UEFA Champions League
rules of a contest/competition
The Origin and Development of the Champions Cup
Trophy introduction
Event progress
Introduction to history
The founder of France
Sports record
The rule of Madrid
Liverpool's success
legendary person
Competition reform
Honor list
Previous Champions League [Cup] Champions and Final Venues
Top scorer in previous European Champions League (Cup)
[Edit this paragraph] Champions League
The Champions League is the most prestigious club event in UEFA. Its predecessor was the Champions League, which was founded in 1955/56 season. 1992, uefa revised the competition system and name. Real Madrid and AC Milan are the two most successful clubs in the European Champions League, winning the championship three times. If you count the European Champions League era, Real Madrid, which won the championship nine times, is the most brilliant, followed by AC Milan, which won the championship seven times, and Liverpool, which won the championship five times.
name
There are many Chinese translations and abbreviations of this event, such as Champions League, Champions League, Champions League and Champions League, but UEFA is the official Chinese translation.
[Edit this paragraph] Competition system
At present, the competition system of the European Champions League is as follows: the top six champions and runners-up of the Football Association League in UEFA, and seven or nine champions of the Football Association. Defending champions can directly participate in the group stage.
Three or four of the top three football associations; Four or six runners-up, seven or nine runners-up, and ten to fifteen champions can directly participate in the third round of qualifiers.
Ten to fifteen runners-up and sixteen to twenty-five league champions can directly participate in the second round of qualifiers.
Twenty-six to fifty-three league champions took part in the first round of qualifiers.
[Edit this paragraph] The origin and development of the Champions League
After the end of World War II, football was fully revived all over the world, but it was only through the competition of national teams that the sport was popularized in all countries. By 1953, Wembley Stadium was full of England's 3-6 friendly defeat to Hungary. The same is true of international competitions between clubs. The overseas expeditions of Hungarian speight Hongweide, English Arsenal, Argentine Riverbed and Italian Juventus often attract a large number of fanatical fans. However, there is little communication between the national team and the club level. There are no international competitions between European clubs except for some competitions, such as the Mitteropa Cup and the Latin Cup. At this time, Frenchman Gabriel Yano put forward the idea of establishing the European Champions Cup, 1955.
Former French international Arno is the founder of the European Footballer of the Year Award, and he also writes for L 'Equipe and French Football Magazine. He has a keen feeling that there may be a brand-new competition that will bring together the top clubs in Europe. He suggested that famous clubs all over the world should create a new tournament by league system. At that time, UEFA was in full swing, and the first congress was scheduled for March 2, 1955. They are more concerned about internal organizations and how to win the national association to join their organizations. At that time, it had no conditions to support this ambitious and striking idea put forward by the French. The sponsors of the European Champions Cup actively contacted FIFA and UEFA, but the results were disappointing. Neither organization is very interested in playing without a national team.
At that time, the club-level international competitions held in continental Europe mainly included the Mitteropa Cup and the Latin Cup. Central European countries began to hold the Mitteropa Cup from 1927. At first, the competition was only played between Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary and Yugoslavia. Later, Italy, Romania, Switzerland and the team were accepted. Latin roots began in 1949, and teams from Portugal, Spain, Italy and France participated in it, which was a household name at that time. However, all these competitions, as well as some other small-scale competitions, are limited to exchanges between dry areas and do not include exchanges between the whole continent.
Yano's plan was warmly welcomed by Real Madrid, Anderlecht, rapid vienna Club and Hungarian Football Association. Other clubs hesitate or raise objections due to schedule conflicts, players' remuneration, night lighting and other reasons. Team newspaper entrusted Zaoyakde Risvik, a director of its editorial department, to organize a meeting attended by representatives of the then European host clubs to determine the competition form between European clubs. Santiago Bernabeu, president of Real Madrid, Spain, is one of the staunch supporters of the European Club Cup. The club he led has made many achievements in international competitions. In order to go further, he continued to take some effective measures, such as hiring several famous stars at that time: Stefano and Rial of Argentina.
The meeting was held on April 2-3, 1955. Although UEFA reiterated at the Vienna Executive Committee meeting a month ago that it would not cooperate with non-national teams, it still could not prevent the associations from sending representatives to Paris. The French newspaper L 'Equipe sent out 18 invitations, of which only two club representatives did not attend. One is Scotland's Edinburgh Irish team, but it agreed to take part in the new competition; The other is Dynamo Moscow of the Soviet Union, who explained that it was difficult to attend the meeting in the severe winter of the Soviet Union. At this historic meeting, the clubs reached an agreement on the competition system: the competition was attended by league champions from all countries; If the home and away elimination system is adopted, or the points and goal difference of the two teams are the same, a play-off will be played in the third game; The final of the Champions League must be held at the stadium determined in advance by UEFA; When playing in our team's stadium, the ticket income, advertising fee and TV broadcast fee will be handled by the host. At this meeting, an executive committee was also established, with Santiago Bernabeu as the first vice-chairman. The Committee is responsible for drafting the main points of the European Champions Cup and informing FIFA for understanding.
The European Football Association will hold another cup to replace the European Champions Cup proposed by L 'Equipe and most European clubs. The cup held by UEFA is not for club teams, but for city teams. The purpose is to strengthen friendly ties and sports exchanges between European cities. This proposal was supported by the English Football Association, which was dissatisfied with its failure to participate in the creation of the European Club Cup. This is the practice of the English Football Association, and the British always take a contemptuous attitude towards things that have not been studied in their own country. In fact, in the 1920s, four British football associations (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) were at odds with FIFA. They quit the organization and stopped participating in the Olympic Games and previous World Cups. Stanley Rous, then secretary-general of the English Football Association, made it clear that the organization opposed the establishment of non-state and non-city competitions. He advocated organizing more friendship competitions among European people, clubs, cities, factories, youth organizations and schools.
Later, in June 1955, UEFA held the Cup of the International Urban Industry Expo, which was held three months earlier than the first European Champions Cup. However, despite UEFA's good intention to host the World Expo Cup, it can't stop this event from becoming a second-rate event. The first game dragged on for three years. The last match was between Barcelona and London in May 1958+0. During this period, three European Champions Cups have been held.
From 65438 to 0955, the development of the situation made FIFA change its view on the club's Champions League. They saw that the game really looked like that. In addition, the level of the participating teams is also very high. For example, Andre Lecht of Belgium, rapid vienna of Austria, Sporting Lisbon of Portugal and Real Madrid of Spain. On the other hand, after the first TV broadcast of the World Cup held in Switzerland from 65438 to 0954 and its success, the possibility of European TV organizations supporting the European Champions Cup increased, which means expanding their influence and making money.
At the suggestion of FIFA, UEFA began to reconsider its opposition to the Champions League. UEFA put forward conditions for the organizers of the European Cup to return the right to organize the competition to UEFA, and the participation of club teams in the competition must be approved by their national associations.
After the proposed conditions were accepted, the UEFA Executive Committee held a meeting in Paris on May 2 1, 1955, inviting all interested clubs to participate. It was decided that UEFA would organize the tournament itself and rename it the European Champions Cup instead of the original European Club Cup.
The British still refuse to recognize the Champions League and ban Chelsea from the first game. However, the first European Champions Cup started in September 1955 and ended in Paris in May 1956, and Real Madrid won the championship.
1968 greatly revised the rules of the competition, that is, set up seed teams in the preliminary stage to avoid the premature meeting of strong teams. Another major change is to "control" the lottery to prevent countries with political disputes (such as the Soviet Union and Albania, Greece and Turkey). ) from the same group.
Since 1969, the practice of playing play-offs when the points and goal difference of the two teams are the same has been cancelled; But in the case of the same score and goal difference, the victory or defeat is decided according to the number of goals scored by the other team on the field, which is what we often call "double goals away from home." The purpose of doing this is to try to avoid teams adopting too conservative defensive tactics in the other team's field. If there is a draw in the final, overtime will be used. If there is still no tie, a play-off will be held. This happened only once in 1974. Bayern Munich beat Atletico Madrid 4-0 in the play-off and started their third consecutive championship.
1992 The semi-final of the European Champions Cup was introduced into the group round robin, and the first two teams played the final. So the game was renamed the European Cup, but people still used to call it the European Cup. In the following years, the competition system of the Champions League changed frequently, and the competition before the rematch gradually adopted the group round robin system. Teams participating in the competition are no longer limited to national league champions, and runners-up of some football powers can also participate. Manchester United 1999 won the championship magically, and they participated in the competition as the runner-up in the league. All these changes are to increase the number of games and make the participating teams get more benefits.
1998, in order to prevent major clubs from establishing a European super league, the UEFA Finals carried out the biggest reform in the history of the three major European cups from the 1999/2000 season: the European Cup Winners was cancelled. According to the ranking of European club competition results, countries can send 1-4 teams to participate in the European Champions Cup; In the Champions League, there are two stages of group round robin. In the first stage, the third place in each group can continue to participate in the UEFA Cup.
[Edit this paragraph] trophy introduction
The trophy of the European Champions League is called the Saint Ballard Cup (commonly known as the Big Ear Cup).
Now the trophy is the fifth. Because UEFA stipulates that teams that win five or three consecutive championships can keep the original trophy forever. 1966, according to the new rules, Real Madrid, which won the championship for the sixth time, kept the first original trophy forever. At that time, UEFA Secretary-General Bangert decided to redesign a trophy, so he handed this important task to Swiss expert Stadell Mann.
Soon, Stadell Mann and his father came to Bangert's office with a lot of drawings. Bangert expressed many opinions on all the design schemes. He said that Germans might like the base of this scheme, while Bulgarians might like the cup mouth of that scheme. So everyone brainstormed and reassembled many designs like a jigsaw puzzle, and decided the final design scheme.
Stadell Mann said, "I remember we had to finish it before March 28th, 1967, because I'm going to the United States for my honeymoon. We worked overtime for 340 hours and finally finished it before the deadline. "
After that, Ajax and Bayern Munich won three consecutive championships, and AC Milan won the championship for the fifth time, so they each collected a trophy, and now the trophy is the fifth.
Uefa stipulates that the winning team must return the trophy before the final next season, but they can keep a replica, but the replica cannot exceed four-fifths of the original size.
[Edit this paragraph] Event progress
qualifications
The Champions League is open to champions from all countries under UEFA, and top teams from all countries also have the opportunity to participate. According to the coefficient ranking of national football associations, UEFA determines the number of countries participating in the Champions League and the stage of starting the competition.
develop
Since the establishment of the 1992/93 season, the Champions League has been developing on the premise of maintaining the group round robin and the traditional elimination system. The current competition system began in the 2003/04 season. After three rounds of preliminaries, 32 clubs were divided into 8 groups, with 4 teams in each group. The first and second place in the group advanced to the knockout stage, and the third place in the eight groups entered the third round of the UEFA Cup. The fourth place in the eight groups was eliminated.
elimination game
The top 16 players who advance to the knockout stage will draw lots to decide the competition, and each team will play two rounds of home and away games. In the knockout round, the one who scored more goals in two rounds advanced. If the total number of goals is the same, the side with more away goals will advance. If the number of away goals is the same, the first half and the second half will be overtime 15 minutes, and it will be played immediately after the second round. If the number of goals scored by both sides in overtime is still the same, then the number of goals scored by the visiting team in overtime will double, that is, the visiting team will advance. If neither side scores in overtime, it will be decided by penalty kick. The two teams that emerged from the knockout stage entered the finals held in May.
Evolution of competition system
Before the season of 1992/93 was changed to the European Champions Cup, the competition system of the European Club Champions Cup was a pure elimination system. From 1992/93 season to three-round elimination. The eight teams that advanced were divided into two groups, four teams in each group played round robin matches at home and away, and the first place in the two groups entered the finals. The following season was fine-tuned on the basis of the above-mentioned competition system, and it was changed to the top two in the quarter-finals, and two rounds of semi-finals were added before the final.
Carry out arms expansion
1994/95 The European Champions League was expanded to a qualifying round. Qualified teams are divided into four groups, with four teams in each group playing round robin. The top two in each group advanced to the knockout stage, starting with the final of 1/4. 1997/98 season, the European champions league was expanded again, and two rounds of qualifiers were introduced, and the group stage was also increased to 6 groups with 4 teams in each group. The first place in the six groups and the second place in the two best groups advanced to the knockout stage.
Add a round qualifier.
1999/2000 season saw another round of qualifiers in the Champions League, so the group stage was divided into two stages. In the first stage, 32 teams were divided into 8 groups with 4 teams in each group, and each team played 6 games. The top two of the eight groups entered the second stage of the group stage and the third entered the third round of the UEFA Cup. In the second stage of the group stage, the quarter-finals advanced to the knockout stage. In the 2003/2004 season, the second stage of the European Champions League was cancelled, that is, the top 16 was directly eliminated until the champion was decided.
[Edit this paragraph] Historical introduction
The competition of Europe's top clubs began on March 2, 1955, just one month before the first UEFA Congress in Vienna. Interestingly, the name of the tournament "European Champions Cup" was not originally created by UEFA.
[Edit this paragraph] The founder of France
Although many founders of UEFA were more interested in creating a national team event, the French sports daily L 'Equipe and their then editor Gabriel Harnott supported the creation of a club event in Europe. Hanot and his colleague Jacques Phelan designed a blueprint for the event and arranged it every Wednesday night.
[Edit this paragraph] Sports record
This competition, founded by Team Newspaper, does not stipulate that only champions from all countries can participate. They invited the club that they thought had the most fans. 16 club representatives were invited to attend the meeting of 1955 on April 2 and 3, and the rules formulated by the team newspaper were unanimously adopted at the meeting. The first European Club Champions Cup was held in Lisbon. Sporting Lisbon drew 3-3 with FK guerrillas, and Yugoslavia beat its opponent 5-2 in the second round and entered the next round.
[Edit this paragraph] The rules of Madrid
Real Madrid immediately turned this event into their own competition, and they won the first five championships. Since then, other clubs have also experienced the joy of successfully defending their titles. Ajax and Bayern Munich have both experienced three consecutive championships. But no club can rule for long. Ajax waited for 22 years to win the fourth championship after completing a hat trick in the 1970s of 19. Real Madrid 1998 champion is their first in 32 years; Bayern, on the other hand, bid farewell to the 26-year wait for the fourth championship in the Milan penalty shootout of 200 1.
[Edit this paragraph] Liverpool's success
Liverpool Football Club 1977- 1984 won the championship four times, which is worthy of a special book. This English club has won four championships by four different teams. The European descent of the Red Army continued to be brilliant in 2005. After falling 3-0, they beat AC Milan on penalties, which may be the most exciting and unforgettable final in this competition.
[Edit this paragraph] Legend
Heng Tuo Lopez: He is the player who has won the most Champions League titles so far. During his time at Real Madrid, he won six championships: 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966.
Cesare maldini: He was the first Italian to win the Champions League, but the real legend should be the name Maldini. Cesar and his son Paul are the only father-son players who have won the Champions League as captains so far.
D 'Stefano: Together with Heng Tuo and others, he won the Champions League for Real Madrid five times in a row.
Paolo maldini: As the main force of the team, he won the Champions League with AC Milan for five seasons: 1988-89, 1989-90, 1993-94, 2002-2003 and 2006-2007. We also expect him to lift the big ear cup again with his teammates next year.
Clarence Seedorf: Another AC Milan player. Although he only has four Champions League trophies, it is difficult to copy his legend, because his four Champions League titles were won on behalf of three teams, and they are all the main players of the team. He should be the most hopeful person to break Heng Tuo's record of six consecutive championships.
Lippi, "Silver Fox": He is the coach who led the team to the Champions League finals the most times. He led Juventus to the Champions League finals four times in 1995- 1996, 1996- 1997,1998 and 2002-2003 * *. Unfortunately,
Brian clough: Another legendary coach, but he is much more legendary than Lippi. In the 1977- 1978 season, he led Nottingham Forest to the League One and won the championship in one fell swoop. But they won the Champions League in the following season 1978- 1979, and defended their titles in the season 1979+0980.
[Edit this paragraph] Competition reform
In the development of this event, the most important turning point is in the season of 1992- 1993. At that time, the Champions League officially joined the group stage in the traditional elimination system. As a result, the popular group competition witnessed the growth of the participating teams from 8 to 32, and the competition also developed to Tuesdays and Wednesdays.
[Edit this paragraph] Honor List
Real Madrid is the most successful team after the event was renamed the Champions League. They won three championships and became the most successful team in this project, winning a total of nine championships. AC Milan followed closely with 7 times, Liverpool with 5 times, Ajax and Bayern Munich with 4 times each. At the same time, Real Madrid holds the record of entering the finals the most times: 12 times.
Number of champions won by the club:
1 Real Madrid: 9 times
2 AC Milan: 7 times
3 Liverpool: 5 times
Ajax, Bayern Munich: 4 times
5 Manchester United: 3 times
Barcelona, Benfica, Porto, Inter Milan, Nottingham Forest, Juventus: twice.
Aston Villa, Red Star Belgrade, Bucharest Star, Dortmund, Feyenoord, Hamburg, Celtic, Marseille, PSV Eindhoven: 1 time.
Number of champions in each league:
1. Italy: 1 1 times England: 1 1 times Spain:1/times.
2. Germany: 6 times Netherlands: 6 times
3. Portugal: 4 times
4. France: 1 Scotland: 1 Romania: 1 former Yugoslavia: 1.
[Edit this paragraph] Previous Champions League [Cup] champions and final venues
1956 Real Madrid 4: 3 Reims Prince Paris Stadium Paris
1957 Real Madrid 2: 0 Florence Bernabeu Madrid
1958 real Madrid 3: 2 (overtime) AC Milan Haiser Brussels
1959 Real Madrid 2: 0 Lansnecka Stadium Stuttgart
1960 Real Madrid 7: 3 Frankfurt Hampton Glasgow
196 1 benfica 3: 2 Bern, Fankedorf Stadium, Barcelona
1962 Benfica 5: 3 Real Madrid Olympic Stadium Amsterdam
1963 AC Milan 2: 1 Benfica Wembley London
1964 Inter Milan 3: 1 Real Madrid Platte Stadium.
1965 Inter Milan 1: 0 Benfica San Siro Milan
1966 Real Madrid 2: 1 Belgrade Guerrilla Brussels, Haiser
1967 Celts 2: 1 Inter Milan National Stadium Lisbon
1968 Manchester United 4: 1 (overtime) Benfica Wembley London
1969 AC Milan 4: 1 Ajax Bernabeu Madrid
1970 Feyenoord 2: 1 Celtic San Siro Milan
197 1 Ajax 2: 0 Panathinaix Wembley London
1972 Ajax 2: 0 International Mirande Cooper Stadium Rotterdam
1973 Ajax 1: 0 Juventus Red Star Club Stadium Belgrade
1974 bayern Munich 1: 1 (play-off 4: 0) Atletico Madrid Heather Brussels
1975 Bayern Munich 2: 0 Leeds United Prince Stadium Paris
1976 Bayern Munich 1: 0 Saint Etienne Hampton Glasgow
1977 Liverpool 3: 1 M? nchengladbach Olympic Stadium Rome
1978 Liverpool 1: 0 Wembley London, Bruges
1979 Nottingham Forest 1: 0 Malmo Olympic Stadium Munich
1980 Nottingham forest 1: 0 Hamburg Bernabeu Madrid
198 1 Liverpool 1: 0 Prince Real Madrid Stadium in Paris
1982 Aston Villa 1: 0 Bayern Munich DeKuipu Stadium Rotterdam
1983 Hamburg 1: 0 Juventus Olympic Stadium Athens
1984 Liverpool 1: 1 (penalty 4: 2) Rome Olympic Stadium Rome
Juventus 1: 0 Liverpool Heather Brussels
1986 Bucharest 0: 0 (penalty kick 2: 0) Barcelona Piz Juan Stadium Seville
1987 Porto 2: 1 Bayern Munich Van Kodov Stadium Bern
1988 Eindhoven 0: 0 (penalty 5: 4) Benficaneca Stadium Stuttgart
1989 AC Milan 4: 0 Bucharest Star Camp Nou Barcelona
1990 AC Milan 1: 0 Benfica Platte Stadium in Vienna
199 1 Red Star Belgrade 0: 0 (penalty 5: 3) Bari at Saint Nicholas Stadium in Marseille.
1992 Barcelona 1: 0 (overtime) Sampdoria Wembley London
1993 Marseille 1: 0ac Milan Munich Olympic Stadium
1994 AC Milan 4: 0 Barcelona Olympic Stadium Athens
1995 Ajax 1: 0ac Milan Ernst-happel Stadium.
1996 Juventus 1: 1 (penalty 4: 2) Ajax Olympic Stadium in Rome
1997 Dortmund 3: 1 Juventus Munich Olympic Stadium
1998 Real Madrid 1: 0 Juventus Amsterdam Arena Amsterdam
1999 Manchester United 2: 1 Bayern Munich Camp Nou Barcelona
2000 Real Madrid 3: 0 Valencia French Stadium Paris
200 1 Bayern Munich 1: 1 (penalty 5: 4) Valencia San Siro Milan
2002 Real Madrid 2: 1 Leverkusen Hampton Glasgow
2003 AC Milan 0-0 (penalty 3-2) Juventus Old Trafford Manchester
In 2004, Monaco proudly arrived at Schalke Stadium in Gelsenkirchen at 3: 0 in Porto.
2005 Liverpool 3: 3 (penalty 3: 2) AC Milan Ataturk Stadium Istanbul
2006 Barcelona 2: 1 Arsenal French Stadium Paris
2007 AC Milan 2: 1 Liverpool Athens Olympic Stadium
2008 Manchester United 1: 1 (penalty 6: 5) Chelsea Luzhniki Stadium Moscow
[Edit this paragraph] Top scorer in previous European Champions Cup (Cup)
Number of goals scored by players in the club in the season
2007-2008c. Ronaldo 8 Manchester United
Kaka 10AC Milan
Shevchenko 9AC Milan
2004-05 Ruud van Nistelrooy 8 Manchester United
2003-04 Morientes 9 Monaco
March 2002 Ruud van Nistelrooy 12 Manchester United
200 1-02 Ruud van nistelrooy 10 Manchester United
Raul 7 Real Madrid
1999-00 rivaldo, Shevchenko, Judd, Raul 10 Barcelona, Dynamo Kiev, Porto, Real Madrid.
Dynamo Kiev
1997-98 Piero 10 Juventus
1996-97 Macrost 6 wanderer
1995-96 Litmanning 9 Ajax
1994-95, passing through No.7 Saint-Germain Street in Paris.
1993-94 Rockerman, Raphael 8 Barcelona, Bremen
Eindhoven romario No.7 1992-93
199 1-92 Papan, Juranska 0 1 7 Marseille, Innsbruck.
1990-9 1 papan 6 Marseille
Papan 1989-90, No.6 romario, Eindhoven Marseille.
Van Basten 10 Milan
1987-88 Haji, Aguas, Ferelli, Macrost, Michel, Madaye 4 Bucharest, Benfica, Bordeaux, Wanderers, Real Madrid and Porto.
No.7 Hongxing Road, Belgrade, 1986-87
6 Nelson, Gothenburg, tel 1985-86
1984-85 Nelson, Platini 7 Gothenburg, Juventus
Sokol, Dinamo 6 Minsk
Rossi 6 Juventus
198 1-82 Hones 7 Bayern Munich
1980-8 1 rummenigge, Souness McCormont 6 Bayern Munich, Liverpool
1979-80 Rorby 10 Ajax
Sulzer 1 1 Zurich Cao Meng
1977-78 simonson 5 menkhindbach
1976-77 Ge Mueller, Cousineau Tower 5 Bayern Munich, FC Zurich.
1975-76 Heinx 6 Menchengladbach
1974-75 Mueller, makarov 5 Bayern Munich, Alevan.
1973-74 Mueller 8 Bayern Munich
1972-73 Mueller 1 1 Bayern Munich
197 1-72 cruyff, Makasi, Takac, Ajax, Celtic, Racing Santander.
Antoniadis 1970-7 10 Panathinaikos
Feyenoord Leeds United Jones Kidwal No.8
1968-69 Dennis Law 9 Manchester United
1967-68 You Sebbio No.6 Benfica
Simst, No.6 Pippenberg, Anderlecht, Frankfurt, 1966-67
1965-66 You Sebbio, Albert 7 Benfica, Varos, ferenc
1964-65 Torres You Sebbio 9 Benfica
1963-64 guerrillas from mazzola, Puskas, Kovacevic, Inter Milan, Real Madrid and Belgrade.
1962-63 Altafini 14AC Milan
196 1-62 di Stefano, Puskas 7 Real Madrid
1960-6 1 argus 1 1 benfica.
1959-60 Puskas 12 Real Madrid
1958-59 Fontaine 10 Reims
1957-58 di Stefano 10 Real Madrid
1956-57 violette 9 Manchester United
Milos milutinovic 8 Belgrade guerrillas