Shi Jie (Wang Bo) Shi Kuang (He Zhangzhi) Shi Sheng (Du Fu)
5, China literary world first.
The first collection of poems-The Book of Songs
The First Chronological Epic-Zuo Zhuan
The first biographical history book-Historical Records
The Analects of Confucius is the first Confucian classic prose with a recorded style.
The first military work-Sun Tzu's Art of War
The first historical essay describing a person's words and deeds-Yan Zi Chun Qiu
The First Chronological History Book-Hanshu
1, Lu Xun (188 1- 1936), formerly known as Zhou Shuren, was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. He is a great modern writer, thinker and revolutionary in China and the founder of modern proletarian culture in China. 19 18 published Diary of a Madman, famous short stories Scream and Wandering, prose collection Morning Flowers, prose poetry collection Weeds, prose collection Justice Collection, Two Hearts Collection and Three Leisure Collection in May. "Flowers at Morning" is a collection of essays written by Lu Xun in February 1926, with *** 10. "Hometown" is selected from the novel collection "Scream"; The text of "From Herb Garden to San Tan Yin Yue" is selected from "Morning Flowers"; The text "Snow" is selected from "Weeds" (Volume 2 of the Complete Works of Lu Xun); The True Story of Ah Q is a masterpiece in the history of modern literature. 2. Hu Shi (189 1- 1962), formerly known as Hu Hongcong, was born in Jixi, Anhui Province, and was a modern writer, scholar and educator. Is one of the founders of modern culture in China. He is the author of Hu Cun, Outline of China's Philosophy History, History of Vernacular Literature, Collected Works of Hu Shi, Collected Works of Hu Shi, etc. 3. Guo Moruo (1892- 1978) was originally named Guo Kaizhen, but Mo is a pseudonym. People from Leshan, Sichuan. Modern poet, playwright, historian, archaeologist, ancient writer and social activist. The main literary works are Goddess, Starry Sky and Cai Wenji. The Market in the Sky and Silent Night are selected from the complete works of Guo Moruo. 4. Ba Jin: Born in 1904, formerly known as Li Yaotang, with the word "Guo Gan", male, from Chengdu, Sichuan. The main representative works are the novel Death and Riptide trilogy Home, Spring and Autumn, the love trilogy Fog, Rain, Electricity and short, medium and long novels. Two short essays are selected from Dragon. Tiger. Dogs. 5. Liu Zongyuan (773-819) was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty, and one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Word thickness. His ancestral home was Hedong (now Yongji, Shaanxi Province), and later he moved to Chang 'an (now xi 'an, Shaanxi Province), which was called Liuhe East in history. Because of the official to Liuzhou secretariat, also known as Liu Liuzhou. He advocated the ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty with Han Yu and called it Liu Han. Liu Zongyuan left more than 600 poems in his life, and his achievements were greater than poems. His "Going to Liuzhou Tower to Send Zhang Tingfeng to Four States" is a masterpiece of seven laws in the Tang Dynasty, and the quatrains "Jiang Xue" are also rare among the quatrains in the Tang Dynasty. "Little Stone Pond" is selected from "Liuhe East Collection". 6. Su Shi was a writer, painter and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty in China. Zi yue Zhan, no Dongpo lay man. A native of Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan) in the Song Dynasty. Father Su Xun and brother Su Zhe are both famous writers in ancient times, known as "Su San". His masterpieces include Nian Nujiao and Shuidiao Tou, and he is also called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji. 7. Shi, a native of Dingxiang, Shanxi, 1923, is a Mongolian poet of July School. Published poetry in 194 1, and published poetry anthology Colorful Life, Motherland, In front of Motherland, Love and Song, etc. 8. Stephen. Zweig (188 1- 1942), a famous Austrian geographical writer and critic, is good at describing personal experiences and passions under strange fate. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature and is recognized as one of the most outstanding novelists in the world. His representative works include The Mystery of Success, Twenty-four Hours in a Woman's Life, Three Writers and so on. Leviticus Tolstoy is selected from three writers. 9. Helen Keller (1880- 1968), an American woman writer and educator, has written My Life, out of the dark, Teacher, etc. 10, The Book of Songs is China's first poetry collection. The 305 poems it has preserved are about 500-600 years from BC 1 1 century (early Western Zhou Dynasty) to the 7th century BC (mid-Spring and Autumn Period). They used to be music songs. According to the different arrangement of music, they are divided into three categories: wind, elegance and ode. In terms of composition, it has the characteristics of repetition, ostentation and chanting, and generally adopts the techniques of "Fu", "Bi" and "Xing"1. "The Warring States Policy" is a historical document in the pre-Qin period, with miscellaneous notes about the Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasties and Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Yan, Song, Wei and Zhongshan countries. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Six Kingdoms, it lasted about 240 years (460-220 BC). There are other titles in this book, such as national affairs, national policies, stories, phrases, long books and revised books. The original author's name can't be tested, and it was edited by Liu Xiang in Han Dynasty, named "Warring States Policy", which is still in use today. 12, the debate is selected from Zuo Zhuan, which is said to be a chronological history book compiled by Zuo Qiuming in the Spring and Autumn Period based on the historical materials of Lu. 13, Zou Ji's satire can be coached is originally from the Warring States Policy, in which "satire" means satire, while "trainable" implies that persuasion means acceptance. 14, A Mountain of Yugong is a fable from a literary genre, which is selected from Liezi. In the article Tang Wen, a character is compared with Yu Gong. His name is Zhizuo, which is ironic. 15, Guan Yu is selected from The Book of Songs. Nan Zhou is the first article in The Book of Songs. Jia Jian is selected from The Book of Songs. Qin Feng, like Guan Ju, belongs to the category of Han style in The Book of Songs, which is dominated by local ballads, with the highest ideological significance and artistic achievements, including elegance and fu. 16, Zuo Zhuan, also known as Zuo Chunqiu Zhuan or Zuo Chunqiu, is a chronicle of the political, economic, military, diplomatic and cultural aspects of the vassal states in the Spring and Autumn Period. Historical Records and Hanshu. The Book of Changes was considered by Zuo Qiuming, a historian in Lu, and was changed by Liu Xin by some economists in Qing Dynasty. People nearby believe that it was compiled by people in the early Warring States period according to the historical materials of various vassal States. The chronicle began in the year of Lu Yin (722 BC) and ended in the fourteenth year of Lu's demise (454 BC). 17, Zhuangzi (369 BC? -286 BC? ), Zhou, Song Zhimeng. He inherited Laozi's thought and was an important representative of the Taoist school, and was called "Laozi and Zhuangzi". There are thirty-three articles in Zhuangzi, including seven inside, fifteen outside and eleven miscellaneous articles. 18, Mencius (372 BC-289 BC), born in Ke and Zou (now southeast of Zou County, Shandong Province). He was a great thinker, educator and essayist in the Warring States period. It was called "Yasheng" by later buddhas and often called "Confucius and Mencius" by later generations. He advocated the people-oriented thought of "the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light". His book Mencius is one of the Confucian classics, which is divided into seven chapters, 26 1, about 35 thousand words. 19 The Merchant of Venice is a famous social satirical comedy created by Shakespeare, an outstanding British dramatist. It's also a famous play. In the play, Anton Mino and Portia are husband and wife, Portia and Nerissa are master servants, Nerissa and Gracino are husband and wife, and Anton Mino and Shylock are debtors and debtors. 20. Liang Qichao (1873- 1929) was born in Xinhui, Guangdong. The representative of China's Modern Reform Movement of 1898, together with Kang Youwei, led the famous "Reform Reform", and his work is "Restaurant Collection". 2 1 and Hugo (1802- 1885) were the leaders of the active Longman literary movement in the early19th century, and they were outstanding bourgeois writers in the history of French literature. His masterpieces include Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables. The text "Letter to Captain Butler about the Anglo-French Allied Expedition to China" is selected from Hugo's anthology. 22. Voltaire (1694- 1778) was a French enlightenment thinker. He was arrested and imprisoned twice, advocating an enlightened monarchy and emphasizing freedom and peace. Representative works include Philosophical Correspondence and Metaphysics. 23. Mo Bosang (1850- 1893) was a famous French writer of critical realism in the second half of the 9th century. His main works are The Road to Suicide, Life and Beauty. Short stories Miss Feifei, Necklace and My Uncle Christmas. He and the American writer Ou. Henry (representative work "Smile with Tears"), Russian writer Chekhov, American writer Mark. Twain is collectively referred to as the master of short stories. My Uncle Yule is selected from the short story The Road to Suicide. Wanka is the work of Russian writer Chekhov. 25. The author of The Voice is Huang Beijia. Her published works include Ship, Ship and When Reed Flowers Fly. Around the central event of reading the text in chronological order, the story content of the novel Wanka is intertwined with Jingjing's life experience and thoughts and feelings to start the story.